INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Basics of Python programming, Python interpreter - interactive and script
mode, the structure of a program, indentation, identifiers, keywords,
constants, variables, types of operators, precedence of operators, data
types, mutable and immutable data types, statements, expressions,
evaluation and comments, input and output statements, data type
conversion, debugging.
Control Statements: if-else, for loop
Lists: list operations - creating, initializing, traversing and manipulating
lists, list methods and built-in functions.
Dictionary: concept of key-value pair, creating, initializing, traversing,
updating and deleting elements, dictionary methods and built-in functions.
Introduction :
Python is a General-Purpose object-oriented programming language, which
means that it can model real-world entities. The distinctive feature of Python is
that it is an interpreted language. The Python IDLE (Integrated Development
Environment) executes instructions one line at a time. This also lets us use it as
a calculator.
Guido van Rossum named it after the comedy group Monty Python Flying Circus
a Comedy Serial of BBC.
Python Features :
a. Easy
b. Interpreted
c. Object-Oriented
d. Free and Open Source
e. Portable
f. Large Python Library
Interpreter : It executes / converts high level code into machine code (source
to target code) line by line, and slow compare to compiler
Compiler : It executes / converts code in one go and faster compared to
Interpreter.
MODES OF PYTHON WORKING
Interactive Mode
Interactive mode is running blocks or a single line of Python code. The code
executes via the Python shell. Interactive mode is handy when you just want to
execute basic Python commands or you are new to Python programming.
Script Mode
If you need to write a long piece of Python code or your Python script spans
multiple files, interactive mode is not recommended. Script mode is the way to
go in such cases. In script mode, You write your code in a text file then save it
with a .py extension which stands for "Python". This file can be executed by
Python Interpreter later on.
PYTHON KEYWORDS
Python keywords are special reserved words that have specific meanings
and purposes and can’t be used for anything but those specific purposes. An
example of something you can’t do with Python keywords is assign something to
them.
Examples of keywords are : False, else, import, pass, in, is, True, and continue
etc.
Python Identifiers
Identifiers are names given to different entities such as constants,
variables, structures, functions, etc. Example: int, amount; True,
totalbalance; In the above example, amount and totalbalance are identifiers and
int, and double are keywords.
Rules for Identifiers
Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A
to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore _ . ...
An identifier cannot start with a digit. ...
Keywords cannot be used as identifiers. ...
We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. ...
An identifier can be of any length.
BUILT-IN DATA TYPES
In programming, data type is an important concept. Variables can store
data of different types, and different types can do different things. Python has
the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
Text Type: Str
Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: Set
Boolean Type: Bool (Only True and False Value)
None Type: None
PYTHON OPERATORS
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. In the
example below, we use the + operator to add together two values: Python divides
the operators in the following groups:
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Bitwise operators
PYTHON ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
mathematical operations:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y
PYTHON ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
PYTHON LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
Operator Description Example
and Returns True if both statements x < 5 and x <
are true 10
or Returns True if one of the x < 5 or x < 4
statements is true
not Reverse the result, returns not(x < 5 and
False if the result is true x < 10)
PYTHON IDENTITY OPERATORS
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if
they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:
Operator Description Example
is Returns True if both variables are x is y
the same object
is not Returns True if both variables are x is not y
not the same object
PYTHON MEMBERSHIP OPERATORS
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:
Operator Description Example
in Returns True if a sequence with the x in y
specified value is present in the
object
not in Returns True if a sequence with the x not in y
specified value is not present in the
object
PYTHON BITWISE OPERATORS
Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:
Operator Name Description
& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right
shift and let the leftmost bits fall off
>> Signed Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost
right shift bit in from the left, and
WHAT ARE MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE DATA TYPES IN PYTHON?
Python Mutable data types are those whose values can be changed in place
whereas Immutable data types are those that can never change their value in
place.
Here are Mutable data types :
1. Lists
2. Dictionaries
3. Sets
And Immutable data types in Python:
1. Integers
2. Floating-Point numbers
3. Booleans
4. Strings
5. Tuples
SAMPLE QUESTION AND ANSWERS
[Link] developed python programming language? Write any two name(s) of IDE
for python language.
Ans: Guido Van Rossum in 1990 developed python programming language
[Link] Names of any two Python IDE
Ans. IDE- Spyder, Pycharm, IDLE
3. Identify the valid identifiers from following-
f@name , as , _tax , roll_no , 12class , totalmarks , addr1
Ans: _tax, roll_no, totalmarks, add1
4. What is difference between equality (==) and identity (is) operator?
Ans: Equality (==) compares values while identity (is) compares memory
address of variables/objects.
5. Write python code to convert the time given in minutes into hours and
minutes.
Ans:
min=int(input(“Enter time in minutes &”))
h=min//60
m=min%60
print(“Hours=”, h)
print(“Minutes=”, m)
6. Evaluate (to true or false)each of the following expression:
14<=14, 14<14, -14 > -15, -15 >=15
1. True, False, True, False
2. False, False , True, True
3. True, False, True, True
4. False, True, False, False
Ans: True, False, True, True
7 What will be the output of the following python statements?
a,b,c = 10,40,20
a,c,b = b+10, a+20, c-10
print(a,b,c)
print(a+b//c**2)
Ans: 50 10 30 50