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Notes Math

The document outlines key mathematical concepts across various chapters, including real numbers, polynomials, linear equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, triangles, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, circles, areas related to circles, surface areas and volumes, statistics, and probability. Each chapter presents formulas, theorems, and important results essential for understanding the topics. It serves as a comprehensive guide for students preparing for board exams.

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lateshsanklecha
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2 views7 pages

Notes Math

The document outlines key mathematical concepts across various chapters, including real numbers, polynomials, linear equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, triangles, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, circles, areas related to circles, surface areas and volumes, statistics, and probability. Each chapter presents formulas, theorems, and important results essential for understanding the topics. It serves as a comprehensive guide for students preparing for board exams.

Uploaded by

lateshsanklecha
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER 1: REAL NUMBERS

Euclid's Division Lemma


Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
a = bq + r
where 0 ≤ r < b
HCF × LCM

S
For two numbers:
HCF × LCM = Product of Numbers

LK
Terminating Decimal
After simplification, denominator should be of form:
2ᵐ × 5ⁿ
TA
Otherwise → Non-terminating recurring.
H

CHAPTER 2: POLYNOMIALS
For ax² + bx + c
AS

Sum of Zeroes
α + β = -b/a
Product of Zeroes
αβ = c/a
Forming Quadratic
x² − (sum)x + product
CHAPTER 3: PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Consistency Conditions
a₁/a₂ ≠ b₁/b₂
→ Unique solution
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ = c₁/c₂
→ Infinite solutions
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ ≠ c₁/c₂

S
→ No solution

LK
Word Problems
Always define variables first.
Let:
x = ...
TA
y = ...
Board exam loves this.
H

CHAPTER 4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


Standard form:
AS

ax² + bx + c = 0
Quadratic Formula
x = (-b ± √(b²−4ac))/2a
Discriminant
D = b²−4ac
D > 0 → 2 distinct roots
D = 0 → equal roots
D < 0 → no real roots
CHAPTER 5: ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
nth Term
aₙ = a + (n−1)d
Sum of n Terms
Sₙ = n/2 [2a + (n−1)d]
Alternative:

S
Sₙ = n/2 (first + last)

LK
Shortcut
Middle term of AP:
(a+b)/2
TA
CHAPTER 6: TRIANGLES
Basic Proportionality Theorem
If DE || BC
H

AD/DB = AE/EC
Similar Triangles
AS

Criteria:
AA
SSS
SAS
Important Result
Area Ratio
Area₁/Area₂ = (Corresponding Side Ratio)²
Students forget square.
CHAPTER 7: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Distance Formula
√[(x₂−x₁)²+(y₂−y₁)²]
Section Formula
((mx₂+nx₁)/(m+n),
(my₂+ny₁)/(m+n))

S
Shortcut
Midpoint

LK
[(x₁+x₂)/2 , (y₁+y₂)/2]

CHAPTER 8: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY


TA
Definitions
sinθ = P/H cosθ = B/H tanθ = P/B
cosecθ = H/P secθ = H/B cotθ = B/P
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
H

sin 0 0.5 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 0.5 0


AS

tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined

Identities
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
CHAPTER 9: APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
Height & Distance
Always draw diagram.
Use:
tanθ = Height/Base
Most questions solved using only tan.

S
CHAPTER 10: CIRCLES

LK
Tangent Theorem
Radius ⟂ Tangent
Important
Tangents from external point are equal.
TA
PA = PB
Board favourite proof.
CHAPTER 11: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
Circumference
H

2πr
Area
AS

πr²
Arc Length
(θ/360) × 2πr
Sector Area
(θ/360) × πr²
Shortcut
Always use π = 22/7 unless specified.
CHAPTER 12: SURFACE AREAS & VOLUMES
Cube
LSA = 4a²
TSA = 6a²
Volume = a³
Cuboid
LSA = 2h(l+b)

S
TSA = 2(lb+bh+hl)
Volume = lbh

LK
Cylinder
CSA = 2πrh
TSA = 2πr(h+r)
Volume = πr²h
TA
Cone
l = √(r²+h²)
CSA = πrl
TSA = πr(l+r)
H

Volume = 1/3 πr²h


Sphere
AS

Surface Area = 4πr²


Volume = 4/3 πr³
Hemisphere
CSA = 2πr²
TSA = 3πr²
Volume = 2/3 πr³
Board Trick
When solid melts:
Volume before = Volume after
CHAPTER 13: STATISTICS
Mean
Σfx/Σf
Median

S
Median = l + [(N/2 − cf)/f]h

LK
Mode
Mode = l + [(f₁−f₀)/(2f₁−f₀−f₂)]h
Empirical Relation
Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean
TA
Very important.
CHAPTER 14: PROBABILITY
Formula
Probability = Favourable Outcomes / Total
H

Outcomes
Rules
AS

0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
P(Impossible) = 0
P(Sure Event) = 1
Complement
P(Ē) = 1 − P(E)

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