EE-116 Electric Circuits
Analysis
Dr. Basharat Ullah
Week 02
Department of Mechatronics
College of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering
Circuit Elements
❑ There are two types of circuit elements:
❑ Active Elements: An active element is capable of generating energy. Battery is an
active element.
❑ Passive Element: A passive element cannot produce any energy. It can dissipate
energy or stores it. Resistors, inductors and capacitors are the passive elements.
❑ Some very important active elements are;
❑ Independent voltage source: An independent voltage source is a two-
terminal element that maintains a specified voltage between its
terminals regardless of the current through it.
❑ Independent current source: Independent current source is a two
terminal element that maintains a specified current regardless of the
voltage across its terminals.
Example
❑ Determine the power absorbed or supplied by the elements in the network.
❑ Power supplied = 48W
❑ Element 1 = 12W (absorbing)
❑ Element 2 = 36W (absorbing)
❑ Note that the power supplied is equal to the power absorbed.
Circuit Elements
❑ Dependent Sources: Dependent sources generate a voltage or current that is
determined by a voltage or current at a specified location in the circuit.
Example
❑ Given the two networks, we wish to determine the outputs.
❑ 𝑉𝑜 = 20𝑉𝑆 = 20 × 2𝑉 = 40𝑉
❑ 𝐼𝑜 = 50𝐼𝑆 = 50 × 1𝑚𝐴 = 50𝑉
Example
❑ Determine the power supplied by the dependent sources.
❑ Power supplied = 80 W
❑ Power supplied = 160 W
Example
❑ Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the network. Also verify that
Tellegen’s theorem is satisfied by this network.
❑ 𝑃1 = 1 16 = 16 𝑊
❑ 𝑃2 = 1 4 = 4 𝑊
❑ 𝑃3 = 1 12 = 12 𝑊
❑ 𝑃4 = 2 8 = 16 𝑊
❑ 𝑃12𝑉 = 2 12 = 24 𝑊
❑ 𝑃24𝑉 = −3 24 = −72 𝑊
❑ Total power = 16 + 4 + 12 + 16 + 24 – 72 = 0 W
❑ This sum is zero, which verifies that Tellegen’s theorem is satisfied.
Example
❑ Use Tellegen’s theorem to find the current 𝐼𝑜 in the network.
❑ 𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑜 6 = 6𝐼𝑜 𝑊
❑ 𝑃2 = −9 12 = −108 𝑊
❑ 𝑃3 = −3 10 = −30 𝑊
❑ 𝑃2𝐴 = −2 6 = −12 𝑊
❑ 𝑃4𝑉 = −8 4 = −32 𝑊
❑ 𝑃𝐷𝑆 = 11 8𝐼𝑥 = 11 16 = 176 𝑊
❑ Applying Tellegen’s theorem yields
❑ 6𝐼𝑜 − 108 − 30 − 12 − 32 + 176 = 0
❑ 𝐼𝑜 = 1𝐴
Questions?
Lecture 04
Ohm’s Law
❑ Ohm’s law is named for the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who is credited
with establishing the voltage–current relationship for resistance.
❑ As a result of his pioneering work, the unit of resistance bears his name.
❑ Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistance is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it.
❑ The resistance, measured in ohms, is the constant of proportionality between the
voltage and current.
❑ The mathematical relationship of Ohm’s law is illustrated by the equation;
❑ In our analysis we will always assume that the resistors are linear.
Ohm’s Law
❑ The rate of energy dissipation is the instantaneous power, 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 𝑣(𝑡).
❑ Can also be written as;
❑ This equation illustrates that the power is a nonlinear function of either current or
voltage and that it is always a positive quantity.
❑ Conductance, represented by the symbol G, and is reciprocal of resistance. The unit
of conductance is the siemens.
❑ Alternatively, ohm’s law can be expressed as; 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐺𝑣(𝑡)
Ohm’s Law
❑ Two specific values of resistance, and therefore conductance, are very important:
Infinite just means maximum so I = infinite actually means I = maximum
❑ If the resistance value is zero, so the resistance can be replaced by a short circuit. So,
V = 0V and I = infinite.
❑ If the resistance value is infinite, so the resistance can be replaced by an open
circuit. So, V = infinite and I = 0A.
Ohm’s Law - Example
❑ In the circuit, determine the current and the power absorbed by the resistor.
❑ 𝐼 = 6 𝑚𝐴, 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 0.072 𝑊 = 72𝑚𝑊
❑ 𝑉𝑆 = 6 𝑉, 𝐼 = 0.6 𝑚𝐴
❑ 𝑉𝑆 = 10 𝑉, 𝑃 = 5 𝑚𝑊
❑ 𝑅 = 5 𝐾Ω, 𝑉𝑆 = 20 𝑉
Kirchhoff’s Laws
❑ We will assume that the interconnection is performed by electrical conductors
(wires) that have zero resistance—that is, perfect conductors.
❑ Node: A node is simply a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.
❑ Branch: It is a portion of a circuit containing only a single element and the nodes at
each end of the element. A branch is a single component enclosed between two
nodes. Just remember this!
❑ Loop: A loop is simply any closed path through the circuit in which no node is
encountered more than once.
❑ Reference Node: A designated point in a circuit that serves as a common reference
for measuring all other node voltages.
❑ Reference node has zero potential.
A node is point where two components meet. Or a node is the meeting point of two
branches. A node is actually a whole portion of circuit where voltage is identical.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
❑ Kirchhoff’s laws, named after German scientist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. These two
laws are quite simple but extremely important.
❑ The first law is Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), which states that the algebraic sum of
the currents entering any node is zero. OR
❑ The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving
the node.
❑ In mathematical form the law appears as;
Voltage Drop (across a component): The difference in height between its two terminals (A and B).
Node Voltage: The absolute height of that node above the "Ground" (Sea Level).
Kirchhoff’s Laws - KCL
❑ Let us write KCL for every node in the network shown below, assuming that the
currents leaving the node are positive.
this whole zone is one node so we just repreent it with one point; 1
Kirchhoff’s Laws - KCL
❑ The network is represented by the topological diagram shown. We wish to find the
unknown currents in the network.
Kirchhoff’s Laws - KVL
❑ Kirchhoff’s second law, called Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), states that the algebraic
sum of the voltages around any loop is zero.
❑ Kirchhoff’s voltage law is based on the conservation of energy.
❑ In general, the mathematical representation of Kirchhoff’s voltage law is
❑ Example: Consider the circuit shown, if 𝑉𝑅1 and 𝑉𝑅2 are known quantities, let us find
𝑉𝑅3 .
Questions?