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Made By Anil Kum!

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t,, QQl'~e qmount, f •j e~Qtiol uliHI \Jl1tttt'
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cl tohtd- c(o 'f OU mean bV Btt1lh1f &o(<A.h9'1 ')
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ont 601,el\.t- ccill~d B1nQl1( .Aolu.h'0>1·

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whaJ do '/ ou -mean bl/ tti nary,
it:,oluho11? aYld
Sudl pe 1, 6ol [Link].'0¥> co 11 fa-H11 n,t -M O .Aolld t.,
o~e 111\'\/fYJ- caJJcd tet MY'{ ~0\ulro v,
>,.. UNSA1URATtD SOLUTION .
+ SA,oRA,EP Sl>1.,\Jf\D~
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ot 6ittd Q'ld t,rt MU ht,
qnoye. av,d cp,ort toluJe
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,noye 6D\u.k. CA~ be dissoh1«! ca~ t>e d.J'sso\vtd..
J>iluk ~olu,.ho~ Conct~[Link] Solutt°"1
, tt do lu.h~H
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wt\icJ, acid p'ttSt"1- w, u,)\iu, ac id VJ [Link]-
llTMll 'l,~~n'fy Q""
u,a .fty [Link] 'iL(lM~'"f calfecl
to~ ce~ ~ta kd t>oluht>H.
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V (mL) wa -= mass 4, oolu.J-c
Ma
Ma-: f't\ol <tr n?Gi? i l>olule
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M 'i Solve Ill" :,_. S,

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*
ty\a
Mfl
lb13tt [Link] ·S" fflo lar Na OH o -~ 'rrdo./
H01.4) CQ'll 'lo~ dis O
NaOH ()le ,eMt aiutt>Ud ~olLtJ'l(JI) ,
0-S n,ela-r@)rnea~ 6 -~ rnot~
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:_ O"I. N~OH ,ntQ1\D otod ,-JaOH 0YM 100j ~otlAl\·0111

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ta
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· Pol4t' dDtt'I- d,:tso '"" ~O)I,. ~14't
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so,~b iHtif of 4QSf.$ li'i,uid
• 'ftr+e,dk.t"t :rT [Link], 6ot&Al,i lr'fy 1,~ dec~t'-'S~
• Ptessu1t
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(He~rv Law)
- Alt, to Htllll('S IAc,), 'l'l'IO.U
.
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ct ..,p: I<'Xg'X
'I!" 8 molt? !'IS'[Link]°SIM
Hf~i,,~ (. 2ohtbili',)
co"'tG""
Henry's Law
1 bar 2 bar

0 O 0 0 O O O 0
0 0 The Henry's Constant Kh signifies that
Gas 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.. ...

-
.&

- ...

-
...

- 1. It is directly pro portional to Temperature.

2. !t has di~ere nt values for different gases at same temperature. That meai
0 0 O 0
0 Liquid 0 1s a function of nature of gases.
0 0
0 3. Its SI unit is Kbar (kilo bar).
(i) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and
soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.

(ii) Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of

dissolved Nitrogen with breathing air at high pressure
underwater. To avoid this air is diluted with He.

(iii) At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is

less than that at the ground level. Low blood oxygen
causes anoxia.

Vapour fressurt
r~ t, -ltlt [Link]>ce e~erlfd
va; oqri abo vt ir1tt,act ,t, tJiw·a.
It /IJ de11okd tut (I.
Facto.-. atfeclll19 Vapor Pressure

As temperature Increases, the fraction of molecules with

enough energy to enter the vapor phase Increases, and the
vapa pressure Increases.

higher T _ . higher P

The weaker the intermolecular forces, the more easily

particles enter the vapor phase, and the hlgherthe vapor
pressure.

weaker forces~ higher P

 -Pa ~x11
Pa

•
_~&.. -:: i -X/J. :X,t = t, 8 - r«
Ps . f'a
Lf\, l-r.B Pe -P11 -t \owtl1~ V·P
r ,..

Pg PS-l'B ..., Relak've Iowtli~

-1-18 WI V·P
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covnpl~tdr v*o\.lll&ed eqs,•! f On +he o-fhet -hand \,<\1 b-r,~
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tJ}'[Link]'r! i rN.s t>alu..h~~ JI) Re~ -

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t), IA' • J..4w
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t'& Pe•lg ~8 -r- "S B
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chot13t '" er.~;vft.~ t., e~~'f
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e.-l Hexttt\e + H~f1'Yle
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[Link] i>t"1ohoM tj0'1vt peviok·o.-.

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0 \J-:. -'le.
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)-)qf t C.D Y\4,or1tN? )'[Link] c.o ~oritN?

ej H.,. SD'< + H.t O

,,
D
CH3 - c .. c.~ + ewe~
HND3 -t H.1. 0
• t. -~-- ~- p:
l
~ ~~9~~
Y..;.-•- - - . . . . ~
P · ...Pr •P,-•
P,
j ,,
jI . ,. .
I
I
....,.
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x.. = 1 . . . PNictiaa x.. • O
x.•o x. • 1
P .Z . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . P aol_ _ _ _ _ .._
Colljak'vt Vrope1ftt.s: :-
,, 'fhost properh"fb ~cJ\ dependo upon YJll • lfi mole..o
tb So\u~ btd- no~ dePtrtttJ Uf)OYl [Link] 1, Jotuk.
Osmott'c. uhe
_.. &le'Jaf18t, 01 Boil1·n~ fo1>1t-
0 0 r
P¤c:,resJ10Y1 vn r-<eeu "J ,o,n
. , r<l (}

---> f([Link]\re towerinJ WI vapt>tllS' Pressu.9re

Freezing
Point
Depression J.• • * Bolling
Point
Elevation

Vapor
Osmostic
Pressure
Pressure
()()(0 - L
.
_J
Lowering

Osmotic. Pressure : CPo1r tr')

Applied semipermeable
p reuu,e membrane " l:~ -1-+tt par-h·lu.£>41' ()Y(~ U'ze.
---• rC_ ~[Link] al- Ndt CDh tlnkra 11'ot7 sidt.
t.o preve~t- ~e osmosis -ttn1>'-'jh
fresh
6em1, ~e1 meohlt mel71b-ran-L
water
/ ffla ~tlloliea1 ET- pr e1:s iDM /
<O .... Solullanl

Hi~ /1'-it tow Po< c_ C tnn(Ql' conc •1 ---{i 1

lBMl• t9M~ tJ \ C fe~ ia-itlJtt) -t"1i)
kiot.
0..,
Revtrlt ) low FMm (1, 6- ·d
'1o<C ,c_, -:::,>

p -=- (_"' ~"' T

\__-/f //_NJ LO'n~ tq.-, f--
\.f

~-= kl f R~, { C= 01D(Qr l9t'Jt.}

V
 IP\/ = n~TI .idellR .3an [Link]., i (~~•1- Ho~ 1Qtt-c>-i)
L> far noY> e\ech-1\yle
P~ £i_!L ~~XT [: 1-: "O,,•~ Hoff Ij,.j. I (,~ GNCO!t
V c.h>, )
L?~\rtbolylt

eJ NqCR .-,.Na-t-+u-
t L~i\
i #iat- otmotic. pye~ture it a con13aHve Pn>~t14Y.
P-iove
Hou> ea" ~ou dtleY mine molot [Link] us,~ coll!jt1.1r"e
Ot I -L•

We know #la.I- tt': C'f.. R)( r &t,tt+,?

rr~n~R1r
$i~re,
't
osmo -b'c. ()re.ss111i: &e()entll!J
60 I..de 60 '-" e Cll V1 .hfJJf -#,ol- \ r 11
YID ·
a C
~\;~;~te
O

e tr+y.
ff'-;. ( t 1, \ f(1ol4Y 'f, _!./~
't1': wa_ t,. loo~ "f....R.1-T/
- ~8 \[(ML) w,s ~l 0
••XtlX,
::::) tll B -= TI')( v l ~\)
-=t> 1h h ~· cia.D f- p. M CQ
be made. b'I -1 cdDtt lo~e Ni tt"a.1-e
tA:>htil- lo -1+,1: dl ffet"e)1tt bt-lwtt~ rumoti-1 aVld ,;>1ffu1iot1?
Osmosis Diffusion
Water molecules Air molecules
HIQh conc~tnitlan LOw concM!rallOft HIQll conctn1r.M10n [Link] concentrMIOn

Cc( _ C
1t .,e -~
till I: tl - SMiipe~
C (] t C «n~
mem~ne
(' C C - Cw

-, l Y\ -l+uo phtfln ~t.110 VI .fflt. -, :&, t,htn omen° n ..ff,L

fflove 111btt- i ffl Ole [Link] ~(I) mo\[Link] movet, ~DtM
pltut . tow c8Y\ c. s,1-e "-'f' cet1t, tn low ctMc.
to fur' cont- sik rl~
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-, S·P-M VJ tt~cl
{)~ ~lvtnl- cmotecuf(L) ClUf [Link] as wel.D oo l>o 1Vf~
mov'e .,.,~ }.ou)IJ.1 do ead, t,fflet
--t c~ be 1eve1£[Link] -, CQV1t4- be 1r evetJed •

ISO TONIC SDLUTlON s~c11 i Ool tt '1avi~ c10~

osmoh't f)[Link]'-t [Link] ,·.tott,V\lc ,r.l~
A i'. to\u..tlo H 1, Wit OLlf QI t tS ott>nlc. I.>) i-th o· gg:, 'f.
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U~K'f\OUln ~l [Link]
i IJ~~f; M
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11' P-=
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'J4.t I M I

Elt ...QN Otl Boi li'1J Poi~t ( AT~)

~)1
" It- ic [Link] rd 40 -Hie a.t wki ti\ [Link] u:t ()rttJ1tre
of ~of~kotJ btCOmtc t~~aJ .d-lt a} rno£pho 1< {)'r-tJJ'P(>
u to denokd t2.y ATt, .
or
ATbo< m (morJ.i¾y)
Botl1ng point

l.013 b8r
Solvenl Solution
A Tb-: t<b n,
or l Atm,1-- - .- ----.1'.-
't mold elt\14.h'o""
f (Oy\f t'Q~

li I
I I
I
4'1J
-i:, Ir , ,
oy
e [Link].t'o .s,o ~•·e,
(D 11,C f'o,t f ·
-$
Temperature/ K ____,.
T.
Iu~+ 'l k'bl ~Tb: k~ r\11
Ka.-: LlTb : o,s ~J wtol' '
m -m,t t,·1
~. llilt b.,,t- o l- pq rt bet12tt1e k.> ~s-1 . ., .7 K . whe~ I· eo j 1-
a Y\c!>~ vot4liJt ao(u.1-e l.Jl1~ cli Uo \ved .9 0;1 'f,-
bet11tne. . 1\ie B-t'~ becoW\~ 1$4. tl K. [Link].k
Y)1ol4"t
Tmtr ti, ~" tuk. l kb tt,is ber12t'le -: ~.Sj K K3 rnol"')
~- -· T k,, : J{1-J:l K
Tk, : ~r+. n K .6 T~-= Kb h1
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