Circulation Systems in Various Organisms

Circulates surrounding water through body Uses special fluids within their bodies to
Porifera cavities Complex transport materials
Coelenterata This facilitates cells to exchange these Organisms Eg: Blood, Lymph
substances

BLOOD
Study Haemotology pH 7.4 (Slightly Alkaline)
Haemopoiesis
Formation Process Weight 7-8% of Body Weight
(Main site is bone marrow)
Blood is a False Connective Tissue because:- Male = 5-6 litres
Volume
• Fibres are completely ABSENT in blood Female = 4-5 litres
• Bloods do NOT entirely secrete Plasma
• Plasma (Matrix) is secreted by liver, lymphoid organs Color Red
• Blood corpuscles are NOT formed in blood
Composition
Plasma Blood Corpuscles
45%
(Liquid Part) 55% (Solid Part)
Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Platelets
(Fluid Matrix) (Formed Elements)

PLASMA (matrix of Blood)

Color Straw Colored Features Viscous

COMPOSITION = Blood - Corpuscles

8-10 %
90-92 %
Water Solid Part
[Major Component] Contains inorganic and organic
compounds

1% • Plasma without clotting factor

Inorganic Part • Liquid that remains after
Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, Cl clotting
Serum
• Pale Yellow Color
Organic Part 7-9 %
= Plasma – Fibrinogen (Clotting Factor)
Glucose Factors for
Amino Acids Always Transit in the Body Coagulation/ Clotting Present in inactive form
Lipids of Blood
Proteins
4 % (Maximum) 2-2.5 %

• Synthesized by liver • Primarily involved in defense

Globulin mechanisms of body
Albumin • Smallest Plasma Protein
AKA Immunoglobulin • Present in the form of antibodies
• Maintains Blood Colloidal
Osmotic Balance • Destroys bacteria/ virus/toxic
substances

Ratio of Albumin & Globulin = 2:1

Prothrombin 0.3 %
Largest Plasma Protein Synthesized in liver
Fibrinogen
Helps in Blood Clotting

ERYTHROCYTES
Count in 1 mm3 of 5-5.5 million
In 100 ml of Blood 12-16 g of Haemoglobin
blood (most abundant cell in blood)
ABSENT (enucleated) in Adult Humans
Other Chordata are nucleated
Early Embryonic Stage → Yolk Sac Nucleus
Formed Location Late Embryonic Stage → Liver, Spleen Reason: Internal Space of cell is available
Adults → Red Bone Marrow only for oxygen transport
Shape Biconcave
Erythropoeisis Organs of Formation Erythropoietic Organs
Forming Process Vitamin B12 is an Important Factor for
maturation of RBCS • Condition of decrease in RBC
Counts
Hormone that Erythropoetin • Causes are deficiencies in:-
Anaemia ◦ B12 (cobalamine)
stimulates
formation (Synthesized by kidney and a little by liver) ◦ Folic Acid
◦ Fe2+
Life Span 120 days Kuppfer Cells Destroys worn out RBCs
 Destroyed in the spleen • Yellowish Substance
(AKA Graveyard of RBCs)
Area of Death Bilirubin • Results from breakdown of RBCs
Spleen stores excess RBCs
AKA Blood Bank of Body) • Used as pigment in bile

LEUCOCYTES
AKA White Blood Cells (WBCs) Nucleus Nucleated
Colorless Count in 1 mm3 of 6000-8000
Color
(Lack of Haemoglobin) blood (relatively less in number)
They can squeeze through cappilaries and
Shape Least Consistent Size
reach lymph
Short Lived Granulocytes
Life Span Divided into
Less than 10 days Agranulocytes

Increase in TLC Decrease in TLC

Leucocytosis Leucocytopenia
Eg: Bacterial and Viral Infection Eg:- Typhoid, AIDS

Abnormal increase in TLC

TLC > 1,00,000 (1 Lakh)
Leukemia Ratio of WBC:RBC 1 : 500
Eg:- AKA Blood Cancer
Other Blood Leucocytes are connective

Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Difference Acidophils/ Lymphocytes
Neutrophils Basophils Monocytes
Eosinophils (Types = B and T)

60-65 % of TLC 0.5-1 % of TLC

Count 2-3% of TLC
Most Abundant Least
6-8 % of TLC 20-25 % of TLC

Life Span 14 hrs 10 hrs 12 hrs < 24 hrs in blood 5-7 days in blood

Faint Acidic/Basic/
Stain Acidic Eosin
Neutral Dye
Basic Methylene Blue

3-5 Lobed 2/3 Lobed Large

Bilobed
Nucleas (PMNL) S-Shaped Kidney/Bean
Shape Shaped Causes cytoplasm to
Nuclei of Granulocytes are Lobed become peripheral
Largest of ALL Smallest
Size blood corpuscles

Resists Infections Phagocytic Secretes histamine, Phagocytic Both B and T are

seratonin, heparin responsible for body’s
immune responses
Associated with allergic Destroys foreign Destroys foreign
Involved in inflammatory
reactions particles reactions particles B-Cell → Mediates
Function
Immunity
Secretes Histamine
during Allergic T-Cell → Antibody
Reactions mediated immunity

Granules PRESENT ABSENT

Increase in acidophiles Due to small size and

causes eosinophilia phagocytic nature
MONOCYTES
T-Lymphocyte is
Special have maximum
Causes:- AKA Micropoliceman AKA Macropoliceman differentiated in
Points • Asthma of Blood
lifespan NOT
Thymus Gland
Lymphocytes
• Ascariasis
• Taeniasis

PLATELETS
Megakaryotes (Special Cells in Bone Marrow)
AKA Thrombocytes Formed by
Formed as cell fragments
Count in 1 mm of3
Releases various substances
1.5 – 3.5 Lakhs Function
blood Involved in coagulation/clotting of blood
Critical Count in • Caused if count of thrombocytes is
40,000
1 mm3 of blood less than critical count
Purpura
Size 2-3 µm Disease • Causes red spot/ashes to appear on
Life Span 2-5 Days the skin
 Rh Blood Grouping
Discovered in Rhesus Monkey Rh-Factor is a dominant gene If Rh+ve blood is donated to Rh-ve
recipient, the recipient will develop
Rh-Antigen is found on surface of If one gamete has Rh-Factor, baby will be Rh+ve antibodies against Rh-Antigens
RBCs in 80% of humans like Rhesus
Monkey If both gametes don’t have Rh-Factor, baby will
be Rh-ve

ABO BLOOD GROUPING

Based on presence/absence of
agglutinogens
Blood
Special Character Antigens Antibodies Donor’s Group
A, B, O discovered by Landsteiner (Father Group
of Blood Group)
Antigens are chemicals that induce
immune response
A - A Anti-B A, O
Agglutinogens are antigens found on
surface of RBCs
B - B Anti-A B, O
Types of Agglutinogens:-
• Agglutinogen A
• Agglutinogen B Universal Recipient
[AB+]
Antibodies are proteins that produce
response to antigens AB A, B - AB, A, B, O
Cannot be donated to
Any other Blood
Agglutinins are the antibodies found in Group
the plasma of different individuals. They
are present in serum
Universal Donor
O - Anti-A, Anti-B O
Globulins are present in the form of [O-]
Antibodies (Gamma Globulin)

• If blood has same antigen and same antibody, clumping of RBCs (destruction) occurs
• During blood transfusion, only RBCs are transferred.
• Thus the Anti-A and Anti-B do NOT come in contact with the recepients blood and form clumping because these
antibodies are present in plasma

BLOOD CLOTTING ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS LYMPH SYSTEM

Lymph acts as a middle man

Lymph contains more lipids

WBCs squeeze through
capillaries
 CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
Differences OPEN CIRCULATION CLOSED CIRCULATION HUMANS
Annelida
Arthropoda
Phyllums Chordata
Mollusca
Cephalopoda (Mollusca)
Humans have:-
Blood Passes Large Vessels to reach Closed Network of blood
• Muscular Chambered Heart
through open spaces/body cavities vessels
• Network of closed branching blood
Tissue contact with
Direct Contact Not in Direct Contact vessels
blood
• Blood (Circulating Fluid)
More
Advantage Less (Fluid flow can be precisely
regulated)
VERTEBRATES
Crocodiles/Aves/
Differences Fishes Amphibians Reptiles
Mammals
No. Of Atria 1 2
No. Of Ventricles 1 2
Total Chambers 2 3 4
Circulation Type Singe Double Incomplete Double Complete

Oxygenation Place Gills Lungs/Gills/Skin Lungs

Oxygenated blood
Left Atrium Gets Oxygenated blood from lungs/gills/skin
from lungs
Right Atrium Gets Deoxygenated blood from body

Pumps deoxygenated Oxygenated blood

blood to gills from LA
Left Ventricle Gets
Heart gets only Both oxygenated and deoxygenated Sends to body parts
deoxygenated blood blood gets mixed up

Pumps out mixed blood Deoxygenated blood

Right Ventricle Gets from RA
Sends to Lungs

Two circuits are NOT Pulmonary Circuit = Small

Circuits
completely separate Systemic Circuit = Greater

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AKA BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

Organ/Part Features Organ/Part Features
• Mesodermally Derived
• Located in Thoracic Cavity
• Present between two lungs
• Slightly tilted towards left lung
• Size is of a clenched fist Difference Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
• Entirely made of cardiac muscles
Origin Mesodermal
Diameter = 12 cm
Heart
Simple Striated Simple
Heart Rate = 70-75 bpm (Avg. = 72) Made of Squamous Involuntary Squamous
Epithelium Cardiac Muscles Epithelium
Weight = 250-300 g
Location Outermost Middle Innermost
• Male = 300 g
AKA Visceral Causes wall of In contact with
• Female = 280 g Special Feature
Pericardium heart to be thick blood

Double-Walled Membranous Bag

Pericardium
Covers and protects heart

Ductus Connection between Pulmonary and Aortic Post Caval → Inferior Vena Cava
Arteriosis Arch if foetus Pre Caval → Superior Vena Cava

Fluid present between membranes of Joins valves and Prevent the reverse
pericardium pappilary muscles opening of AV Valves
Chordae during ventricular
Pericardial Fluid Functions:- Supports bicuspid systole
• Reduces friction Tendinae
valves
• Acts as shock absorber
• Provides moisture to heart Found in Ventricles

Atria • Small Pappilary Present on walls of

• Present in Upper side Muscles ventricles
• Relatively thin walls
• Sinus venosus is believed to be Prevent backflow of
merged with wall of Right Atrium in blood
Mammals
 RA receives blood from precavals or
postcavals

Large Lower Thicker Chambers Prevents inner surface

Columnae
Ventricles of ventricles from
Left Ventricle is biggest and thickest Carnae
becoming too flat

VALVES (4)

Atrio-Ventricular (AV) Valves

SEPTA (3) – wall that separates chambers of heart Difference Semilunar
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Difference Inter-Atrial Inter-Ventricular Atrio-Ventricular (Mitral)
Septum Septum Septum
RA-RV
Thickness Thin Thick RV - [Link]
Location LA-LV Right
LV - Aorta
Muscles Muscular Fibrous Atrioventricular
Aperture
LA and LV
Separates RA and LA RV and LV No. of Cusps
RA and RV 2 3 3
(Muscular Flaps)

Eustachian Valve 1 1
It guards the opening of inferior vena cava into right atria Total No. in Heart 2
2

Valves ensure uni-direction flow of blood and prevent backflow

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HEART

• Specialized cardiac musculature
• Distributed in the heart
Nodal Tissue • Can generate action potentials without external stimuli (Autoexitable)
• Human heart is myogenic
• Different parts produce different action potentials

His-Purkinje System
Sino-Atrial Node Atrio-Ventricular
Difference Internodal Pathways Bundle of His Purkinje Fibres
(SA) Node (AV)
(AV Bundle)
Right Upper Corner of Lower Left Corner of RA Connects SA and AV Passes through Atrio- Both sides of Ventricular
RA nodes Ventricular Septa and Musculature
Close to Atrio- emerges on top of Inter-
Location
Ventricular Septum Ventricular Septa Present in Ventricles
Present in musculature
of RA
Patch of Nodal Tissue Mass of Nodal 3 bundles of muscle Bundle of nodal Minute fibres branching
Structure Tissue fibres fibres from Bundle of His on left
and right side

Action 70-75 20-25

60-65 40-45
Potential/min (Maximum Number) Maximum Speed
Initiates and maintains AKA Pacesetter Helps in contraction
rhythmic contractile of ventricles
activity of the heart
• Nodes generate impulses for heart contractions
Influences contraction of
heart muscles IMPORTANT!!!!!!
Function • Nodal Tissue controls HEART ACTIVITY
Generates/Initiates • Autonomic Nervous System controls HEART BEAT
impulse of heartbeat
• In Frogs, stimulation of vagus branch causes decreased heartbeat
Commands Ventricular
Contraction

In frogs, SA Node is
present in Sinus Venosus
Artificial SA Nodes have
Other
Lithium Battery
AKA Pacemaker [due to
high depolarization rate]

HEARTBEATS
Ventricular Beating / Apex Beating
Rhythmic Contraction and Expansion
Definition AKA
of Heart Due to prominence of Ventricular Movements
during beating
Rate in Human Adult 72 beats per minute (bpm) Controlled by Autonomic Nervous System
Tachycardia Heart Beat > Normal 72 Arrhythmia Irregular Heart Beat
For Homeo Small Animals → Heartbeat ↑
Bradycardia Heart Beat < Normal 72
-Thermals Large Animals → Heartbeat ↓
 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH [Deviation in shape indicates possible abnormality]
Electrocardio Machine that obtains electrocardiogram 3 leads are connected to patient:-
Graph • 2 at both wrists
Procedure • 1 in left ankle
Electrocardio Graphical Representation of electrical activity of • Multiple in chest region (for
Gram heart during a cardiac cycle detailed evaluation)
Peaks (Represents a Specific Electrical Activity of the Heart)

Depolarization/Excitation of Atria Depolarization of Ventricles

P Wave
Leads to contraction of Both Atria Initiates Ventricular Contraction SHORTLY
AFTER Q wave
T Wave Repolarization of Ventricles QRS Complex
Marks Beginning of systole
Ventricles return to normal state No. Of QRS waves determine heartbeat
rate
End of T-Wave marks End of Systole

CARDIAC CYCLE
1. All the chambers are in relaxed state (Joint Diastole)
Blood enters atria due to its relaxation

2. Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves open

3. Blood flows into Ventricles
4. SA Node generates an action potential
5. Both Atria Contract (Atrial Systole)
This increases blood flow to ventricles by 30%

6. AV Node and AV Bundle transmits the action potential to

Bundle of His which transmits to entire ventricular musculature
7. Ventricle muscles contract (Ventricular Systole)
8. Atria will relax at the same time (Atrial Diastole)
9. Ventricular Pressure increases due to contraction
10. Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves close to prevent backflow of
blood
11. Semi-Lunar Valves open to allow blood to flow to vessels
12. Ventricles now relax (Ventricular Diastole)
13. Semi-Lunar Valves close to prevent backflow of blood
14. Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves open again for blood to flow into
Ventricles
15. Whole Cycle repeates again

Defect in Chordae Tendinae of Tricuspid Valves causes reduced blood

flow to Pulmonary Artery
Cardiac Cycle is the sequential event of heart which is cyclically
repeated and it consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and
ventricle

Duration = 0.8 s = 1/bpm

Stage Duration Stage Duration

Ventricular
Atrial Systole 0.1 s 0.3 s
Systole
Ventricular
Atrial Diastole 0.7 s 0.5 s
Diastole

Stroke Volume is the amount of the blood each ventricle pumps out
during a cardiac cycle = 70 ml

Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle

per minute = 5000 ml or 5 l in a healthy individual

Systolic Volume Amount of Blood present in each ventricle at the end of one ventricular systole 120 ml

Diastolic Volume Amount of Blood present in each ventricle at the end of one ventricular diastole 50 ml

Stroke Volume End Diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume 120 – 50 = 70 ml

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Body can change stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output

Cardiac Output 70 x 72 = 5000 ml
Cardiac Output (Athlete) > Cardiac Output (Ordinary Guy)
 HEART SOUNDS

Difference Lubb Dup

Duration Prolonged = 0.15 s Short = 0.1 s
Features Dull Sharp and High Pitched
Timing Beginning of Ventricular Systole Beginning of Ventricular Diastole
Caused by closure of AV Valves Semi-Lunar Valves

These sounds are of clinical diagnostic significance and can be heard through a sthethoscope

Blood Vessels
Difference Arteries Veins
Carries Blood Away from heart To the heart
Oxygenated Blood Deoxygenated Blood
Carried Blood
Exception: Pulmonary Artery Exception: Pulmonary Vein
High
Highest pressure is built up in large arteries due
Pressure and Speed Low
to direct connection with heart chambers and
absence of valves
Valves ABSENT PRESENT
Location Deeply situated in body Superficial, just below the skin
Lumen Constricted Wide
ABSENT
Valves Exception: Aorta, Pulmonary Artery [Semi-Lunar PRESENT
Valves]
Tunica Intima Squamous Endothelium
Thicker Thinner
Tunica Media Arteries have interna elastic lamina Poorly developed
Smooth Muscles + Elastic Fibres
Tunica Externa Fibrous Connective Tissue with Collagen Fibres
Cappilaries have maximum surface area
Discovered by Marcello Malpighi

PORTAL SYSTEM
Portal system is a type of system in which vein of any organ does not open directly into the caval vein or the heart, but instead
divides into capillaries in another organ, and the blood from that organ is then transported to the heart by its own veins
Difference Renal Portal System Hepatic Portal System Hypophyseal Portal System
Posterior Part of Body Intestine Hypothalamus
Starts with veins from
Legs
Vein Formed Renal Portal Vein Hepatic Portal Vein Hypophyseal Portal Vein
Reaches and divides into Kidney Liver Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
capillaries in
Kidney separates nitrogenous Carries absorbed digested
Function
waste from this blood food to liver
Partly purified blood is Delivered to systemic
Final Transport
transported to heart circulation
Frogs Frogs Mammals, Aves, Reptiles
Examples Mammals (Well Developed)
Vertebrates

BLOOD PRESSURE
(pressure exerted by flowing blood on elastic walls of arteries as soon as blood is pumped into them)
120/80 mm Hg Measuring Sphygmomanometer
Normal BP
Instrument
Systolic Higher limit of BP that shows systole Artery in which
Brachial Artery
Pressure BP is measured
Diastolic Lower limit of BP that shows diastole Can be felt in the
Pressure
Pulse • Radial Artery (wrist)
Systolic Pressure – Diastolic Pressure = 40 mm Hg
Pulse Pressure • Artery in neck region
 REGULATION OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY

• Normal Activities of heart are • Medulla Oblongata moderates cardiac functions through ANS
regulated intrinsically (Autonomic Nervous System)
(autoregulated by specialized
muscle tissues) Sympathetic Nerves → Heart Beat Rate, Cardiac Output, Stoke Volume ↑
Parasympathetic Nerves → Heart Beat Rate, Conduction Speed, Cardiac Output ↓
• Thus, Heart is myogenic
Adrenal Medullary Hormones → Cardiac Output ↑
• Noradrenaline increases Heart Beat Rate
• Acetylcholine deccreases Heart Beat Rate

DISEASES
Disease Cause Symptoms
• BP = 140/90 mm Hg > Normal • Heart Diseases
High Blood Pressure
• Anger
(Hypertension
• Affects vital organs like brain, kidney

• Deposits of calcium, fat, • Narrowing of Lumen

Coronary chloresterol, fibrous tissues
Artery Atherosclerosis • Affects supply of blood to heart
Disease muscles in vessels
(CAD)
Arteriosclerosis • Deposits of calcium • Hardening of Walls
• Not enough oxygen reaches • Acute Chest Pain
muscles • Occur in all ages especially middle-
Angina Pectoris
• Due to conditions affecting blood old age
flow
• Heart doesn’t pump blood • Congestion of Lungs
Heart Failure effectively enough to satisfy body
(Congestive Heart Failure) needs
•
Cardiac Arrest • Heart stops beating
• Heart muscle is suddenly
Heart Attack damaged by inadequate blood
supply