AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE

PEA

Directorate of Plant Protection National Institute of Plant

Quarantine and Storage Health Management
N. H. IV, Faridabad, Haryana Rajendranagar, Hyderabad,
Telangana

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India
 The AESA based IPM – Pea (Pisum sativum L.), was compiled by the NIPHM working group
under the Chairmanship of Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri.
Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS. JS (PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of
experts listed below on various occasions before finalization.

NIPHM Working Group:

Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General

Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor
: Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM)
Core Members :
1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise.
2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise.
3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise.
4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
Other members
5. Dr. N. Srinivasa, Assistant Director (RPM), Rodent Expertise.
6. Dr. B. S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise.

Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:

1. Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM),
2. Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology),
3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology),
4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science)
5. Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology)
Contributions by External Experts:

1. Dr. Jaydeep Halder, Scientist (Entomology), ICAR-IIVR, Post bag No.1, Post office Jakhini,
Shahanshapur, Varanasi-221305, UP
2. Dr. Sujoy Saha, Senior Scientist (Plant pathology), ICAR-IIVR, Post bag No.1, Post office
Jakhini, Shahanshapur, Varanasi-221305, UP
3. Dr. A. B. Rai, Head & Principal scientist, ICAR-IIVR, Post bag No.1, Post office Jakhini,
Shahanshapur, Varanasi-221305, UP
4. Dr. V. K. Kalra, HOD (Entomology), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004,
Haryana
5. Director of Research, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi, Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur.
6. The Director, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta lake Post,
Banglore-560089
7. Director of Research, Navsari Agricultural University, Eru Char Rasta, Dandi Road, Navsari-
396450 (Gujarat)
8. Director of Research, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415712,Dist-
Ratnagiri.
9. Director of Research, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana
10. Directorate of Experiment Station, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology
Pantnagar-263145, Dist. Udham singh Nagar (Uttarakhand, India)
11. Dr. S. K. Panda, Professor & Head, Department of Entamology, College of Agriculture,
Odhisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003
12. Dr. K. C. Sahu, Professor & Head, Department of Plant pathology, College of Agriculture,
Odhisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003
 13. Dr. S.N. Mohapatra, Professor & Head, Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture,
Odhisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003
14. Dr. Jayalaxmi Ganguli, Asst. Professor (Entomology), IGKV, Raipur (CG) 492 012
15. Dr. Narendra Lakpale, Asst. Professor, (Plant Pathology) IGKV, Raipur (CG) 492 012.
16. Director of Research,SKUASST, Kashmir, Shalimar-190025

Information on Region-wise Distribution of Pests Provided by:

1. Dr. N. Sathyanarayana, Director, Plant Biosecurity Division, NIPHM
2. Mrs. S. Latha, Scientific Officer, Plant Biosecurity Division, NIPHM
For internal circulation only. Not for sale.
 CONTENTS
Pea plant description

I. Pests
A. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
2. Diseases
3. Nematodes
4. Weeds
5. Rodents
B. Pests of Regional Significance
1. Insect pests
2. Diseases
II. Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) based integrated pest management (IPM)
A. AESA
B. Field scouting
C. Yellow pan water trap/sticky traps
D. Light traps
E. Nematode extraction
III. Ecological engineering for pest management
A. Resistant/tolerant varieties
IV. Crop stage-wise IPM
V. Rodent pest management
VI. Insecticide resistance and its management
VII. Nutritional deficiencies/disorders
VIII. Description of common weeds
IX. Description of insect pests and mite pests
X. Description of diseases
XI. Description of rodent pests
XII. Safety measures
A. At the time of harvest
B. Post-harvest storage

XIII. Do’s and Don’ts in IPM

XIV. Safety parameters in pesticide usage
XV. Basic precautions in pesticides usage
XVI. Pesticide application techniques
XVII. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief
XVIII. References
 AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE FOR PEA

Pea-Plant description:

Peas - (Pisum sativum L.) (2n = 14) (Hindi : Matar) the famous plant in which G.H. Mendel
worked out Mendel Laws and Genetic Principles, is a noble and aristocratic vegetable. The crop is
cultivated for its tender and immature pods for use as vegetable and mature dry pods for use as a
pulse. In both cases, seeds are separated and used as vegetable or pulse. Peas are highly nutritive
and contain high content of digestible protein (7.2 g / 100g), Carbohydrate (15.8 g), Vitamin-C (9
mg), phosphorus (139 mg) and minerals. Tender seeds are also used in soups.

Pea is a herbaceous annual plant with tap root system. Stem is upright, slender and usually
single. Leaves are pinnately compound with the rachis terminating in a single or branched tendril.
There are large stipules at base of leaf. Inflorescence is a raceme arising from axils of leaves and
individual flowers are typical papilionaceous. Gynoecium is monocarpellary with ovules (up to 13)
alternately attached to placenta. Style bends at right angle to ovary and stigma is sticky. Pods are
straight or curved and seeds are smooth or wrinkled.
 I. PESTS
A. Pests of National Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
1.1 Pea pod borer:
1.1.1 Etiella zinckenella Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
1.1.2 Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
1.2 Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli Tyron.(Diptera: Agromyzidae)
1.3 Pea Weevil: Bruchus pisorum Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

2. Diseases
2.1 Powdery mildew: Erysiphe pisi DC. syn. E. polygoni DC.
2.2 Rust: Uromyces fabae (Pers.) Schrot. & Uromyces fabae DB. f. sp.
pisisativae Hiratsuka
3. Nematodes
3.1 Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chit. & M. javanica
(Treub) Chitwood
4. Rodents:
4.1 Smaller Bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis Gray.
5. Major weeds
Broad leaf weeds
5.1 Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
5.2 Sweet Clover: Melilotus albaL. (Fabaceae)
5.3 Common vetch: Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae)
5.4 Yellow vetchling: Lathyrus aphacaL. (Fabaceae)
5.5 Scarlet pimpernel: Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
5.6 Wild fenugreek: Trigonella polycerata auct. non Linn. (Fabaceae)
5.7 Fineleaf fumitory: Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumariaceae)
5.8 Asthma herb: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
5.9 Congress grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
5.10 Field bindweed: Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)

Grasses
5.11 Chinese love grass: Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. Ex Steud (Poaceae)
5.12 Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)
5.13 Goosegrass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner. (Poaceae)
5.14 Wild oat: Avena fatua L. (Poaceae)
5.15 Bluegrass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
Sedges
5.16 Purple nut sedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

B. Pest of Regional Significance

1. Insect pests
1.1 Pea aphid: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
 1.2 Leaf miner: Chromatomyia horticola Goureau. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
2. Diseases
2.1 Downy mildew: Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Gäum. syn. and Peronospora pisi Sydow.
(Indo genetic plains)
2.2 Ascochyta blight: Ascochyta pisi Lib., Ascochyta pinodes Jones, Ascochyta
pinodella Jones (Himalayan Region, Chhattisgarh)
2.3 White rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh)
2.4 Root rot: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. (Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar and West Bengal)
2.5 Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi. (Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)
3. Nematodes:
3.1 Reniform nematodes: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira
4. Major weeds
Broad leaf weeds
4.1 Slender amaranth: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
4.2 Giradol: Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng (Euphorbiaceae)
4.3 Corn spurry: Spergula arvensis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
Grasses
4.4 Egyptian crowfoot grass: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Poaceae)
Sedges
4.5 Yellow nut sedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)
II AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
A. AESA:
The IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic
chemical pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. The economic
threshold level (ETL) was the basis for several decades but in modern IPM (FAO 2002) emphasis is
given to AESA where farmers take decisions based on larger range of field observations. The
health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes physical factors (i.e. soil, rain,
sunshine hours, wind etc.) and biological factors (i.e. pests, diseases and weeds). All these factors
can play a role in the balance which exists between herbivore insects and their natural enemies.
Understanding the intricate interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.

Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the agro-ecosystem.

Farmer has to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the field situation and how to make
proper decisions for their crop management. This process is called the AESA. Participants of AESA
will have to make a drawing on a large piece of paper (60 x 80 cm), to include all their observations.
The advantage of using a drawing is that it forces the participants/farmers to observe closely and
intensively. It is a focal point for the analysis and for the discussions that follow, and the drawing can
be kept as a record.

AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and

farmers to analyze the field situations with regards to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant health
and the influence of climatic factors and their relationship for growing a healthy crop. The basic
components of AESA are

 Plant health at different stages

 Built-in compensation abilities of plants
 Pest and defender population dynamics
 Soil conditions
 Climatic factors
 Farmers past experience

Principles of AESA based IPM:

Grow a healthy crop:

 Select a variety resistant/tolerant to major pests

 Select healthy seeds/seedlings/planting material
 Treat the seeds/seedlings/planting material with recommended pesticides especially
biopesticides
 Follow proper spacing
 Soil health improvement (mulching and green manuring)
 Nutrient management especially organic manures and biofertilizers based on the soil test
results. If the dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too succulent and
therefore susceptible to insects and diseases. If the dosage is too low, the crop growth is
retarded. So, the farmers should apply an adequate for best results. The phosphatic fertilizers
should not be applied each and every season as the residual phosphate of the previous season
will be available for the current season also.
 Proper irrigation
 Crop rotation

Observe the field regularly (climatic factors, soil and biotic factors):
Farmers should
Monitor the field situation at least once a week (soil, water, plants, pests, natural enemies,
weather factors etc.)
Make decisions based on the field situation and Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio)
Take direct action when needed (e.g. collect egg masses, remove infested plants etc.)

[Link]
Understand and conserve defenders:
 Know defenders/natural enemies to understand their role through regular observations of the
agro-ecosystem
 Avoid the use of chemical pesticides especially with broad-spectrum activity

Insect zoo:
In field various types of insects are present. Some are beneficial and some may be harmful.
Generally farmers are not aware about it. Predators (friends of the farmers) which feed on pests are
not easy to observe in crop field. Insect zoo concept can be helpful to enhance farmers’ skill to
identify beneficial and harmful insects. In this method, unfamiliar/unknown predators are collected in
plastic containers with brush from the field and brought to a place for study. Each predator is placed
inside a plastic bottle together with parts of the plant and some known insect pests. Insects in the
bottle are observed for certain time and determined whether the test insect is a pest (feeds on plant)
or a predator (feeds on other insects).

Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):

Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make appropriate pest
management decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the numbers of
pests and defenders. The P: D ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential of natural enemy
as well as the type of pest. The natural enemies of pea insect pests can be divided into 3
categories 1. parasitoids; 2. predators; and 3. pathogens.
 Model Agro-Ecosystem Analysis Chart

Date:
Village:
Farmer:

Decision taken based on the analysis of field situations

Soil conditions :
Weather conditions :
Diseases types and severity :
Weeds types and intensity :
Rodent damage (if any) :
No. of insect pests :
No. of natural enemies :
P: D ratio :
The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is 2: 1.
However, some of the parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2 pests. Wherever
specific P: D ratios are not found, it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever the P: D ratio
is found to be favourable, there is no need for adoption of other management strategies. In cases
where the P: D ratio is found to be unfavourable, the farmers can be advised to resort to inundative
release of parasitoids/predators depending upon the type of pest. In addition to inundative release
of parasitoids and predators, the usage of microbial biopesticides and biochemical biopesticides
such as insect growth regulators, botanicals etc. can be relied upon before resorting to synthetic
chemical pesticides.
Decision making:

Farmers become experts in crop management:

Farmers have to make timely decisions about the management of their crops. AESA farmers have
learned to make these decisions based on observations and analysis viz. abiotic and biotic factors
of the crop ecosystem. The past experience of the farmers should also be considered for decision
making. However, as field conditions continue to change and new technologies become available,
farmers need to continue improving their skills and knowledge.

 Farmers are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation

 Farmers can share their knowledge with other farmers

AESA methodology:

 Go to the field in groups (about 5 farmers per group). Walk across the field and choose 20
plants/ acre randomly. Observe keenly each of these plants and record your observations:

 Plant: Observe the plant height, number of branches, crop stage, deficiency
symptoms etc.
 Insect pests: Observe and count insect pests at different places on the plant.
 Defenders (natural enemies): Observe and count parasitoids and predators.
 Diseases: Observe leaves and stems and identify any visible disease symptoms
and severity.
 Rats: Count number of plants affected by rats.
 Weeds: Observe weeds in the field and their intensity.
 Water: Observe the water situation of the field.
 Weather: Observe the weather condition.

 While walking in the field, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to collect
additional insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.
 Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.
 If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.
 Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.
 Each group will then analyze the field situation in detail and present their observations and
analysis in a drawing (the AESA drawing).
 Each drawing will show a plant representing the field situation. The weather condition, water
level, disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Pest insects will be drawn on
one side. Defenders (beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side. Write the number
next to each insect. Indicate the plant part where the pests and defenders were found. Try
to show the interaction between pests and defenders.
 Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management recommendation.
 The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present their
analysis in front of all participants.
 The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes sure that all
participants (also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this process.
 Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on what
field management is required in the AESA plot.
 Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.
 Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.
Data recording:

Farmers should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart

 Keep records of what has happened help us making an analysis and draw conclusions

Data to be recorded:

 Plant growth (weekly): Height of plant; number of leaves

 Crop situation (e.g. for AESA): Plant health; pests, diseases, weeds; natural enemies;
soil condition; irrigation; weather conditions
 Input costs: Seeds; fertilizer; pesticides; labour
 Harvest: Yield (Kg/acre); price of produce (Rs./Kg)

Some questions that can be used during the discussion:

 Summarize the present situation of the field.

 What crop management aspect is most important at this moment?
 Is there a big change in crop situation compared to last visit? What kind of change?
 Is there any serious pest or disease outbreak?
 What is the situation of the beneficial insects?
 Is there a balance in the field between pests and defenders?
 Were you able to identify all pests and diseases?
 Do you think the crop is healthy?
 What management practices are needed at this moment?
 When will it be done? Who will do it? Make sure that responsibilities for all activities are being
discussed.
 Are you expecting any problems to emerge during the coming week such as congenial
weather conditions for pest buildup?
 What are the problems? How can we avoid it? How can we be prepared?
 Summarize the actions to be taken.

Advantages of AESA over ETL:

One of the problems of the ETL is that it is based on parameters that are changing all the time, and
that are often not known. The damage or losses caused by a certain density of insects cannot be
predicted at all. In ETL the due recognition of the role of natural enemies in decreasing pest
population is ignored. Farmers cannot base their decisions on just a simple count of pests. They will
have to consider many other aspects of the crop (crop ecology, growth stage, natural enemies,
weather condition, etc.) and their own economic and social situation before they can make the right
crop management decisions. In ETL based IPM, natural enemies, plant compensation ability and
abiotic factors are not considered. In AESA based IPM emphasis is given to natural enemies, plant
compensation ability, abiotic factors and P: D ratio.

AESA and farmer field school (FFS):

AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is season-long so that it
covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management practices.
The process is always learner-centered, participatory and relying on an experiential learning
approach and therefore it has become an integral part of FFS.
Farmers can learn from AESA:

 Identification of pests and their nature ofdamage

 Identification of natural enemies
 Management of pests
 Water and nutrient management
 Influence of weather factors on pest buildup
 Role of natural enemies in pest management

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills

Active involvement of the farmers

Participatory
Farmers learn from other IPM
farmers

Not classroom training

Practical
Active involvement of the farmers

Group meetings

Regular meetings Throughout cropping season

Guided by IPM facilitator

AESA based IPM
training for farmers Learning through Design studies to solve problems
field experiments
Learning by doing

Problem oriented Farmers choose topics

Learning about crop ecology

Understanding role of beneficial insects

B. Field scouting:

AESA requires skill. So only the trained farmers can undertake this exercise. However, other
farmers also can do field scouting in their own fields at regular intervals to monitor the major pest
situation.

Surveillance on pest occurrence at the field should commence soon after crop establishment
and at weekly intervals thereafter. In each field, select five spots randomly. Select five random
plants at each spot for recording counts of insects as per procedure finalized for individual insects.
For Insect pests:
Aphids: Count and record the number of both nymphs and adults on five randomly selected leaves
per plant.
Leaf miner: Only the number of live mines on five randomly selected leaves per plant should be
counted and recorded.
Pod borer: Total number of pods, damaged pods due to pod borer and number of larvae on
individual plants should be counted and recorded.
For diseases:
Whenever scouting, be aware that symptoms of plant disease problems may be caused by any
biotic factors such as fungal, bacterial, viral pathogens or abiotic factors such as weather, fertilizers,
nutrient deficiencies, pesticides and abiotic soil problems. In many cases, the cause of the symptom
is not obvious. Close examination, and laboratory culture and analysis are required for proper
diagnosis of the causal agent of disease. Generally fungal diseases cause the obvious symptoms
with irregular growth, pattern & colour (except viruses), however abiotic problems cause regular,
uniform symptoms. Pathogen presence (signs) on the symptoms can also be observed like fungal
growth, bacterial ooze etc. Specific and characteristic symptoms of the important plant diseases are
given in description of diseases section.

Root sampling: Always check plants that appear unhealthy. If there are no obvious symptoms on
plants, examine plants randomly and look for lesions or rots on roots and stems. Observe the signs
of the causal organism (fungal growth or ooze). It is often necessary to wash the roots with water to
examine them properly. If the roots are well developed, cut them to examine the roots for internal
infections (discolouration & signs). Count the total number of roots damaged/infested/infected due to
rot should be counted and incidence should be recorded.

Leaf sampling: Examine all leaves of each plant for lesions. Leaf diseases cause most damage
during the seedling and flowering stages of plant growth. Observe for the symptoms and signs on
the infected plant parts. Determine the percent area of leaf infection by counting the number of
leaves (leaf area diameter)/plant infected due to disease and incidence should be recorded.

Stem, flower and pod sampling: Carefully examine the stems, flower and pods of plants for signs
of fungal material/diseases or lesions. The stems, flowers and pods should be split or taken apart
and examined for discoloration caused by fungi and bacteria. Count the number of plant, flowers
and pod infected due to disease and incidence should be recorded.

C. Surveillance through pheromone trap catches:

Pheromone traps for pod borer, H. armigera @ 4-5 traps/acre have to be installed, if available.
Install the traps for each species separated by a distance of >75 feet in the vicinity of the selected
field. Fix the traps to the supporting pole at a height of one foot above the plant canopy. Change of
lures should be made at 2-3 week interval (regular interval). During each week of surveillance, the
number of moths/trap should be counted and recorded. The trapped moths should be removed and
destroyed after each recording.

D. Yellow/blue pan water trap/sticky traps:

Set up yellow pan water trap/sticky traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring aphids @ 4-5
traps/acre. Locally available empty tins can be painted yellow/ and coated with
grease/Vaseline/castor oil on outer surface may also be used.
E. Light traps:
Set up light traps @ 1 trap/acre 15 cm above the crop canopy for monitoring and mass trapping of
nocturnal insects. Light traps with exit option for natural enemies of smaller size should be installed
and operated around the dusk time (6 pm to 10 pm).
F. Nematode sampling:
Collect 100 to 300 cm3 (200-300 g) representative soil sample. Mix soil sample and pass through a
coarse sieve to remove rocks, roots, etc. Take a 600 cc subsample of soil, pack lightly into a beaker
uniformly. Place soil in one of the buckets or pans half filled with water. Mix soil and water by
stirring with paddle; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment
through 20-mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket; discard material caught
on sieve. Stir material in second bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all
but heavy sediment through 200-mesh sieve into first bucket; discard residue in second bucket.
Backwash material caught on 200-mesh sieve (which includes large nematodes) into 250-ml
beaker. Stir material in first bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but
heavy sediment through 325-mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket.
Backwash material caught on 325-mesh sieve (which includes small to mid-sized nematodes and
silty material) into 250-ml beaker. More than 90% of the live nematodes are recovered in the first 5-8
mm of water drawn from the rubber tubing and the sample is placed in a shallow dish for
examination.

III. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR PEST MANAGEMENT

Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm for
considering pest management approaches that rely on the use of cultural techniques to effect
habitat manipulation and to enhance biological control. Ecological engineering for pest management
is based on informed ecological knowledge rather than high technology approaches such as
synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004 a, b).

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Below Ground:

There is a growing realization that the soil borne, seed and seedling borne diseases can be
managed with microbial interventions, besides choosing appropriate plant varieties. The following
activities increase the beneficial microbial population and enhance soil fertility.

 Crop rotations with other leguminous crops which enhance nitrogen content.
 Keep soils covered year-round with living vegetation and/or crop residue.
 Add organic matter in the form of farm yard manure (FYM), vermicompost, crop residue which
enhance below ground biodiversity of beneficial microbes and insects.
 Application of balanced dose of nutrients using biofertilizers based on soil test report.
 Application of biofertilizers with special focus on mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting
rhizobia (PGPR)
  Application of Trichoderma harzianum/ viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens for treatment of
seed/seedling/planting materials in the nurseries and field application (if commercial products
are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own
consumption in their fields, registration is not required).

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Above Ground:

Natural enemies play a very significant role in control of foliar insect pests. Natural enemy diversity
contributes significantly to management of insect pests both below and above ground.

Natural enemies may require:

1. Food in the form of pollen and nectar.
2. Shelter, overwintering sites and moderate microclimate etc.
3. Alternate hosts when primary hosts are not present.

In order to attract natural enemies following activities should be practiced:

 Raise the flowering plants / compatible cash crops along the field border by arranging shorter
plants towards main crop and taller plants towards the border to attract natural enemies as
well as to avoid immigrating pest population
 Grow flowering plants on the internal bunds inside the field
 Not to uproot weed plants those are growing naturally such as Tridax procumbens, Ageratum
sp, Alternanthera sp etc. which act as nectar source for natural enemies,
 Not to apply broad spectrum chemical pesticides, when the P: D ratio is favourable. The plant
compensation ability should also be considered before applying chemical pesticides.
 Reduce tillage intensity so that hibernating natural enemies can be saved.
 Select and plant appropriate companion plants which could be trap crops and pest repellent
crops. The trap crops and pest repellent crops will also recruit natural enemies as their
flowers provide nectar and the plants provide suitable microclimate.

Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predators (natural
enemies) number also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen and insects etc. The major
predators are a wide variety of spiders, ladybird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla,
earwigs, etc.

Plants suitable for Ecological Engineering for Pest Management

Attractant plants

Cluster bean Cowpea Carrot

 Sunflower Buckwheat French bean

Alfalfa Maize Mustard

Coreopsis spp. Cosmos Dandelion

Anise Caraway Dill

Parsley
 Repellent plants

Ocimumspp Peppermint

Border plants

Sorghum Maize Bajra

Intercrops

BlacKgram Groundnut

The flowering plants suggested under Ecological Engineering for pest management strategy are
known as attractant plants to the natural enemies of the selected pests. The information is based
on published research literature. However, the actual selection of flowering plants could be based
on availability, agro-climatic conditions and soil types
 IV. RESISTANT/TOLERANTVARIETIES

Disease RESISTANT/TOLERANT VARIETIES *

Powdery mildew Rachna, Pant P5, DMR 11, HUP 2, JP 885, KFP 103,
Ambika, Shubhra, Aparna, Azad P4, Pusa Panna
Rust Hans, DMR 11, Type 163
*For detail contact nearest SAUs, ICAR Institutes and KVKs
A. For Chhattisgarh state Resistant Varieties:

Variety Adaption Special character

HFP 4 (Apama) NWPZ Powdery mildew resistant Dwarf
DDR 13 NEPZ and CZ Powdery mildew resistant Dwarf
HFP 8909 NEPZ and CZ Powdery mildew resistant Dwarf
KPMR 114-1 NEPZ Powdery mildew resistant Dwarf
Malviya Matar 15 NEPZ Dwarf, powdery mildew, rust resistant

NHZ: North Hill Zone (J & K and Hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh and UP)
NWPZ: North West Plain Zone (Punjab, Haryana, Western LIP.)
NEPZ: North East Plain Zone (Eastern UP., Bihar, West Bengal, Plain of Assam)
CZ: Central Zone

IV. CROP STAGE-WISE IPM

Management Activity

Pre-sowing*

Common cultural practices:

 Deep ploughing of fields during summer. Three summer
ploughings at 10 days interval reduces pests population.
 Timely sowing should be done.
 Field sanitation, rogueing
 Destroy the alternate host plants
 Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test
recommendations.
 Grow the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field
bunds.
 Growing tomato or marigold as a trap crop for the management
of leaf miner.
 Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum for the
management of aphids.
 Crop rotation with non-host crops.
Nutrients  Fertilizers should be applied on the basis of soil test report and
recommendations for particular agro-climatic zone.
 Apply well decomposed FYM @ 8-10 t per acre treated with
Trichoderma at the time of field preparation.
Weeds  Summer ploughing should be done and field is left for 15 days.
 Solarisation can be done after giving light irrigation in morning
 and then covering the field by transparent polyethylene sheets
for 25 days so that the weed seeds are killed due to heat
effect.
 At the time of field preparation, adopt stale seed bed technique
i.e. pre sowing irrigation followed by shallow tillage to minimize
the weeds menace in field.
Fungal pathogens, Cultural control:
nematodes, and resting  Deep summer ploughing of fields to control nematodes and
stages of insects exposes dormant stages (pupa and larva) of insect pest and
subsequently reduces their initial population build up
 Soil solarization: Cover the beds with transparent polythene
sheet of 100 gauge thickness for three weeks before sowing for
soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests
including weeds.
Seed Sowing*
Nutrients:  Seed treatment should be done with Rhizobium cultures @
250 g/acre.
 Apply starter dose of 10 Kg of Nitrogen along with 28 Kg P2O5
and 25 Kg K2O/acre at the time of sowing.
Weeds: Cultural control:
 Always use certified and weed free seeds.
 Timely sowing should be done.
 Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture
operations.
 Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from
its beginning to minimize the crop weed competition.
Chemical control:
 Apply linuron 50% WP @ 0.5 to 0.8 Kg per acre in 200 l of water
as pre emergence to control Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium
album, Chenopodium murale, Portulaca oleracea, Mielilotus
indica, Melilotus alba, Medicago denticulate, Fumeria
parviflora, Echinochloa crusgalli, Poa annua.
Soil-borne pathogens,  Use resistant/tolerant varieties.
nematodes, and resting  Avoid late sowing of the crop.
stages of insects

*Apply Trichoderma viride/ harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as for treatment of seed tubers
and soil application (If Commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides
produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).
Vegetative stage
Common cultural practices:
 Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts.
 Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop
 Avoid water stagnation.
 Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2
larval parasitoids are observed
Common mechanical practices:
 Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae
 Handpick the older larvae during early stages
  The infested pods may be collected and destroyed
 Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the pupae which are
found on leaves and destroy them in kerosene mixed water.
 Use yellow sticky traps for aphids @ 4-5 trap/acre.
 Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm
 Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths
activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3
weeks)
 Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory
birds such as King crow, common mynah etc.
 Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm
Common biological practices:
 Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering
 Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients:  In case of stunted/ slow crop growth, use top dressing of N
fertilizers @ 5-10 Kg per acre.
 Correct micronutrient deficiency if any in standing crop.
Weeds:  Legumes suffer severe competition with weeds in initial stages
and 30-45 days is the critical period of weed crop competition
 One to two hands weeding at 25-30 days and/ or 45 days after
sowing should be done as per the requirement.
Pea pod borer Cultural control:
 Deep ploughing is likely to kill the diapausing pupae.
 Hand picking of the caterpillar and pupae during the early stages
of infestation reduces the pest damage.
Biological control:
 Follow common biological practices
Chemical control:
 Malathion 50%EC @ 600 ml in 200- 400 l water per acre.
Stem fly Cultural control:
 Mulching with the rice straw.
 Apply balanced fertilizers having adequate N and P to promote
better plant growth
Biological control:
 Follow common biological practices
Chemical control:
 Carbofuran 3% CG @ 400 g per acre.
Pea aphid** Cultural control:
 Judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizers
 Regular field monitoring for pest & defender population, barrier
crops like mustard crop around the field.
 Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum or millet to reduce
pest population.
Biological control:
 Release 1st instar larvae of green lacewing (Chrysoperla zastrow
sillemi) @ 4000/acre
 Follow common biological practices
Chemical control:
 Carbofuran 3% CG @ 400 g per acre.
Leaf miner** Cultural control:
 Remove and destroy the infested leaves identified by the
mines and blotches.
 Use yellow sticky traps/ cards for leaf miners adult fly.
Biological control:
 Follow common biological practices
.
Powdery mildew Cultural control:
 Use resistant varieties.
 Burn infected pea stubble soon after harvest where
practicable.
 Avoid sowing field pea crops adjacent to last season’s stubble.
 Control volunteer field peas which can harbour disease.
 Adopt bower system.
Chemical control:
 Benomyl 50 % WP @ 80g in 240 l water per acre or

carbendazim 50% WP@ 100g in 240 l water per acre

ordinocap 48% EC @ 120g in 300 l water per acre or
Fenarimol 12% EC @ 0.04% (40 ml/100 lts of water) as
required depending on stage of crop. Second spray after 15
days of interval or sulphur 40% WP 2.26- 3.00 Kg in 300- 400 l
of water per acre or sulphur 52% SC 800 ml in 120- 160 l of
water per acre or Sulphur 80% WG @ 750 gm – 1.0 Kg in in
300- 400 l water per acre or sulphur 85%DP @ 6 – 8 Kg per
acre or triadimefon 25% WP @ 0.1 % in 300 l water per acre.
Second spray after 25 days of interval.
Rust Cultural control:
 Destroy all diseased plant debris after harvest.
 Follow suitable crop rotation with non-leguminous crops.
 Mixed cropping.
Chemical control:
 Sulphur 80% WP @ 1.252 Kg in 300- 400 l water per acre or
.sulphur85%DP @ 6 – 8 Kg per acre or triadimefon 25% WP
@ 0.1 % in 300 l water per acre. Second spray after 25 days of
interval.
Downy mildew** Cultural control:

 The diseased plants should be removed and burnt soon after

detecting in the field.
Ascochyta blight** Cultural control:
 Plantation of tall plant crop as a barrier for air borne inoculum
White rot** Cultural control:
 Follow common cultural practices
Root rot** Cultural control:
 Keep wider spacing.
 Maintain irrigation
 Follow common cultural practices
Fusarium wilt** Cultural control:
 Follow common cultural practices
Pea Weevil/ bruchid Cultural control:
 Early harvest of peas also reduces pod shatter and pea splitting
losses.
 Cut the volunteer and weed plant.
 Proper sanitation of godown store house.
 Disinfect the gunny bags that carry the pea grains.
Biological control:
 Follow common biological practices
Reproductive stage
Nutrient  Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest.

Weed  Remove left over weeds before shedding of their weed seeds to
prevent further spread.
Diseases & pests  Same as in vegetative stage

** Regional Insect pest and diseases

 VII. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES/DISORDERS

Sr. no. Deficiency symptoms

1. Nitrogen deficiency
The common symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are general yellowing of entire plant.
The plants appear stunted and have small leaves. The deficiency symptoms typically
appear first on lower leaves. Initially, the whole plant appears light green. The lower
leaves gradually turn pale yellow to yellow while the young leaves appear light green.
Subsequently the lower leaves become white then brown necrotic.

2. Potassium deficiency:
Leavesbecome dark green with yellowing and fining of the lower leaves at margins.
The leaflets are cupped downward, the pods are poorly filled and growth generally is
retarded.

3. Sulphur deficiency:
Younger leaves including the veins turn yellow, in severe deficiency situations the
older leaves also turn yellow, and the plants tend to be small and slender.

4. Iron deficiency:
Iron deficiency causes yellowing between the veins, progresses to severely yellowed
or chlorotic leaves, caused by complete absence of green chlorophyll. Crops growing
on high pH black clay soils may develop both iron and manganese deficiencies. Foliar
sprays have been used to treat both deficiencies successfully.
5. Boron toxicity:
Boron toxicity occurs on many of the alkaline soil cropping areas. The most
characteristic symptom of boron toxicity in pea is chlorosis, and some necrosis if
severe, at the tips or margins of the leaves. The older leaves are usually more
affected.

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[Link]

6 Magnesium deficiency
Leaves displaying signs of magnesium deficiency, with the characteristic ‘interveinal
chlorosis’ – the area between the leaf veins losing its green. This generally happens
with the older leaves of the plant. In peas, central intervenal chlorosis and green
marginal band are observed.

[Link]
7 Manganese deficiency
Yellow to white colored leaves, but with green veins. First noted on new growth. May
have a typical ‘grey speck’ symptom. Each new leaf becomes more chlorotic. Brown
lesions in centers of cotyledons ("Marsh spot”) in pea seeds.
 [Link]
8. Boron deficiency
Stems thickened and stiff, growth squat and bushy habit; foliage chlorotic, young
leaflets small and tips brown; growing points die.

[Link]
 VII. DESCRIPTION OF WEEDS

1. Lambs quarter: 2. White Sweet Clover: 3. Common vetch:

Chenopodium album L. Melilotus albaL. (Fabaceae) Vicia sativa L.
(Chenopodiaceae) (Fabaceae)

4. Yellow vetchling 5. Slender amaranth: 6. Scarlet pimpernel:

Lathyrus aphacaL. Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. Anagallis arvensis L.
(Fabaceae) (Amaranthaceae) (Primulaceae)

7. Wild fenugreek: 8. Fineleaf fumitory: 9. Chinese lovegrass:

Trigonella polycerata auct. Fumaria parviflora Lam. Eragrostisunioloides(Retz.)
non Linn. (Fumariaceae) Nees. Ex Steud
(Fabaceae) (Poaceae)
10. Goosegrass: 11. Giradol: 12. Wild oat:
Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertner Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Avena fatua L.
(Poaceae) Juss. ex Spreng (Poaceae)
(Euphorbiaceae)

13. Field bindweed: 14. Purple nutsedge: 15. Congress

Convolvulus arvensis L. CyperusrotundusL. grass:Partheniumhysterophor
(Convolvulaceae) (Cyperaceae) usL. Asteraceae

16. Egyptian crowfoot grass: 17. Asthma herb: 18. Bluegrass:

Dactylocteniumaegyptium Euphorbia hirtaL. PoaannuaL.
(L.) WilldPoaceae Euphorbiaceae Poaceae
19. Canary grass: 20. Corn spurry
Phalaris minor Retz. Spergulaarvensis L.
Poaceae Caryophyllaceae

VIII. DESCRIPTION OF INSECT PESTS

1) Pea pod borer: Etiella zinckenella Treitschke
Biology:
Eggs: Development of egg lasts 4-21 days depending on weather conditions. Average
fecundity is about 100-300, maximum 600 eggs.
Larva: Coloration of larvae is variable, from dirty greenish-gray to reddish; body length 15-
22 mm and larval period is about 19-40 days depending upon weather conditions.
Pupa: Pupa is brilliant, brown, fine punctured, to 7-10 mm in length; cocoon is thick, white,
and usually covered with soil particles. Pupal period is about 12-18 days. Number of
generations per year reaches three, though the third generation can be facultative.
Overwinters as larva.
Adults:Body length 8-11 mm, wingspan 19-27 mm. Wings longer than abdomen, folding
as roof. Forewing is yellow- or greyish-brown with characteristic light stripe along fore
edge, with orange spot on basal third, and with dark fringe. Hind wings are light gray, with
dark venation and dark double line near fringe; the fringe is long and light in colour. Top of
abdomen with a tuft of golden-yellow hairs. Life span of adult is 20 days

Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:
  Dropping of flowers and young pods
 As the larva develops within the pod, faeces accumulate causing soft, rotten
patches on the pod.
 Seeds are either partially or entirely eaten, and considerable frass and silk are
present.
 Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered

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Parasitoids:
Eggparasitoids:Trichogrammatoidea armigera..,
Larval parasitoids: Bracon hebetor, Phanerotoma sp., Tetrastichus sp, Phanerotoma
planifrons
2) Pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hübner
Biology:
Egg: Gravid females lay eggs singly mostly on tender parts of the plants. Eggs are
globular and shinning greenish yellow in colour. Incubation period ranges from3- 9
days depending upon weather conditions.
Larva: Full grown larva is about 3.5 cm long. Larvas vary in colour, initially brown and
later turn greenish with darker broken lines along the side of the body. The larval
period lasts for 13- 19 days. Body covered with radiating hairs.
Pupa: The full grown caterpillar pupates in the soil in an earthen cell and emerges in 16-
21 days. Pupation takes place inside the soil. Pupal stage lasts 7-15 days.
Adult: Moth is stout, medium sized with brownish/grayish forewings with a dark cross
band near outer margin and dark spots near costal margins, with a wing expense
of 3.7cm.
Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:
  At early stage they feed on the foliage and sometime cause serious defoliation.
 During reproductive stage they bore the developing pod and feed on the seeds with
its head typically thrust inside and most of the part of the body outside.
 Damaged pods are unfit for human consumption.
3) Stem fly:
Biology:
Egg: The female lays 14-64· elongate, oval and white eggs singly into the leaf tissue with
the help of its elongated ovipositor. The eggs hatch in 2-4 days
Larva: Larva pass through three instars and the larval development is completed in 6-12
days.
Pupa: The larva pupates within its gallery and the pupal period lasts 5-19 days.
Adult: The adult flies are metallic black. They are active in summer and mate 2-6 days
after emergence The female flies live for 8-22 days and the males for 11 days. The pest
completes 8-9 generations.
Life cycle:

Damage symptoms:
 The maggots bore into the stem thereby causing withering and ultimate drying of the
affected shoots, thus reducing the bearing capacity of the host plants.
 The adults also cause damage by puncturing the leaves, and the injured parts turn
yellow.
 The damage is more severe on seedlings than on the grown up plants.
Parasitoids of stem fly: Braconid wasp
4) Pea Weevil:
Biology:
Egg: The egg is yellow, cigar-shaped and measures 1.5 mm by 0.6 mm.
Larva: The larva is a legless, curled, cream grub which grows to about 5- 7 mm long.
Pupa: Pupation takes place in inside the pods. The pupal stage lasts1-3 weeks depending
upon season.
Adult: The adult is a chunky beetle about 5 mm long, generally brownish flecked with
white, black and grey patches. The tip of the abdomen extends beyond the wing covers
and is white marked with two black oval spots.

Life cycle:
 [Link]
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Damage symptoms:
 The larvae burrow straight through the pods to feed on the seed, so are not readily
found for identification until seed is mature (above) and it is too late for control.

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Parasitoids
Larval parasitoid: Dinarmus basalis
5) Pea aphid
Biology:
 Adult aphids are soft bodied, long legged, pear-shaped, green yellow or pink in
colour with long conspicuous cornicles Both alate as well as apterous forms are
present and these are generally females; males are rare.
 Reproduction is parthenogenetic and viviparous. It takes about a week to complete
one generation and there are several overlapping generations in a year.
Life cycle:
 [Link]

Damage symptoms:
 Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from young shoots, ventral surface of tender
leaves, inflorescence and even on stems.
 Curling and distortion of leaves, stunting and malformation shoots occur.
 Leaves turn pale and dry. Honeydew secretion of aphids leads to sooty mould which
hinders the photosynthetic activity of the plants.

Parasitoids of aphids: Parasitic wasp, Aphadius sp., Aphalinus sp., Diaeretiella rapae
Predators of pea aphids : Lacewing, ladybird beetles Predatory mite, Syrphid fly
*For management refer to page number------------------------
6) Leaf miner:
Biology:

Egg: Eggs are minute in size and orange yellow in colour. The egg hatches in 4 days.
Larva: Apodous maggot feeds on chlorophyll mining in between epidermal layers. Full
grown maggot measures 3 mm. Larval duration is about 7 days.
Pupa: Pupation takes place inside a thin loose mesh of silken cocoon. Pupal period is
about 7 days.
Adult: It is a pale yellowish fly, measuring 1.5 mm in length. The female fly punctures
upper surface of leaf to lay eggs singly. Total life cycle takes 3 weeks.

Life cycle:
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Damage symptoms:
 The large number of tunnels made by the larvae between the lower and upper
epidermis interferes with photosynthesis and proper growth of the plants, making
them look unattractive.
 Leaves with serpentine mines
 Drying dropping of leaves in severe cases

Mining on leaves
1 2 3.

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 Favourable conditions:
Warm weather conditions are favourable for multiplication.
Parasitoids:
Larval parasitoids: Chrysocharis pentheus, Diglyphus isaea,
Larval and pupal parastioids: Gronotoma micromorpha, Neochrysocharis formosa
Predators: Green lacewing, ladybird beetle, spider, red ant
*For management refer to page number----

Parasitoids

Egg parasitoids:

1. Trichogrammatoidea armigera
Larval parasitoids:

2. Chrysocharispentheus3. Diglyphusisaea
4Parasitic wasp

5. Braconidaewasp [Link] [Link]

8. Tetrastichus sp. 9. Phanerotomasp. 10. Phanerotomaplanifrons

 Larval and pupalparastioids:

[Link] micromorpha12. Pristomerus vulnerator

Predators:

13. Lady beetle 14. Spider 15. Fire ant

16. Predatory mite 17. Lacewing

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IX. DESCRIPTION OF DISEASES

1) Downy mildew:
Disease symptoms:
 A grayish white, moldy growth appears on the lower leaf surface, and a yellowish
area appears on the opposite side of the leaf.
 Infected leaves can turn yellow and die if weather is cool and damp.
 Stems may be distorted and stunted.
 Brown blotches appear on pods, and mold may grow inside pods.

Gray mildew of this fungus on the underside of the leaf.

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Favourable conditions:
 High humidity and low temperatures (5- 15°C) for few days are ideal for infection and
development of disease.
Survival and spread:
Primary infection by soil, seed and water
Secondary infection by sporangia through rain splash or wind
*For management refer to page number------------------------
2) Powdery mildew:
Disease symptoms:
 It attacks leaves first producing faint, slightly discolored specks from which grayish
white powdery growth of mycelium develop.
 Powdery growth spread over leaf, stem and pod.
 The leaves turn yellow and die.
 The fruits do not either set or remain very small.
 It causes defoliation.
 Later stages, powdery growth also covers the pods.
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Survival and spread:
 Powdery mildew spores are carried by air and once active, will continue to spread in
dry conditions.
Favourable conditions:
 Warm (temperature 15-25°C), humid (over 70% relative humidity) conditions for 4-5
days late in the growing season, during flowering and pod filling, favour disease
development.
*For management refer to page number------------------------
3) Pea rust:
Disease symptoms:
 Leaves of infected plants exhibit many small, orange-brown pustules usually at the
lower surface.
 Severely infected leaves wither and may drop from the plant.
 Larger pustules occur on the stems and isolated pustules may be found on the pods.
 Severe infection may result in reduced seed size and may cause yield losses of up to
30%,

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Survival and spread:
 Euphorbia and infected vegetation residues are sources of the infection.
 The agent is not transferred by seeds.
Favourable conditions:
 Frequent precipitations, plentiful dews and air temperature of 20-25°Cpromote
development.
 Dry and hot weather restrains the disease development.
*For management refer to page number------------------------
4) Ascochyta blight:
Disease symptoms:
 Early symptoms are most commonly observed under the plant canopy, on lower leaves,
 stems, and tendrils, where conditions are more humid.

 Symptoms first appear as small, purplish-brown and irregular flecks.

 Under continued humid conditions, the flecks enlarge and coalesce, resulting the lower
leaves becoming completely blighted.

 Severe infections may lead to girdling of the stem near the soil line, which is known as
foot rot.

 Foot rot lesions are purplish-black in colour and may extend above and below the soil
line.

 Foot and stem lesions girdle and weaken the stem, leading to crop lodging and yield loss.

 Disease lesions develop on pods under prolonged moist conditions or if the crop has
lodged.

 Pod lesions are initially small and dark, but may become extensive and lead to early pod
senescence.

 Severe pod infection may result in small, shrunken or discoloured seed; or alternatively,
seed may show no symptoms

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Survival and spread:
 Ascospores carried long distances by wind.
 The asexual conidia travel short distances to new hosts via water splashes from rain.
 Infection originates from diseased seed or from spores growing on debris in the soil
near pea plants.
Favourable conditions:
 Favorable conditions are warm humid conditions with a temperature is about 15oC to 25oC.
*For management refer to page number------------------------
5) White rot:
Disease symptoms:
 The infection may occur at any part of the foliage, mainly the stem or branches.
 The maximum infection develops at the flowering stage of the crop, when petals fall on
 ground and these catch infection immediately and mycelial growth of fungus invades
the stem and branches.
 At the point of infection, a dry discolored spot develops.
 It gradually girdles the entire stem and also progresses up and down.
 As a result of tissue necrosis, the portion of the plant beyond the point of infection wilts
 If the infection is at the base of the main stem, the entire plant wilts.
 If it occurs on branches, partial wilting occurs.
 The diseased tissues become whitish and may be shredded.

[Link]
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Survival and spread:
 The infection caused by hard sclerotia left in soil or in plant debris.
Favourable conditions:
 When adequate moisture is available and temperature ranges between 4
and 20°C. However, light is essential for stimulation of apothecial
production.
*For management refer to page number------------------------
6) Root rot:
Damage symptoms:
 Reddish brown to black streaks appear on primary and secondary roots.
 These streaks coalesce at later stages, leading to girdling of lower stem.
 Red discoloration of the vascular system can be seen, especially near cotyledon
attachment.
 Stunted growth, yellowing and necrosis appear on the basal foliage.

[Link]
[Link]

Survival and spread:

 Primary infection by soil, seed and water
 Secondary infection by conidia through rain splash or wind
Favourable conditions:
 Cool, wet weather conditions.
 Favourable conditions are higher soil temperatures 25° to 30°C and moderate soil
 moisture.
*For management refer to page number------------------------
7. Wilt:
Disease symptoms:
 Symptom of the disease is more pronounced in 3 to 5 week old plants. In young
seedlings, cotyledons droop and wither.

 Yellowing of lower leaves and stunting of plants.

 The xylem vessels develop brown discoloration and get distorted.

 Leaflet margins curl downward and inward.

 The stem may be slightly swollen and brittle near the soil.

 Internal woody stem tissue often is discolored, turning lemon brown to orange brown.

 Externally, the root system appears healthy; however, secondary root rots are likely to
occur on plants wilted for long periods.

 Eventually, wilted plants may die.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Survival and spread:
 Primary infection by Soil, Seed, Water
 Secondary infection by Conidia through rain splash.
Favourable conditions:
 A soil temperature of 23° to 27°C is most favourable for Fusarium wilt.
 Hot weather and warm soils.
1. Root-knot nematodes:
Damage symptoms:
 Root-knot nematode feed on tender roots and base of pseudostem causing stunting,
chlorosis, poor tillering and necrosis of leaves are the common aerial symptoms.
 Characteristic root galls and lesions that lead to rotting are generally seen in roots.
 The infested roots have brown, water soaked areas in the outer tissues.
 Nematode infestation aggravates root rot disease.
 1. [Link]
2. [Link]
1. Root Knot Nematode on pea roots 2. Pea crop damaged by root knot nematode
Survival and spread:
 Nematodes survive in soil and infected roots as primary inoculums.
 Therefore, tissues from infected crops remaining in the field serve as a reservoir of the
fungus.
 It spreads from infected plants or through soil.
Favourable conditions:
 Warm, moist soil are favourable conditions
*For management refer to page number------------------------

1. Downy mildew:

2. Powdery mildew:
3. Pea rust:

4. Root rot:
5. Ascochyta blight:

6. White rot:

7. Fusarium wilt:
 [Link]

8. Root knot nematode

[Link]
 XI. DESCRIPTION OF RODENT PESTS

1) Smaller bandicoot:
Distribution and Identification:
Distributed throughout India and infests almost all crops. It is a robust rodent (200 to 300 g body
weight) with a rounded head and a broad muzzle. Dorsum covered with grey-brownish rough
hairs. Tail is naked, shorter than head and body. Breeds throughout the season and litter size 6-8
in normal conditions.
Burrows are characterized by the presence of scooped soil at the entrance and mostly burrow
openings are closed with soil.
Damage symptoms:
 Mostly damage occurs at fruiting stage. Bandicoots cut the raw and ripened fruits and hoard them
in their burrows.
 XII. SAFETY MEASURES

A. At the time of harvest:

Processing Peas: Approximately three weeks following full bloom, peas are ready for harvest.
Quality of peas deteriorates with maturity. Hot dry weather during harvest speeds up maturity
without corresponding increases in yield. Soils adequately supplied with nitrogen and/or organic
matter result in increases in yield and mature less rapidly than those lacking sufficient amounts
of these nutrients. For this reason peas produced on fertile soils remain at peak quality for a
longer period, thus providing a greater opportunity for orderly harvest of peas. Transportation to
the processing plant and processing should be immediate so this limits distance peas can be
grown from the processing plant.
Green Peas: The pods are harvested when they are well filled, but still succulent, before they
harden and fade in colour. The peas should not be hard and starchy. Peas are best picked and
shelled just before cooking as the sugar content decreases rapidly after harvest. Two or three
pickings are made as all the pea pods do not mature at the same time. The pods should be
carefully pulled from the vine to prevent the plants from being uprooted. At the last harvest, the
plant may be pulled up and all the pods picked.
Edible Podded Peas: These peas are picked when the pods are long and the peas just
developing .Pods, three to five inches long, are produced five to seven days after flowering, and
the pea seeds are slim and small. Pods need to be picked every other day to prevent them from
developing large seeds and fibrous pods. If the seeds develop, they may be used similar to
garden peas.

B. Post-harvest storage:
Unshelled peas can be held a week or two if cooled to 0°C immediately after harvest, and held
at0°C with a relative humidity of 95%. Peas can be hydro cooled or wetted and vacuum cooled
to remove field heat. Package ice is effective in keeping peas cold and minimizing wilting.

[Link]
 XIII. DO’S AND DON’TS IN IPM

S. No. Do’s Don’ts

1. Deep ploughing is to be done on bright sunny Do not plant or irrigate the field after
days during the months of May and June. ploughing, at least for 2-3 weeks, to allow
The field should be kept exposed to sun light at desiccation of weed’s bulbs and/or rhizomes
least for 2-3 weeks of perennial weeds.
2. Adopt crop rotation. Avoid mono cropping.
3. Grow only recommended varieties. Do not grow varieties not suitable for the
season or the region.
4 Sow early in the season Avoid late sowing as this may lead to
reduced yields and incidence of white grubs
and diseases.
5 Always treat the seeds with approved Do not use seeds without seed treatment with
chemicals/bio products for the control of seed biocides/chemicals.
borne diseases/pests.
6. Sow in rows at optimum depths under proper Do not sow seeds beyond 5-7 cm depth.
moisture conditions for better establishment.
7. Apply only recommended herbicides at Pre-emergent as well as soil incorporated
recommended dose, proper time, as appropriate herbicides should not be applied in dry soils.
spray solution with standard equipment along with Do not apply herbicides along with irrigation
flat fan or flat jet nozzles. water or by mixing with soil, sand or urea.

8. Maintain optimum and healthy crop stand which Crops should not be exposed to moisture
would be capable of competing with weeds at a deficit stress at their critical growth stages.
critical stage of crop weed competition.

9 Use NPK fertilizers as per the soil test Avoid imbalanced use of fertilizers.
recommendation.
10 Use micronutrient mixture after sowing based on Do not apply any micronutrient mixture after
test recommendations. sowing without test recommendations.
11 Conduct AESA weekly in the morning preferably Do not take any management decision
before 9 a.m. Take decision on management without considering AESA and P: D ratio
practice based on AESA and P: D ratio only.

12 Install pheromone traps at appropriate period. Do not store the pheromone lures at normal
room temperature (keep them in refrigerator).
13 Release parasitoids only after noticing adult moth Do not apply chemical pesticides within
catches in the pheromone trap or as pheromone seven days of release of parasitoids.
trap or as per field observation

16 Spray pesticides thoroughly to treat the Do not spray pesticides only on the upper
undersurface of the leaves. surface of leaves.

17 Apply short persistent pesticides to avoid Do not apply pesticides during preceding 7
pesticide residue in the soil and produce. days before harvest.
18 Follow the recommended procedure of trap crop Do not apply long persistent on trap crop,
technology. otherwise it may not attract the pests and
natural enemies.
 XIV. SAFETY PARAMETERS IN PESTICIDE USAGE

S. Pesticide Classifica Colour of WHO First Aid Symptoms Treatment of Waiting

No. tion as toxicity classificati measures poisoning poisoning period
per triangle on of from last
insecticid hazard application
e rules to harvest
(days)
Insecticides
1. Melathion Moderatel Class III Headache, No specific 6
y toxic slightly palpitation, antidote.
hazardous nausea, Treatment is
vomiting, essentially
flushed face, symptomatic
irritation of
nose,throat,
eyes and skin
etc.
2. Carbofuran Extremely Class I b Constriction of Atropine injection- --
toxic highly pupils, salivation, 1-4 mg. repeat 2
hazardous profuse mg when
sweating, muscle symptoms begin
incordination, to recur (15-16
nausea, min interval)
vomiting,diarrhea excessive
, epigastric pain, salivation- good
tightness in chest sign, more
atropine needed
3. Monocrotoph Extremely Class I b Constriction of Atropine injection- --
os toxic highly pupils, 1-4 mg. repeat 2
hazardous salivation, mg when
profuse symptoms begin
sweating, to recur (15-16
muscle min interval)
incordination, excessive
nausea, salivation- good
 vomiting,diarrhe sign, more
a, epigastric atropine needed
pain, tightness
in chest
Fungicides
1. Benomyl Slightly Unlikely Headache, No specific 10
toxic produce palpitation, antidote.
acute nausea, Treatment is
hazard vomiting, essentially
flushed face, symptomatic
irritation of
nose,throat,
eyes and skin
etc.
2. Carbendazim Slightly Unlikely Headache, No specific 10
toxic produce palpitation, antidote.
acute nausea, Treatment is
hazard vomiting, essentially
flushed face, symptomatic
irritation of
nose,throat,
eyes and skin
etc.
3. Dinocap Moderatel Class III Headache, No specific 6
y toxic slightly palpitation, antidote.
hazardous nausea, Treatment is
vomiting, essentially
flushed face, symptomatic
irritation of
nose,throat,
eyes and skin
etc.
4. Fenarimol
5. Sulphur Slightly Unlikely Headache, No specific 10
toxic produce palpitation, antidote.
acute nausea, Treatment is
 hazard vomiting, essentially
flushed face, symptomatic
irritation of
nose,throat,
eyes and skin
etc.
6. Triadimefon Moderatel Class III Headache, No specific 6
y toxic slightly palpitation, antidote.
hazardous nausea, Treatment is
vomiting, essentially
flushed face, symptomatic
irritation of
nose,throat,
eyes and skin
etc.
 XV. BASIC PRECAUTIONS IN PESTICIDES USAGE

A. Purchase
1. Purchase only just required quantity e.g. 100, 250, 500, 1000 g/ml for single application in
specified area.
2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or torn bags; Do not purchase
pesticides without proper/approved labels.
3. While purchasing insist for invoice/bill/cash memo
B. Storage
1. Avoid storage of pesticides in house premises.
2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.
3. Do not transfer pesticides to other containers; Do not expose to sunlight or rain water; Do
not store weedicides along with other pesticides.
4. Never keep them together with food or feed/fodder.
5. Keep away from reach of children and livestock.
C. Handling
1. Never carry/ transport pesticides along with food materials.
2. Avoid carrying bulk pesticides (dust/granules) on head shoulders or on the back.
D. Precautions for preparing spray solution
1. Use clean water.
2. Always protect your nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hands.
3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.
4. Use polythene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask and a
cap or towel to cover the head (Do not use polythene bag contaminated with pesticides).
5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
6. Prepare the spray solution as per requirement
7. Do not mix granules with water; Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew while preparing solution
8. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc. while opening sealed container. Do not
smell pesticides.
9. Avoid spilling of pesticides while filling the sprayer tank.
10. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polythene bags
E. Equipment
1. Select right kind of equipment.
2. Do not use leaky and defective equipment
3. Select right kind of nozzles
4. Don’t blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth brush tied with the sprayer and
clean with water.
5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.
[Link] for applying pesticides
1. Apply only at recommended dose and dilution
2. Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition; Do not apply just before the rains
and after the rains; Do not apply against the windy direction
3. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery
operated ULV sprayer

56
 4. Wash the sprayer and buckets etc. with soap water after spraying
5. Containers buckets etc. used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose
6. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the field immediately after spraying
7. Avoid tank mixing of different pesticides
G. Disposal
1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc. throw it in barren
isolated area if possible
2. The used/empty containers should be crushed with a stone/stick and buried deep into soil
away from water source.
3. Never reuse empty pesticides container for any other purpose.

XVI. PESTICIDE APPLICATION TECHNIQUES

Equipment
Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/disease
Vegetative Insecticides  Lever operated knapsack
stage and sprayer (Droplets of big size)
i) for crawling fungicides  Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40
and soil borne psi
pests  Lever operating speed = 15 to
20 strokes/min
or
 Motorized knapsack sprayer or
ii) for small mist blower (Droplets of small
sucking leaf size)
borne pests  Airblast nozzle
 Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
Reproductive Insecticides  Lever operated knapsack
stage and sprayer (Droplets of big size)
fungicides  Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40
psi
 Lever operating speed = 15 to
20 strokes/min
Category B: Field flying pest/airborne pest
Vegetative Insecticides  Motorized knapsack sprayer or
stage and mist blower (Droplets of small
Reproductive fungicides size)
stage  Airblast nozzle
(Field Pests)  Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
Or
 Battery operated low volume
sprayer (Droplets of small
size)
Spinning disc nozzle

57
Mosquito/ Insecticides  Fogging machine and ENV
locust and and (Exhaust nozzle vehicle)
spatial fungicides (Droplets of very small size)
application  Hot tube nozzle
(migratory
Pests)
Category C: Weeds
Post- Weedicide  Lever operated knapsack
emergence sprayer (Droplets of big size)
application  Flat fan or floodjet nozzle @ 15
to 20 psi
 Lever operating speed = 7 to
10 strokes/min

Pre-emergence Weedicide  Trolley mounted low volume

application sprayer (Droplets of small
size)
 Battery operated low volume
sprayer (Droplets of small
size)

58
XVII. OPERATIONAL, CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES IN BRIEF

1. For application rate and

dosage see the label and
leaflet of the particular
pesticide.

2. It is advisable to check the

output of the sprayer
(calibration) before
commencement of spraying
under guidance of trained
person.

3. Clean and wash the machines

and nozzles and store in dry
place after use.

4. It is advisable to use
protective clothing, face mask
and gloves while preparing
and applying pesticides.

Do not apply pesticides

without protective clothing and
wash clothes immediately
after spray application.
5. Do not apply in hot or windy
conditions.

59
6. Operator should maintain
normal walking speed while
undertaking application.

7. Do not smoke, chew or eat

while undertaking the spraying
operation

8. Operator should take

properbath with soap after
completing spraying

9. Do not blow the nozzle with

mouth for any blockages.
Clean with water and a soft
brush.

XVIII. REFERENCES

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
_image004.gif
3. [Link]
g
4. [Link]
[Link]
5. [Link]
[Link]
6. [Link]
/pea_weevil
7. [Link]
tabid/1610/[Link]?PageContentID=450
8. [Link]
[Link]

60
9. [Link]
10. [Link]
33002
11. [Link]
12. [Link]
13. [Link]
[Link]
14. [Link]
15. [Link]
16. [Link]
17. [Link]
18. [Link]

61