Anatomy & Physiology 12 Name:

Unit 5: Organization of the Body & the Digestive System

1. Homeostasis is maintained through physiological processes.

2. Organ systems have complex interrelationships to maintain homeostasis.

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 ------------------------------------------------PART I: Organization of the Body ------------------------------------------------

HUMAN ORGANIZATION
The human body is amazingly complex. At the cellular level, metabolic reactions occur in a tightly controlled
way so that all biological functions take place as needed. Most of the cells that comprise multicellular species
like humans have specialized functions as a part of tissues, organs, or organ systems.

LEVELS OR ORGANIZATION
Cells

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

TYPES OF TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

What: What:

Where: Some Types & Functions:

Loose Fibrous:
Why (Function):
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Adipose Tissue:

What are the 2 characteristics used to classify this tissue? Cartilage:

1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________ àWhy does it heal so slowly? _____________

What is a gland? Bone:

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: A note on naming
There different types of epithelial tissue that you should be able to name & recognize.

a)__________________ __________________ epithelium

• “Simple” means it is only a single layer
• ______________ means flattened cells

b)__________________ __________________ epithelium

• ________________ looks like a “cube”

c)__________________ __________________ epithelium

• ____________________ means layered

d)__________________ __________________ epithelium

• ________________ looks like a “column”

e)__________________ __________________ epithelium

• “pseudo” means fake/not real
• this looks like it is stratified, but it is actually just
one layer of cells
• often has cilia on top

*There are also stratified cuboidal epithelium & stratified columnar epithelium tissues

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: A note on BLOOD:

Sometimes called a “liquid connective tissue” as the matrix is not
made by cells.

Cells:
White Blood Cells:

Red Blood Cells:

Platelets:

Matrix:

Plasma

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MUSCLE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
What: What:

Where:

Types & Functions (be brief!!)

DESCRIPTION Voluntary/
TYPE (Structure & Location) Involuntary

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

BODY SYSTEMS: Match each organ system to its role in the human body.
System: Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes to all parts of body.

System: Takes in & digests food. Eliminates solid waste.

System: Brings oxygen into the body. Exchanges gases with lungs & tissues.

System: Removes liquid and gas wastes from the body.

System: Defends the body against infections and disease.

System: Manufactures and release hormones.

System: Includes reproductive organs for producing offspring.

System: Includes skin, hair, and nails. Creates a protective barrier around body.

System: Supports, protects and works with muscles to move parts of the body.

System: Has muscles that work with the bones to move parts of the body.

System: Detects changes in the environment and signals body to respond.

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 -------------------------------------------------PART II: The Digestive System ---------------------------------------------------
All organisms need to break down
macromolecules to absorb the nutrient
monomers required for normal
functionality.
is the process of ________
food containing nutrients,
these nutrients into monomers, ________
these nutrients, and
any indigestible remains.
Digestion takes place in the digestive tract
and is facilitated by secretions of both the
tract itself and necessary organs

Types of Digestion
Chemical
– chemically break down macromolecules into
products that can be absorbed
– Example: → monomer
Physical (Mechanical)
– Large piece of food become smaller ones
– Examples:
• of food in the mouth
• and mixing of food in the stomach

Organs of the Digestive Tract: MOUTH

Functions:
•
• To begin & digestion
Structures:
• Teeth
• Salivary glands

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 • Tongue
Structures of the Mouth: TEETH
• Begins digestion to increase of food for enzymes
to act
Structures of the Mouth: Salivary Glands
Salivary glands: ducted glands that produce saliva which:
• food
• Contains and begins chemical digestion (optimal @ pH )
• and softens the of food
• Enzymes in saliva kill

Starch (amylose) ----------------------------à maltose

Structures of the Mouth: TONGUE
3 functions:
• Contains taste
• the food around in the mouth
• Pushes the bolus to the back of the throat to the “ ”

Organs of the Digestive Tract: PHARYNX

Structure: the of the throat. Opens to
respiratory & digestive systems
Function: : when food is placed on
the ‘reflex center,’ the following things happen:
• The soft covers nasopharynx
• The covers the trachea
• of the esophagus begins

Organs of the Digestive Tract: ESOPHAGUS

Structure: 30 cm long muscular tube. Connects pharynx to stomach.
Function: Food moves through the esophagus by (a slow, rhythmic contraction
that pushes the along).

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Organs of the Digestive Tract: STOMACH
Structure: a “____” shaped organ with 3 layers of muscle. Inner
layer has (ridges). Begins and ends with
sphincters that relax to substances to pass.
• At the beginning of stomach, there is a ring of muscle
called the , which stops
food from re-entering the .
Function: food and liquefies it (mechanical
digestion). This process is aided by rugae in the stomach layer. Begins the digestion of proteins
with gastric glands secretions.
Gastric Juices:
– Pepsinogen
– 3M HCl
– mucous

Hydrochloric acid (HCl): released when proteins enter the stomach.

• Creates a pH of which kills bacteria
• Transforms into an hydrolytic enzyme pepsin which begins
protein digestion.
Pepsinogen --------------------------------à pepsin

Protein ---------------------------à smaller polypeptides

secretions help the stomach wall from the HCl. An

can result if acid gets through the mucus layer & pepsin begins to digest stomach cells.

• The bolus leaves the stomach as an acidic liquid called

.
• The at the base of the stomach
will meter out the into the duodenum
at a slow, controlled rate.

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Organs of the Digestive Tract: SMALL INTESTINE
Called the small intestine because of its small diameter.
There are 3 regions:
• : chemical digestion from
pancreatic & intestinal juices
• : absorption
• : absorption

Structures:
• Long muscular tube
• Folds in layer of small intestine called .
• Villi also have smaller folds called .
• Villi contains:
• Blood
for nutrient absorption (sugars
& amino acids)
• (lymph
capillaries) for glycerol & fatty
acids
• Absorption through microvilli involves
transport

Function
• To complete of nutrients & to begin of the nutrients
• Walls of the duodenum contain glands that produce & release
Intestinal juices:
di, tripeptides -------------------------------à amino acids
Nucleotides -----------------à sugar, phosphate, N-base
Maltose -------------------------------à glucose + glucose
Sucrose -----------------------------à glucose + fructose
Lactose ------------------------------à glucose + galactose

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Organs of the Digestive Tract: SMALL INTESTINE continued…
• Secretions from the &
enter the duodenum via the duct
– : not an enzyme but breaks fat into smaller fat
droplets so they are easier to digest

Pancreatic Juices
[chyme pH 2.5 ---------------------------------à pH 8.5]
Starch ---------------------------------------à maltose
Fat droplets --------------------à glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Protein --------------------------------------à peptides
DNA/RNA ---------------------------------à nucleotides

• The function of the jejunum & ileum is solely absorption.

• Chyme moves through the small intestine via

Organs of the Digestive Tract: Large Intestine

Structure:
• The large intestine is in diameter, but
shorter length, muscular tube
• It consists of:
– (ascending, transverse, & descending)
–
– anus
Function:
• Absorption of & salts
• Stores indigestible material until it can be eliminated
• Has anaerobic bacteria, that
– Breaks down material
– Inhibit invasion by pathogens
– Produce (vitamin K) & other molecules (such as growth factors)
– Produces (methane gas)

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Organs of the Digestive Tract: RECTUM
• By the end of the large intestine wastes are transformed into pasty “ ” which build up in
the rectum until message is sent to central nervous system to stimulate

Organs of the Digestive Tract: ANUS

• Sphincter muscle through which feces the body
• The entire process of digestion from the mouth to the anus last ~ hours

Accessory Organs: Pancreas

• The pancreas is a dual organ
– gland which and

– gland which
make the enzymes to digest carbs,
fats, proteins, & nucleic acids
Pancreas: Endocrine Gland
high blood sugar → secreted
• insulin removes glucose from the blood by:
1. causes the liver to store it as
2. promotes formation of
3. causes cells to absorb
low blood sugar → secreted
• glucagon adds glucose back into the blood by causing the liver to break down glycogen
and release

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Pancreas: Exocrine Gland
• The Pancreatic juices “ ”
– S
– A
– L
– T
– N

Accessory Organs: Liver

• internal organ.
• blood from the villi travels via the to the liver.
• liver acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ to the blood by keeping levels of various nutrients in the blood constant.
• Absorbed nutrients from the small intestine are taken to liver by hepatic portal vein.
• Liver stores glucose and glycogen, releasing it as needed.

What happens to the blood in the liver?

1. harmful substances
• Turns alcohol into fatty acids
• Over time this can cause scarring of the liver tissue
which gives rise to cirrhosis

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2. Regulates the blood level
High blood sugar:
Glucose ------------à glycogen
Low blood sugar:
Glycogen ------------à glucose

3. of amino acids
• If necessary the liver can convert amino acids into glucose to
maintain glucose concentration of blood

• This process produces

• Removed by the in the production of urine

4. Destroys old and recycles hemoglobin

5. Produces

6. Produces blood proteins

Accessory Organs: GALLBLADDER

• Store excess
• Attached to liver
• Can create

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