Microprocessors Module 2 Questions
Part A
1. State significance of assembler directives in assembly
language program, provide 2 examples
Assembler directives help the assembler to correctly understand the assembly language
programs to prepare the codes
The following directives are commonly used in the assembly languag
DB - Define Byte The DB directive is used to reserve byte or bytes of
memorylocations in the available memory.
ASSUME: Assume Logical Segment Name The ASSUME directive is used to inform
the assembler, the names of the logical segments to be assumed for different
segments used in the program
In the assembly language program, each segment is given aname. For example, the
code segment may be given the name CODE, data segment may be given the name
DATA etc.
2. List the 8086 Instructions used for transferring data between
registers, memory, stack IO Devices
MOV:
PUSH
POP
PUSHA - Copy all registers to stack
POPA - Copy words from stack to all registers
3. Write any three addressing mode of 8086 with example and
write the effective address calculation in each
Direct
Here 16-bit memory address (offset) is directly specified in the instruction
Example MOV AX, [ 5000 H ]
Effective address is 10H * DS+5000H
Here the offset value is 5000
Register Indirect
In this mode, the offset address of data is in either BX or SI or DI register. The default
segment is either DS or ES.
Example: MOV AX, [BX]
Effective address = 10H * DS+[BX]
Indexed
In this addressing mode, offset of the operand is stored in one of the index registers.
Example: MOV AX, [SI]
The effective address is computed as 10H * DS+[SI]
[Link] the functions performed by PUSH and POP instructions in
8086 with appropriate diagram
PUSH
Instruction pushes the contents of specified register/memory into the stack
Push decrements SP by 2
Example
PUSH AX
PUSH DS
PUSH [5000H]
Content of location 5000H and 5001H are pushed to stack
POP
16 bit contents of stack top are popped into specified operand
Content of stack top memory is stored in AL and SP is incremented by one
Further contents are copied to AH and SP is incremented by 1
POP loads the specified register/memory location with contents of memory location
formed by stack segment and stack pointer
Examples
POP AX
POP DS
POP [5000H]
Part B
1. Discuss addressing modes supported by 8086 by suitable
examples
The different ways in which a source operand is denoted in an instruction is known as
addressing modes.
Types of instruction
Sequential control transfer instructions
Transfer control to next instruction immediately after it
Example Arithmetic , logical
Control transfer instructions
Transfer control to some predefined address/ address specified in the instruction
Example CALL, JUMP, RET
1. Addressing modes for sequential control transfer
Immediate
Immediate data is part of instruction
immediate mode gives the computer the data right away, like handing over a number
Immediate data can be 8 bit or 16 bit
Direct
Memory address directly specified in the instruction
direct mode tells the computer where to find the data in its memory, similar to giving
directions to a specific location.
Here the location is 5000H, The data inside 5000H Location is to be transferred to AX
Register
Data is stored in register. All the registers except IP can be used
Register Indirect
this instruction is saying, "Go to the memory location specified by the value in BX , get
whatever is there, and put it into AX ."
Indexed
offset of the operand is stored in one of the index registers.
For SI (Source index)
Default segment is DS
For DI (Destination index)
Default segment is ES
Register Relative
Data is available by adding the displacement with the content of any one of the
register BX, BP, SI and DI
Based Indexed
Effective address is sum of base register and Index register
Relative Based Indexed
effective address is formed by adding displacement with the sum of content of any of
base registers (BX or BP) and any one of the index registers
2. Addressing modes for control transfer instruction
Its classified into 2 types
- Intersegment
- Destination location is in different segment.
- Intrasegment
- Destination location is in same segment.
Intersegment Direct
Destination location is in different segment.
Provides branching from one code segment to another code segment
Example
Intersegment Indirect
Destination location is passed to the instruction indirectly
Intrasegment Direct
Displacement in computed using content of IP
Intrasegment InDirect
Destination location is passed to the instruction indirectly.
2. Discuss about data transfer instructions with examples
3. Assume that 8086 registers have values
AX = 0030H
BX=0031 H
CX = 0032H
DX = 0033h
Flag - 000H
Predict the values of Registers and Flags AX, BX,CX,DX,Carry Flag(CF), Zero Flag (ZF),
Sign Flag(SF) after the execution of the following instructions,
(Assume each instruction is being executed independently)
ROR AX,04h
CMP BX,CX
XCHG CX,DX
AND AX,BX
LOOP Addr
XOR AX,AX
STC
4. Write an 8086 program to find largest among n numbers (Each
numbers and count are of one byte only), Assume size of
array(count) stored in 2000h and numbers(array) stored from
2001h onwards upto n continues locations.
; Initialize SI with the memory address where the count of numbers (n) is
stored
4000 MOV SI, 2000
; Load the count of numbers (n) from memory into CL
4003 MOV CL, [SI]
; Initialize CH with 00
4005 MOV CH, 00
; Increment SI to point to the first number in the list
4007 INC SI
; Load the first number (AL) from the list
4008 MOV AL, [SI]
; Decrement the count of numbers (n)
400A DEC CL
; Increment SI to point to the next number in the list
400C INC SI
; Compare AL with the next number in the list ([SI])
400D CMP AL, [SI]
; Jump if not carry (JNC) to label 4013 if AL is less than or equal to the
next number
400F JNC 4013
; If AL is greater than the next number, update AL with the next number
4011 MOV AL, [SI]
; Increment SI to move to the next number in the list
4013 INC SI
; Loop back to the comparison (CMP) for the next pair of numbers
4014 LOOP 400D
; Store the largest number found in memory at address 3000
4016 MOV [3000], AL
; Halt the program
401A HLT
5. Write an assembly language program to find the largest and
smallest number from an unordered array of 16-bit numbers.
Assume the array contains 15 numbers and the starting location
as 2500H. Draw the flowchart for the program.
MOV AX, 0 ; Initialize AX as the largest number
MOV BX, 65535 ; Initialize BX as the smallest number
MOV CX, 15 ; Set the counter to the number of elements
MOV SI, 2500H ; Set the starting location of the array
LOOP_START:
MOV DX, [SI] ; Load the current element into DX
CMP DX, AX ; Compare with the largest number
JG UPDATE_MAX ; Jump if DX > AX
CMP DX, BX ; Compare with the smallest number
JL UPDATE_MIN ; Jump if DX < BX
JMP NEXT_ELEMENT ; Jump to the next element
UPDATE_MAX:
MOV AX, DX ; Update AX with the new largest number
JMP NEXT_ELEMENT ; Jump to the next element
UPDATE_MIN:
MOV BX, DX ; Update BX with the new smallest number
NEXT_ELEMENT:
ADD SI, 2 ; Move to the next element (16-bit)
LOOP LOOP_START ; Repeat until all elements are processed
; After the loop, the largest number will be in AX, and the
smallest number will be in BX
6. Write an assembly language program to find the total number
of even and odd numbers from an array of 16-bit numbers.
Assume the array contains 20 numbers and the starting location
as 5500H. Draw the flowchart for the program.
; Define the segments and assume the code and data segments
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA
DATA SEGMENT
; Define an array of 16-bit numbers
LIST DW 2357H, 0a579H, 0c2322H, 0c91eH, 0c0000H, 0957H
; Define the count of numbers in the array
COUNT EQU 006h
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
; Initialize BX and DX to 0 for counting even and odd numbers
XOR BX, BX
XOR DX, DX
; Load the data segment address into AX and DS
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
; Load the count of numbers into CL
MOV CL, COUNT
; Initialize SI to the offset of the array LIST
MOV SI, OFFSET LIST
AGAIN:
; Load the current number from the array into AX
MOV AX, [SI]
; Check if the number is even
TEST AX, 01
JZ EVEN
; If odd, increment the odd counter (DX) and jump to NEXT
INC DX
JMP NEXT
EVEN:
; If even, increment the even counter (BX)
INC BX
NEXT:
; Move to the next number in the array
ADD SI, 02
; Decrement the count of remaining numbers
DEC CL
; If there are more numbers, jump back to AGAIN
JNZ AGAIN
; Set up the exit code
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START