Question 1

(a) Define a chemical reaction.

Ans: A chemical reaction is a process where substances (reactants) change into new substances (products)
by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

(b) What happens during a chemical reaction?

Ans: During a chemical reaction, bonds in reactants break, atoms rearrange, and new bonds form to create
new substances.

(c) What do you understand by a chemical bond?

Ans: A chemical bond is a force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound. It forms when atoms
share or transfer electrons to achieve stability.

Question 2
Give one example each that illustrates the following characteristics of a chemical reaction:
(a) evolution of a gas
Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas.

(b) change of colour

When iron reacts with copper sulphate solution, the blue colour of copper sulphate
fades and a brown deposit of copper forms.

(c) change in state

When wax burns, it changes from solid to liquid and then to gas (vapour).

Question 3
How do the following help in bringing about a chemical change? Explain each with a suitable example.

(a) Pressure
Pressure can force reactant molecules closer together, increasing the chances of a reaction.
Example:
Nitrogen and hydrogen react under high pressure to form ammonia in the Haber process:
N2+3H2→pressure2NH3

(b) Light
Light provides energy to start some chemical reactions, known as photochemical reactions.
Example:
Photosynthesis in plants:
6CO2+6H2O→sunlightC6H12O6+6O2
(c) Catalyst
A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
Example:
Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide:
2H2O2→MnO22H2O+O2
(d) Heat
Heat provides energy to break bonds in reactants, allowing new bonds to form in products.
Example:
Heating calcium carbonate causes it to decompose into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide:
CaCO3→heatCaO+CO2
 Question 4

(a) Define catalyst:

A catalyst is a substance that increases or decreases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
being changed or used up in the process.

(b)
(i) Positive catalyst:
A positive catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
Example: Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:
2H2O2→MnO22H2O+O2

(ii) Negative catalyst:

A negative catalyst slows down the rate of a chemical reaction.
Example: Glycerine slows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

(c) Three biochemical catalysts found in the human body:

Amylase – breaks down starch into sugars.

Pepsin – helps digest proteins in the stomach.

Lipase – breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 5
What do you observe when:

(a) Dilute sulphuric acid is added to granulated zinc:

Effervescence is observed (bubbling).

A gas (hydrogen) is released.

The zinc slowly dissolves.

Reaction:

Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2↑
Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2↑

(b) A few pieces of iron are dropped in a blue solution of copper sulphate:

The blue color of the solution fades.

A reddish-brown deposit of copper forms on the iron.

Reaction:

Fe+CuSO4→FeSO4+Cu
Fe+CuSO4→FeSO4+Cu

(c) Silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride:

A white, curdy precipitate of silver chloride is formed.

Reaction:
 AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3
AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3

(d) Ferrous sulphate solution is added to aqueous sodium hydroxide:

A dirty green precipitate of ferrous hydroxide is formed.

Reaction:

FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4

(e) Solid lead nitrate is heated:

White lead nitrate decomposes.

Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) are released.

A yellow residue of lead oxide (PbO) remains.

Reaction:

2Pb(NO3)2→Δ2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑
2Pb(NO3)2Δ
2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑

(f) Dilute sulphuric acid is added to barium chloride solution:

A white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.

Reaction:

BaCl2+H2SO4→BaSO4↓+2HCl
BaCl2+H2SO4→BaSO4↓+2HCl

Question 6
Complete and balance the following chemical equations:

(a)
N2+O2→2NO
N2+O2→2NO

(Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitric oxide)

(b)
H2S+Cl2→2HCl+S
H2S+Cl2→2HCl+S

(Hydrogen sulfide reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride and sulfur)

(c)
2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2↑
2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2↑

(Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas)

(d)
NaCl+AgNO3→AgCl↓+NaNO3
 NaCl+AgNO3→AgCl↓+NaNO3

(Double displacement reaction forming a white precipitate of silver chloride)

(e)
Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2↑
Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2↑

(Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to release hydrogen gas)

(f)
FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4

(Green precipitate of ferrous hydroxide is formed)

(g)
2Pb(NO3)2→Δ2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑
2Pb(NO3)2Δ
2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑

(Thermal decomposition of lead nitrate)

(h)
BaCl2+H2SO4→BaSO4↓+2HCl
BaCl2+H2SO4→BaSO4↓+2HCl

(White precipitate of barium sulphate is formed)

Exercise II
Question 1
Fill in the blanks:
(a) A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance is called a
combination reaction.
(b) A catalyst is a substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a
chemical change itself.
(c) The formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a reaction is called effervescence.
(d) The reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralization.
(e) Soluble bases are called alkalis.
(f) The chemical change involving iron and hydrochloric acid illustrates a displacement reaction.
(g) In the type of reaction called double displacement, two compounds exchange their positive
and negative radicals respectively.
(h) A catalyst either increases or decreases the rate of a chemical change but itself remains
unchanged at the end of the reaction.
(i) The chemical reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is a combination reaction.
(j) When a piece of copper is added to silver nitrate solution, it turns bluish-green in colour.

Question 2
Classify the following reactions as combination, decomposition, displacement, precipitation and
neutralization. Also balance the equations.

(b) Zn(s) + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 (s) + H2 (g) Dis

(a) CaCO3 (s) →Δ CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Decomp

(c) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ⟶ AgCl(s) + NaNO3 P

(d) NH3 (g) + HCl (g) ⟶ NH4Cl (s) C
(e) CuSO4 (aq) + H2S (g) ⟶ CuS (s) + H2SO4 (l) P
(f)
Zn (s)+CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu (s)
Zn (s)+CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu (s)

Type: Displacement reaction

Balanced: Already balanced

(g)
2Ca (s)+O2→2CaO (s)
2Ca (s)+O2→2CaO (s)

Type: Combination reaction

Balanced equation: as above

(h)
NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H2O
NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H2O

Type: Neutralization reaction

Balanced: Already balanced

(i)
2KOH+H2SO4→K2SO4+2H2O
2KOH+H2SO4→K2SO4+2H2O

Type: Neutralization reaction

Balanced equation: as above

Question 3
Define:
(a) Precipitation
(b) Neutralization
(c) Catalyst
Teng the reaction.

(a) Precipitation:
A precipitation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two aqueous solutions react to form an insoluble
solid, called a precipitate.
Example:
AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq)→AgCl↓+NaNO3(aq)
AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq)→AgCl↓+NaNO3(aq)

(White precipitate of silver chloride forms)

(b) Neutralization:
A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water.
Example:
NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H2O
NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H2O

(c) Catalyst:
A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any
permanent change. It can either speed up (positive catalyst) or slow down (negative catalyst) a reaction.
Example:
2H2O2→MnO22H2O+O2
2H2O2MnO2
2H2O+O2

(Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst)

Question 4 Explain the following types of chemical reactions giving two examples for each of them: (a)
combination reaction (b) decomposition reaction (c) displacement reaction (d) double displacement
reaction

(a) Combination Reaction

A combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product.

Examples:
1.
2Mg+O2→2MgO
2Mg+O2→2MgO

(Magnesium combines with oxygen to form magnesium oxide)

CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2
CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2

(Calcium oxide reacts with water to form slaked lime)

(b) Decomposition Reaction

A decomposition reaction is a reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler
substances, often with the help of heat, light, or electricity.

Examples:
1.
CaCO3→ΔCaO+CO2
CaCO3Δ
CaO+CO2

(Decomposition of calcium carbonate)

2H2O2→MnO22H2O+O2
2H2O2MnO2
2H2O+O2

(Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide)

(c) Displacement Reaction

A displacement reaction is a reaction in which a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element
from its compound.

Examples:
1.
Zn+CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu
Zn+CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu

(Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate)

Fe+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2
Fe+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2
(Iron displaces hydrogen from sulphuric acid)
(d) Double Displacement Reaction

In a double displacement reaction, the positive and negative ions of two compounds switch places to form
two new compounds.

Examples:
1.
AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3
AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3

(Formation of a white precipitate of silver chloride)

BaCl2+H2SO4→BaSO4↓+2HCl
BaCl2+H2SO4→BaSO4↓+2HCl

(Formation of white precipitate of barium sulphate)

Question 5
Write the missing reactants and products and balance the equations:

(a) NaOH + ............... ⟶ NaCl + ................

(c) ............. + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O + .................

(b) KClO3 →heatheat ................. + ...................

(a) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O

Answer

(b) 2KClO3 →heatheat 2KCl + 3O2

(c) Na2SO3 + 2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H2O + SO2

Question 6
How will you obtain?

(a) Magnesium oxide from magnesium

Method: Burn magnesium in air (oxygen).

Equation:
2Mg+O2→2MgO
2Mg+O2→2MgO

(Magnesium burns with a bright white flame to form magnesium oxide)

(b) Silver chloride from silver nitrate

Method: React silver nitrate solution with sodium chloride solution.

Equation:
AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3
AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3

(A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed)

(c) Nitrogen dioxide from lead nitrate

Method: Heat lead nitrate strongly.

Equation:
2Pb(NO3)2→Δ2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑
2Pb(NO3)2Δ
2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑

(Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are released)

(d) Zinc chloride from zinc

Method: React zinc with hydrochloric acid.

Equation:
Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2↑
Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2↑
(e) Ammonia from nitrogen

Method: Combine nitrogen with hydrogen under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst
(Haber process).
Equation:
N2+3H2→Fe, pressure2NH3
N2+3H2Fe, pressure
2NH3

Question 7
What do you observe when:
(a) Iron nail is kept in copper sulphate solution for sometime:
The blue color of copper sulphate fades, and a reddish-brown coating of copper metal forms on the iron nail.
(This happens because iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.)

(b) Phenolphthalein is added to sodium hydroxide solution:

The solution turns pink because sodium hydroxide is a base, and phenolphthalein turns pink in basic solutions.

(c) Blue litmus paper is dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid:

The blue litmus paper turns red due to the acidic nature of hydrochloric acid.
(d) Lead nitrate is heated:
Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give a yellow solid (lead oxide), brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide gas, and
oxygen gas.
2Pb(NO3)2→Δ2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑
2Pb(NO3)2Δ
2PbO+4NO2↑+O2↑

(e) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen:

Magnesium burns with a bright white flame to form a white powder of magnesium oxide.

(f) Ammonia is brought in contact with hydrogen chloride gas:

White fumes of ammonium chloride are formed.
NH3+HCl→NH4Cl
NH3+HCl→NH4Cl

Question 8 Give reason:

A person suffering from acidity is advised to take an antacid.
A person suffering from acidity is advised to take an antacid because antacids are basic substances that neutralize
excess stomach acid (hydrochloric acid), thereby reducing acidity and providing relief from discomfort like
heartburn or indigestion.

For example, magnesium hydroxide or calcium carbonate neutralize the acid:

Mg(OH)2+2HCl→MgCl2+2H2O
Mg(OH)2+2HCl→MgCl2+2H2O

Question 9 Give reason: Acidic soil is treated with quicklime.

Acidic soil is treated with quicklime (CaO) because quicklime is a basic substance that neutralizes the excess
acidity in the soil. This helps to raise the pH of the soil, making it less acidic and more suitable for plant growth.

Reaction:
CaO+2H+→Ca2++H2O
CaO+2H+→Ca2++H2O

Question 10 Give reason: Wasp sting is treated with vinegar.

Wasp sting is treated with vinegar because vinegar is acidic and can neutralize the alkaline venom injected by the
wasp. This helps to reduce pain and irritation caused by the sting.

Question11 What is meant by metal reactivity series? State its importance (any two points).

Metal Reactivity Series:

The metal reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in order of their decreasing reactivity — from the most
reactive to the least reactive metal.

Importance of Metal Reactivity Series:

Predicting Displacement Reactions: A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its
compound. For example, zinc can displace copper from copper sulfate solution because zinc is higher in the
reactivity series.

Extraction of Metals: The position of a metal in the reactivity series helps determine the method of extraction.
Highly reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis, while less reactive metals can be extracted by reduction with
carbon.
Question 12 What are oxides? Give two examples of each of the following oxides.

Oxides:
Oxides are compounds formed when elements, especially metals and non-metals, combine with oxygen.

(a) Basic Oxide:

Oxides that react with acids to form salt and water and show basic properties. Usually formed by metals.
Examples:

Sodium oxide (Na₂O)

Calcium oxide (CaO)

(b) Acidic Oxide:

Oxides that react with bases to form salt and water and show acidic properties. Usually formed by non-metals.
Examples:

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

(c) Amphoteric Oxide:

Oxides that can react with both acids and bases to form salt and water.
Examples:

Zinc oxide (ZnO)

Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)

(d) Neutral Oxide:

Oxides that neither react with acids nor bases and are neutral in nature.
Examples:

Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 13
Define exothermic and endothermic reactions. Give two examples of each.

Exothermic Reaction:
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings, causing the temperature of the surroundings to rise.

Examples:

Combustion of methane:

CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O+heat
CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O+heat

Respiration:

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy

Endothermic Reaction:
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings, causing the temperature of the surroundings to fall.
Examples:

Photosynthesis:

6CO2+6H2O+light energy→C6H12O6+6O2
6CO2+6H2O+light energy→C6H12O6+6O2

Decomposition of calcium carbonate:

CaCO3→ΔCaO+CO2
CaCO3Δ
CaO+CO2

Question 14 State the effect of the following on the surroundings:

a) Endothermic reaction:
It absorbs heat from the surroundings, so the surroundings become cooler.

(b) Exothermic reaction:

It releases heat to the surroundings, so the surroundings become warmer.

Question 15 What do you observe when:

: (a) When an acid is added to a basic solution:
The acid and base neutralize each other, often causing the solution to become neutral (pH around 7). If an
indicator like phenolphthalein is present, the pink color (from the base) will disappear as the solution becomes
neutral.

(b) When ammonium chloride is dissolved in water:

The solution becomes cold because ammonium chloride undergoes an endothermic dissolution, absorbing heat
from the surroundings.