Python Programming Language

Beginner Guide

Contents

1 What is Python? 3
1.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Variables 3
2.1 What is a Variable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.5 Rules for Variable Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.6 Correct Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.7 Wrong Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Data Types 4
3.1 What are Data Types? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Main Data Types in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.1 Integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.2 Float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.3 String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.4 Boolean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 Operators 5
4.1 What are Operators? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5 Strings in Python 6
5.1 What is a String? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3 Access Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.4 String Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.5 String Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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6 Control Flow 6
6.1 What is Control Flow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.2 if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.3 if-else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.4 if-elif-else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7 Loops 7
7.1 for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.2 while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.3 break Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.4 continue Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

8 Type Casting 8
8.1 What is Type Casting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

9 Functions 8
9.1 What is a Function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.2 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.4 Function with Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.5 Function with Return Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

10 Lists, Tuples, and Sets 9

10.1 List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10.2 Tuple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10.3 Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

11 Exception Handling 10
11.1 What is an Exception? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11.2 try-except Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11.3 Multiple Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11.4 finally Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

12 Final Beginner Tips 11

12.1 Project Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

13 Simple Beginner Program 11

14 Conclusion 11

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1 What is Python?
Python is a simple and powerful programming language used for:
• Web Development
• AI and Machine Learning
• Automation
• Data Science
• Cybersecurity
• Software Development
Python is beginner-friendly because its syntax is easy to read and understand.

1.1 Example
print ( " Hello World " )

2 Variables
2.1 What is a Variable?
A variable is used to store data in memory.
You can think of a variable like a container that stores information.

2.2 Syntax
variable_name = value

2.3 Example
name = " Arjun "
age = 20
marks = 95.5

print ( name )
print ( age )
print ( marks )

2.4 Output
Arjun
20
95.5

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2.5 Rules for Variable Names
Can contain:

• Letters

• Numbers

• Underscore ( )

Cannot:

• Start with a number

• Use spaces

• Use special symbols

2.6 Correct Example

student_name = " Ram "

age1 = 21

2.7 Wrong Example

1 name = " Ram "

student name = " Ram "

3 Data Types
3.1 What are Data Types?
Data types define the type of value stored in a variable.

3.2 Main Data Types in Python

Data Type Description Example

int Integer numbers 10
float Decimal numbers 5.7
str Text/String ”Hello”
bool True or False True
list Multiple values [1,2,3]
tuple Ordered immutable data (1,2,3)
set Unordered unique values {1,2,3}
dict Key-value pairs {”name”:”Ram”}

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3.3 Examples
3.3.1 Integer

age = 21
print ( type ( age ) )

3.3.2 Float

price = 99.99
print ( type ( price ) )

3.3.3 String

name = " Python "

print ( type ( name ) )

3.3.4 Boolean

is_passed = True
print ( type ( is_passed ) )

4 Operators
4.1 What are Operators?
Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.

4.2 Arithmetic Operators

Operator Meaning
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus
** Power
// Floor Division

4.3 Example

a = 10
b = 3

print ( a + b )

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print ( a - b)
print ( a * b)
print ( a / b)
print ( a % b)
print ( a ** b )
print ( a // b )

5 Strings in Python
5.1 What is a String?
A string is a collection of characters.

5.2 Example

name = " Python "

5.3 Access Characters

text = " Python "

print ( text [0])

print ( text [1])

5.4 String Concatenation

first = " Hello "

second = " World "

print ( first + " " + second )

5.5 String Length

text = " Python "

print ( len ( text ) )

6 Control Flow
6.1 What is Control Flow?
Control flow controls how a program runs step by step.

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6.2 if Statement

age = 18

if age >= 18:

print ( " Eligible to vote " )

6.3 if-else Statement

number = 5

if number % 2 == 0:
print ( " Even " )
else :
print ( " Odd " )

6.4 if-elif-else Statement

marks = 85

if marks >= 90:

print ( " Grade A " )
elif marks >= 75:
print ( " Grade B " )
else :
print ( " Grade C " )

7 Loops
7.1 for Loop

for i in range (5) :

print ( i )

7.2 while Loop

count = 1

while count <= 5:

print ( count )
count += 1

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7.3 break Statement

for i in range (10) :

if i == 5:
break

print ( i )

7.4 continue Statement

for i in range (5) :

if i == 2:
continue

print ( i )

8 Type Casting
8.1 What is Type Casting?
Type casting means converting one data type into another.

8.2 Example

num = " 10 "

converted = int ( num )

print ( converted )
print ( type ( converted ) )

9 Functions
9.1 What is a Function?
A function is a block of reusable code.

9.2 Syntax

def function_name () :
statement

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9.3 Example

def greet () :
print ( " Welcome to Python " )

greet ()

9.4 Function with Parameters

def add (a , b ) :
print ( a + b )

add (5 , 3)

9.5 Function with Return Value

def square ( num ) :

return num * num

result = square (4)

print ( result )

10 Lists, Tuples, and Sets

10.1 List

fruits = [ " apple " , " banana " , " orange " ]

print ( fruits )
print ( fruits [0])

fruits . append ( " grape " )

print ( fruits )

10.2 Tuple

numbers = (1 , 2 , 3)

print ( numbers )
print ( numbers [1])

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10.3 Set

data = {1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4}

print ( data )

11 Exception Handling
11.1 What is an Exception?
An exception is an error that occurs during program execution.

11.2 try-except Example

try :
num = int ( input ( " Enter number : " ) )
print ( num )

except :
print ( " Invalid Input " )

11.3 Multiple Exceptions

try :
a = 10
b = 0

print ( a / b )

except Ze roDivi sionEr ror :

print ( " Cannot divide by zero " )

except ValueError :
print ( " Invalid value " )

11.4 finally Block

try :
print ( " Hello " )

except :
print ( " Error " )

finally :
print ( " Program Ended " )

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12 Final Beginner Tips
1. Practice Daily

2. Start Small

3. Read Errors Carefully

4. Build Small Projects

12.1 Project Examples

• Calculator

• Number Guessing Game

• Student Result System

13 Simple Beginner Program

name = input ( " Enter your name : " )

age = int ( input ( " Enter your age : " ) )

if age >= 18:

print ( name , " is eligible to vote " )
else :
print ( name , " is not eligible to vote " )

14 Conclusion
In this guide you learned:

• Variables

• Data Types

• Operators

• Strings

• Control Flow

• Type Casting

• Functions

• Lists, Tuples, and Sets

• Exception Handling

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