EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE & AMBA BUS

ARCHITECTURE
Comprehensive Study Notes • Exam Oriented Format

1. Introduction of Embedded System Hardware Components

• An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software designed for a specific task.
(An embedded system hardware aur software ka ek combination hota hai jise kisi ek specific task ko karne
ke liye design kiya jata hai.)

• Hardware components are the physical parts of an embedded system.

(Hardware components embedded system ke physical parts hote hain.)

• These components work together to perform a particular function.

(Yeh components ek sath milkar kisi particular function ko perform karte hain.)

• Embedded systems are used in mobile phones, washing machines, automobiles, and medical devices.
(Embedded systems mobile phones, washing machines, automobiles, aur medical devices me use hote
hain.)

• The hardware components form the foundation of an embedded system.

(Hardware components embedded system ka foundation banate hain.)

[Block Diagram: CPU/MCU • Memory (RAM/ROM) • Input Devices • Output Devices • Communication IF]

2. Hardware Components of Embedded System

• Processor (CPU/Microcontroller): The processor is the brain of the embedded system.

(Processor embedded system ka brain hota hai.)

• Memory: Memory stores programs and data.

(Memory programs aur data ko store karti hai.)

• Input Devices: Input devices provide data to the system.

(Input devices system ko data provide karte hain.)

• Output Devices: Output devices display results or perform actions.

(Output devices results display karte hain ya actions perform karte hain.)

• Communication Interfaces: These interfaces allow data exchange with other devices.
(Yeh interfaces dusri devices ke sath data exchange allow karte hain.)

• Power Supply: The power supply provides electrical energy to the system.
(Power supply system ko electrical energy provide karti hai.)

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3. Introduction of AMBA Bus Architecture

• AMBA stands for Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture.

(AMBA ka matlab Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture hai.)

• It is developed by ARM for communication between system components.

(Ise ARM ne system components ke beech communication ke liye develop kiya hai.)

• AMBA provides a standard method for connecting processors, memory, and peripherals.
(AMBA processors, memory, aur peripherals ko connect karne ka ek standard method provide karta hai.)

• It improves system performance and flexibility.

(Yeh system performance aur flexibility ko improve karta hai.)

• It is widely used in ARM-based embedded systems.

(Yeh ARM-based embedded systems me widely use kiya jata hai.)

[AMBA Architecture Diagram: Processor → AHB Bus → Memory / Bridge → APB Bus → UART / SPI / I2C]

4. Working & Advantages of AMBA Bus Architecture

Working Steps:
• The processor communicates with memory and peripherals through the AMBA bus.
(Processor memory aur peripherals ke sath AMBA bus ke zariye communicate karta hai.)

• AHB is used for high-speed communication.

(AHB ka use high-speed communication ke liye kiya jata hai.)

• APB is used for low-speed peripherals.

(APB ka use low-speed peripherals ke liye kiya jata hai.)

• The bridge connects AHB and APB buses.

(Bridge AHB aur APB buses ko aapas me connect karta hai.)

• Data is transferred efficiently between different system components.

(System components ke beech data efficiently transfer hota hai.)

Advantages:
• It provides high-speed data transfer and reduces system complexity.
(Yeh high-speed data transfer provide karta hai aur system complexity ko kam karta hai.)

• It improves communication between components and supports modular design.

(Yeh components ke beech communication ko improve karta hai aur modular design ko support karta hai.)

• It increases system performance and efficiency.

(Yeh system performance aur efficiency ko badhata hai.)

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCONTROLLER
Quick Reference & Comparison Matrix

Comparison Table

Microprocessor Microcontroller

It contains only the CPU. It contains CPU, RAM, Flash memory, and peripherals
(Isme sirf CPU hota hai.) on a single chip.
(Isme CPU, RAM, Flash memory, aur peripherals ek
hi single chip par hote hain.)

It is widely used in computer systems. It is widely used in embedded systems.

(Yeh widely computer systems me use hota hai.) (Yeh widely embedded systems me use hota hai.)

It is suitable for large-scale processing. It is suitable for small-scale processing.

(Yeh large-scale processing ke liye suitable hai.) (Yeh small-scale processing ke liye suitable hai.)

It is used in PCs, laptops, and mobile phones. It is used in STM32, MSP432, and other embedded
(Yeh PCs, laptops, aur mobile phones me use hota devices.
hai.) (Yeh STM32, MSP432, aur baki embedded devices
me use hota hai.)

It is a general-purpose unit. It is a specific-purpose unit.

(Yeh ek general-purpose unit hai.) (Yeh ek specific-purpose unit hai.)

It has a high cost. It has a low cost.

(Iska cost high hota hai.) (Iska cost low hota hai.)

It consumes more power. It consumes less power.

(Yeh zyada power consume karta hai.) (Yeh kam power consume karta hai.)

It does not contain internal memory. It contains internal memory.

(Isme internal memory nahi hoti.) (Isme internal memory hoti.)

It is typically 32-bit or 64-bit. It is typically 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit.

(Yeh typically 32-bit ya 64-bit hota hai.) (Yeh typically 8-bit, 16-bit, ya 32-bit hota hai.)

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RISC AND CISC
Instruction Set Architecture Comparison Matrix

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Comparison Table

No. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

1 Simple instructions taking one cycle. Complex instructions taking multiple cycles.
(Simple instructions hote hain jo ek single cycle (Complex instructions hote hain jo multiple cycles
lete hain.) lete hain.)

2 Very few instructions refer memory. Most of instructions may refer memory.
(Bohot kam instructions memory ko refer karte (Yadatar instructions memory ko refer kar sakte
hain.) hain.)

3 Instructions are executed by hardware. Instructions are executed by microprogram.

(Instructions ko direct hardware execute karta (Instructions ko microprogram ke zariye execute
hai.) kiya jata hai.)

4 Fixed format instructions. Variable format instructions.

(Instructions ka format fixed hota hai.) (Instructions ka format variable hota hai.)

5 Few instructions. Many instructions.

(Isme kam instructions hote hain.) (Isme bohot saare instructions hote hain.)

6 Few addressing mode, and most instructions have Many addressing modes.
register to register addressing mode. (Isme bohot saare addressing modes hote hain.)
(Kam addressing modes hote hain, aur yadatar
instructions me register to register addressing
mode hota hai.)

7 Complexed addressing modes are synthesized in Supports complex addressing modes.

software. (Yeh complex addressing modes ko directly
(Complex addressing modes ko software me support karta hai.)
banaya jata hai.)

8 Multiple register sets. Single register set.

(Isme multiple register sets hote hain.) (Isme ek hi single register set hota hai.)

9 Highly pipelined. Not pipelined or less pipelined.

(Yeh highly pipelined hota hai yani speed tez hoti (Isme pipelining nahi hoti ya bohot kam hoti hai.)
hai.)

10 Complexity is in the compiler. Complexity is in the microprogram.

(Isme saari complexity compiler ke andar hoti hai.) (Isme complexity microprogram ke andar hoti hai.)

11 Conditional jump can be based on a bit anywhere in Conditional jump is usually based on status register
memory. bit.
(Conditional jump memory me kisi bhi bit par (Conditional jump yadatar status register ke bit
based ho sakta hai.) par based hota hai.)

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 ARM DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Core Architectural Principles for Efficient Processing

1. Introduction

• ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine.

(ARM ka matlab Advanced RISC Machine hota hai.)

• ARM processors are based on RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Architecture.
(ARM processors RISC architecture par based hote hain.)

• The ARM design philosophy focuses on simplicity, high performance, and low power consumption.
(ARM design philosophy ka main focus simplicity, high performance aur kam power consumption par hota
hai.)

• It is widely used in smartphones, tablets, embedded systems, and IoT devices.

(Yeh widely smartphones, tablets, embedded systems aur IoT devices me use hota hai.)

• The main aim of ARM is to achieve efficient processing with minimum hardware complexity.
(ARM ka main goal minimum hardware complexity ke sath efficient processing achieve karna hai.)

[ARM Design Philosophy Pillars: RISC Architecture • Low Power Consumption • High Performance • Large
Register Set • Cost Effective Design]

2. Features of ARM Design Philosophy

• RISC Architecture: ARM uses a small set of simple instructions. Simple instructions execute faster and
improve efficiency.
(ARM simple instructions ka small set use karta hai. Simple instructions tez execute hote hain aur efficiency
badhate hain.)

• Low Power Consumption: ARM processors are designed to consume less power. It increases battery life and
is suitable for portable devices.
(ARM processors kam power consume karne ke liye design hote hain. Yeh battery life badhata hai aur
portable devices ke liye best hai.)

• High Performance: ARM provides high performance with simple hardware. Pipelining helps to increase
processing speed.
(ARM simple hardware ke sath high performance deta hai. Pipelining processing speed badhane me help
karti hai.)

• Large Register Set: ARM has a large number of registers. Registers reduce memory access time and improve
efficiency.

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 (ARM me bohot saare registers hote hain. Registers memory access time ko kam karte hain aur efficiency
badhate hain.)

• Cost Effective Design: ARM requires fewer transistors, so manufacturing cost is reduced and it is economical.
(ARM me kam transistors ki zaroorat hoti hai, jisse manufacturing cost kam ho jata hai aur yeh sasta padta
hai.)

3. Working, Advantages & Conclusion

Working Flow:
• ARM uses simple instructions that can be executed quickly.
(ARM simple instructions use karta hai jo jaldi execute ho sakein.)

• Most operations are performed using registers instead of memory.

(Yadatar operations memory ke bajay registers ka use karke hote hain.)

• Memory is accessed only when required.

(Memory ko sirf zaroorat padne par hi access kiya jata hai.)

• Pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously.

(Pipelining ki wajah se ek sath kai instructions process ho sakte hain.)

• Efficient design provides high speed with low power consumption.

(Efficient design low power ke sath high speed deta hai.)

Key Advantages:
• High processing speed and less power consumption.
(Tez processing speed aur kam power consumption.)

• Reduced hardware complexity and lower manufacturing cost.

(Kam hardware complexity aur kam manufacturing cost.)

• Improved battery life, making it suitable for embedded and portable devices.
(Behtar battery life, jo ise embedded aur portable devices ke liye perfect banati hai.)

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 MONITORING AND CONTROL OF INTERNAL
OPERATIONS IN ARM CORE
System Coordination & Instruction Execution Execution Governance

1. Introduction

• ARM core performs many internal operations during instruction execution.

(ARM core instruction execution ke time kai internal operations perform karta hai.)

• These operations must be monitored and controlled properly.

(In operations ko sahi tarike se monitor aur control karna zaroori hai.)

• The Control Unit is responsible for managing all internal activities.

(Control Unit saari internal activities ko manage karne ke liye responsible hai.)

• It ensures smooth communication between different functional units.

(Yeh alag-alag functional units ke beech smooth communication ensure karta hai.)

• Monitoring and control help improve processor performance and efficiency.

(Monitoring aur control se processor ki performance aur efficiency behtar hoti hai.)

[Control Unit Architecture Diagram: Control Unit → Controls: Registers, ALU, Memory, Interrupts → Result:
Instruction Execution]

2. Monitoring vs Control of Internal Operations

Monitoring Functions (Dekh-rekh karna):

• The ARM core continuously monitors instruction execution.
(ARM core lagatar instruction execution ko monitor karta hai.)

• It checks the status of registers and memory.

(Yeh registers aur memory ke status ko check karta hai.)

• It monitors data transfer between different units.

(Yeh alag-alag units ke beech data transfer par nazar rakhta hai.)

• It detects interrupts and exception conditions.

(Yeh interrupts aur exception conditions ko detect karta hai.)

• Status flags are monitored to determine processor conditions.

(Processor ki condition janne ke liye status flags ko monitor kiya jata hai.)

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Control Functions (Control/Niyantran karna):
• The Control Unit generates control signals for all operations.
(Control Unit saare operations ke liye control signals generate karta hai.)

• It controls data movement between registers and memory.

(Yeh registers aur memory ke beech data ki movement ko control karta hai.)

• It manages arithmetic and logical operations in the ALU.

(Yeh ALU me hone wale arithmetic aur logical operations ko manage karta hai.)

• It controls instruction fetching, decoding, and execution.

(Yeh instruction ke fetch, decode aur execute hone ko control karta hai.)

• It handles interrupts and exceptions efficiently.

(Yeh interrupts aur exceptions ko efficiently handle karta hai.)

3. Working & Advantages

Working Sequence:
• The processor fetches an instruction from memory, and the Control Unit decodes it.
(Processor memory se instruction fetch karta hai aur Control Unit use decode karta hai.)

• Control signals are generated for the required operation, and data is transferred to appropriate functional units.
(Zaroori operation ke liye control signals generate hote hain, aur data sahi functional units me transfer hota
hai.)

• The ALU performs the operation and updates status flags.

(ALU operation perform karta hai aur status flags ko update karta hai.)

• The final result is stored back in registers or memory while the Control Unit continuously monitors the execution
process.
(Final result registers ya memory me save hota hai aur Control Unit lagatar execution process ko monitor
karta hai.)

Advantages:
• It ensures correct execution of instructions and improves processor performance.
(Yeh instructions ka correct execution ensure karta hai aur performance badhata hai.)

• It provides efficient interrupt handling and enables smooth data transfer between units.
(Yeh efficient interrupt handling deta hai aur units ke beech smooth data transfer chalata hai.)

• It increases the reliability of the ARM processor and helps in error detection.
(Yeh ARM processor ki reliability badhata hai aur error detection me help karta hai.)

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 ARM CORE FUNCTIONAL UNITS & DATA FLOW
MODEL
Internal Core Architecture & Data Paths

1. Introduction of ARM Core

• ARM core is the main processing unit of an ARM processor.

(ARM core ARM processor ka main processing unit hai.)

• It executes instructions and controls data processing operations.

(Yeh instructions ko execute karta hai aur data processing operations ko control karta hai.)

• The ARM core consists of several functional units.

(ARM core ke andar kai functional units hote hain.)

• These units work together to perform arithmetic, logic, and memory operations.
(Yeh units sath milkar arithmetic, logic, aur memory operations perform karte hain.)

• The data flow model shows how data moves between different units of the ARM core.
(Data flow model dikhata hai ki data ARM core ke alag-alag units ke beech kaise move karta hai.)

[Data Flow Diagram: Register File → Barrel Shifter → ALU → Address Register → Memory System]

2. Functional Units of ARM Core

• Register File: It stores data and instructions temporarily.

(Register File data aur instructions ko temporary store karta hai.)

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): It performs arithmetic and logical operations.

(ALU arithmetic aur logical operations perform karta hai.)

• Barrel Shifter: It shifts or rotates data before processing.

(Barrel Shifter processing se pehle data ko shift ya rotate karta hai.)

• Address Register: It generates memory addresses for data access.

(Address Register data access ke liye memory address generate karta hai.)

• Memory Interface: It transfers data between the processor and memory.

(Memory Interface processor aur memory ke beech data transfer karta hai.)

• Control Unit: It controls and coordinates all processor operations.

(Control Unit processor ke saare operations ko control aur coordinate karta hai.)

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3. Working & Advantages of Data Flow Model

Working Flow:
• Data is first stored in the register file.
(Data sabse pehle register file me store hota hai.)

• The ALU receives data from the registers for processing.

(ALU processing ke liye registers se data receive karta hai.)

• The barrel shifter can shift or rotate data before it reaches the ALU.
(Barrel shifter data ke ALU tak pahunchne se pehle use shift ya rotate kar sakta hai.)

• The processed result is sent back to the registers.

(Processed result ko wapas registers me bhej diya jata hai.)

• If memory access is required, the address register generates the memory address.
(Agar memory access zaroori ho, toh address register memory address generate karta hai.)

• The memory interface transfers data between memory and the ARM core.
(Memory interface memory aur ARM core ke beech data transfer karta hai.)

Advantages:
• It provides fast data processing and improves processor performance.
(Yeh fast data processing provide karta hai aur processor performance ko improve karta hai.)

• It reduces instruction execution time and supports efficient memory access.

(Yeh instruction execution time ko kam karta hai aur efficient memory access ko support karta hai.)

• It increases overall system efficiency and enables low power consumption.

(Yeh overall system efficiency ko badhata hai aur low power consumption ko enable karta hai.)

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 PIPELINING IN ARM PROCESSORS
Instruction Overlapping & Performance Optimization

1. Introduction of Pipelining in ARM Processors

• Pipelining is a technique used in ARM processors to increase processing speed.

(Pipelining ek technique hai jiska use ARM processors me processing speed badhane ke liye hota hai.)

• It divides the execution of an instruction into different stages.

(Yeh instruction ke execution ko alag-alag stages me divide karta hai.)

• ARM processors generally use three stages: Fetch, Decode, and Execute.
(ARM processors generally teen stages use karte hain: Fetch, Decode, aur Execute.)

• Multiple instructions can be processed at the same time in different stages.

(Multiple instructions ko ek hi time par alag-alag stages me process kiya ja sakta hai.)

• This improves the overall performance of the processor.

(Isse processor ki overall performance improve hoti hai.)

[Pipelined Sequence Diagram]

Cycle 1: Fetch [ADD]
Cycle 2: Fetch [SUB] | Decode [ADD]
Cycle 3: Fetch [CMP] | Decode [SUB] | Execute [ADD]

2. Working of Pipelining

• In the Fetch stage, the processor reads an instruction from memory.

(Fetch stage me processor memory se instruction ko read karta hai.)

• In the Decode stage, the processor interprets the instruction.

(Decode stage me processor instruction ko interpret/samajhta hai.)

• In the Execute stage, the processor performs the required operation.

(Execute stage me processor required operation perform karta hai.)

• While one instruction is executed, another instruction is decoded.

(Jab ek instruction execute hota hai, tabhi dusra instruction decode ho raha hota hai.)

• At the same time, the next instruction is fetched from memory.

(Usi same time par agla instruction memory se fetch ho raha hota hai.)

• This overlapping of instructions increases the processing speed.

(Instructions ki yeh overlapping processing speed ko badha deti hai.)

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3. Advantages of Pipelining

• It increases the speed of instruction execution.

(Yeh instruction execution ki speed ko badhata hai.)

• It improves the overall performance of the CPU.

(Yeh CPU ki overall performance ko improve karta hai.)

• It reduces the execution time of programs.

(Yeh programs ke execution time ko kam karta hai.)

• It makes better use of processor resources.

(Yeh processor resources ka behtar use karta hai.)

• It increases the number of instructions completed per unit time.

(Yeh per unit time me complete hone wale instructions ki sankhya badhata hai.)

• It improves the efficiency of ARM processors.

(Yeh ARM processors ki efficiency ko improve karta hai.)

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