Module VI - Advance C++ features

Inheritance (Multilevel inheritance – Multiple inheritance) –, Virtual Functions

and Polymorphism (Virtual base class – Abstract class –Virtual functions – pure
virtual functions - Compile time and Run time polymorphisms), Templates and
Exception Handling,, C++ File I/O- ( Opening and Closing a File - Reading and
Writing Text Files )

1. Inheritance

Simple Definition

Inheritance is an Object-Oriented Programming feature that allows one class to acquire the
properties and behaviors of another class.

It promotes:

 Code reusability

 Extensibility

 Easy maintenance

Syntax

class Base
{
// members
};
class Derived : access_specifier Base
{
// members
};

Example

class Animal
{
public:
void eat()
{
cout<<"Animal eats"<<endl;
}
};

class Dog : public Animal

{
public:
void bark()
{
 cout<<"Dog barks"<<endl;
}
};

Program Example

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal
{
public:
void eat()
{
cout<<"Animal eats"<<endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Animal
{
public:
void bark()
{
cout<<"Dog barks"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Dog d;

[Link]();
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output

Animal eats
Dog barks

2. Multilevel Inheritance

Definition

In multilevel inheritance, a class is derived from another derived class.

Structure

Grandparent
↓
Parent
↓
Child
Syntax

class A { };
class B : public A { };
class C : public B { };

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
void getStudent()
{
cout<<"Student Details"<<endl;
}
};
class Marks : public Student
{
public:
void getMarks()
{
cout<<"Marks Details"<<endl;
}
};
class Result : public Marks
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"Result Displayed"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Result r;
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output

Student Details
Marks Details
Result Displayed

3. Multiple Inheritance
Definition

A class inherits properties from more than one base class.

Structure

Teacher Researcher
\ /
\ /
Professor

Syntax

class A { };
class B { };
class C : public A, public B
{
};

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Teacher
{
public:
void teach()
{
cout<<"Teaching"<<endl;
}
};
class Researcher
{
public:
void research()
{
cout<<"Research Work"<<endl;
}
};
class Professor : public Teacher, public Researcher
{
};
int main()
{
Professor p;
[Link]();
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output
Teaching
Research Work

Virtual Functions and Polymorphism

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to:

 Understand polymorphism.

 Differentiate compile-time and run-time polymorphism.

 Use virtual functions.

 Explain abstract classes and pure virtual functions.

4. Polymorphism

Definition

Polymorphism means "many forms."

The same function or operator behaves differently in different situations.

Types of Polymorphism

1. Compile-Time Polymorphism

Achieved using:

 Function Overloading

 Operator Overloading

2. Run-Time Polymorphism

Achieved using:

 Virtual Functions

Compile-Time Polymorphism Example

Function Overloading

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Addition
{
public:
int add(int a,int b)
{
return a+b;
}

float add(float a,float b)

{
 return a+b;
}
};
int main()
{
Addition a;
cout<<"Integer Sum = "<<[Link](10,20)<<endl;
cout<<"Float Sum = "<<[Link](5.5f,2.5f);
return 0;
}

Output

Integer Sum = 30
Float Sum = 8

5. Virtual Functions

Definition

A virtual function is a member function declared using the keyword virtual in the base class.

It allows the derived class version of the function to be called using a base class pointer.

Syntax

virtual return_type function_name();

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void show()
{
cout<<"Base Class"<<endl;
}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"Derived Class"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Base *ptr;
 Derived d;
ptr=&d;
ptr->show();
return 0;
}

Output

Derived Class

6. Virtual Base Class

Definition

A virtual base class avoids duplicate copies of base class members during multiple inheritance.

It solves the Diamond Problem.

Diamond Problem

Person
/ \
Teacher Student
\ /
Assistant

Without virtual inheritance, Assistant gets two copies of Person.

Syntax

class Teacher : virtual public Person

{
};
class Student : virtual public Person
{
};

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"Person Details"<<endl;
}
};
class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
};
class Student : virtual public Person
{
};
class Assistant : public Teacher, public Student
{
};
int main()
{
Assistant a;
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output

Person Details

7. Abstract Class

Definition

A class containing at least one pure virtual function is called an abstract class.

Objects cannot be created for abstract classes.

Syntax

class A
{
public:
virtual void show() = 0;
};

8. Pure Virtual Function

Definition

A virtual function initialized to zero is called a pure virtual function.

It forces derived classes to implement the function.

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape
{
public:
virtual void area()=0;
};
class Circle : public Shape
{
public:
void area()
{
cout<<"Area of Circle"<<endl;
 }
};
int main()
{
Circle c;
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output

Area of Circle

Module 3: Templates

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to:

 Understand generic programming.

 Create function templates.

 Create class templates.

9. Templates

Definition

Templates allow writing generic programs that work with different data types.

They eliminate code duplication.

Function Template

Syntax

template <class T>

return_type function_name(T arguments)
{
}

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
maximum(T a,T b)
{
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
int main()
{
cout<<"Maximum = "<<maximum(10,20)<<endl;
cout<<"Maximum = "<<maximum(5.5,2.2);
return 0;
}

Output

Maximum = 20
Maximum = 5.5

Class Template

Syntax

template <class T>

class ClassName
{
};

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class Display
{
T data;
public:
Display(T d)
{
data=d;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"Data = "<<data;
}
};
int main()
{
Display<int> d1(100);
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output

Data = 100

Module 4: Exception Handling

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:

 Handle run-time errors.

 Use try, throw, and catch blocks.

 Improve program reliability.

10. Exception Handling

Definition

Exception handling is a mechanism used to handle run-time errors and prevent abnormal program
termination.

Keywords Used

try

Contains risky code.

throw

Generates an exception.

catch

Handles the exception.

Syntax

try
{
// code
throw exception;
}

catch(type variable)
{
// handler
}

Example Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"Enter two numbers: ";
cin>>a>>b;
try
{
if(b==0)
throw b;
 cout<<"Division = "<<a/b;
}
catch(int x)
{
cout<<"Division by zero not allowed";
}
return 0;
}

Output

Enter two numbers: 10 0

Division by zero not allowed

Module 5: C++ File I/O

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to:

 Work with files in C++.

 Open and close files.

 Read and write text files.

11. File Handling

Definition

File handling allows data to be stored permanently in secondary storage.

File Stream Classes

Class Purpose

ifstream Read from file

ofstream Write to file

fstream Read and Write

Opening a File

Syntax

ofstream fout;
[Link]("[Link]");

Closing a File

Syntax

[Link]();

Writing to a Text File

Example Program

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ofstream fout;
[Link]("[Link]");
fout<<"Name: Geetha"<<endl;
fout<<"Department: BCA";
[Link]();
cout<<"Data Written Successfully";
return 0;
}

Output

Data Written Successfully

[Link]

Name: Geetha
Department: BCA

Reading from a Text File

Example Program

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ifstream fin;

string line;
[Link]("[Link]");
while(getline(fin,line))
{
cout<<line<<endl;
}
[Link]();
return 0;
}

Output

Name: Geetha
Department: BCA

Summary
Students learned:

✓ Inheritance and its types (Multilevel and Multiple)

✓ Compile-time and Run-time Polymorphism

✓ Virtual Functions, Virtual Base Classes

✓ Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions

✓ Templates for Generic Programming

✓ Exception Handling using try–throw–catch

✓ File Handling using ifstream, ofstream, and fstream