International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS)

Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2021, pp. 60~69

ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v10.i1.pp60-69  60

Single phase seven level Z-source cascaded H-bridge inverter

for photovoltaic systems

K. M. Venkatachalam1, V. Saravanan2, M. A. K. Borelessa3, K. T. M. U. Hemapala4

1,2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannmalai, Tamilnadu, India
3,4Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The multilevel inverter (MLI) is identified as a viable power electronic unit
for distributed energy conversion applications. In this paper discusses the
Received Jun 8, 2020 performance of a single phase seven level Z (impedance) source cascaded H-
Revised Oct 19, 2020 bridge inverter topology suited for solar photovoltaic systems. A modified
Accepted Dec 23, 2020 sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is used to control the switches
of the H-bridge inverter. The simulation results are obtained in terms of
inverter output voltage and harmonic analysis confirms improvement in
Keywords: voltage boost and reduction in harmonic distortion of the suggested inverter
topology. The experimental results match the simulation values, as verified
Seven level through a scaled-down prototype.
Single phase
Solar photovoltaic system
ZSI
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
V. Saravanan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Arunai Engineering College
Tiruvannamalai 606 603, Tamilnadu, India
Email: vsaranaec@[Link]

1. INTRODUCTION
Distributed energy systems employing fuel cell and PV array can easily configure with different
topologies of power conversion units for example multilevel inverters are implemented for electrification
over the years. Recent advancements of multilevel inverters either in their operating principle and modulation
strategy focused for industrial applications and utility systems are found to be interesting and growing for the
applicatons of reactive power compensation, renewable energy system power conversion, resonance circuit,
UPS power conversion unit and electric-drive vehicles [1]-[6].
Multi-level inverters are designed with photovoltaic voltage source, semiconductor switching device
and capacitor, and their performance and output are evaluated by their step. The semiconductor switching
device must be able to withstand the voltage surge that occurs when switching switches. The main function
of multilevel inverters is to convert the dc power to the desired amount of ac power [7], [8]. The topic under
study is cascaded multilevel inverter, which is modular in nature and it can be configured with multiple
modules [9]-[13]. Non-transformer power converters are used for the purpose of making such a system low
cost, which is the unique function of multilevel inverters are as described in [14]-[20]. Merits and demerits of
cascaded multi-level inverters are discussed through many applications in [21]-[24]. Infusion of Z-source
network into the existing multilevel and other inverter topologies improves the voltage boosting capability
which can be preferably used for photovoltaic systems [25], [26]. In this paper, Z-source Cascaded H-bridge
multi-level inverter with symmetric configuration its steady-state operation is discussed in section 2, the

Journal homepage: [Link]

Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814  61

employed modulation technique is explained in section 3, Simulation and its experimental discussions are
dealt in subsequent sections.

2. TOPOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Z-SOURCE CASCADED MLI FOR PV SYSTEMS

Figure 1 shows the three H-bridges are connected in cascade mode to convert the photovoltaic array
dc output to the desired ac power. The output of these three bridges is added together and calculated as the
total added value of the inverter. The seven level stepped expression of this system is built in Figure 2.
Each photovoltaic panel is connected in series and parallel connection mode and their output is
connected to each individual H-bridges. The voltage output of H-bridges depends on the value of the
photovoltaic system input to them. Also the number of H-bridges depends on the number of photovoltaics
array in that system. Better voltage and current can be obtained in sinusoidal design by increasing the levels
of the inverter. Also multi-level is considered to be very effective when compared to two level converter.
This allows the use of smaller low-pass filters for harmonic reduction [27], [28].

Figure 1. Power circuit of a single phase seven level Z-source cascaded H-bridge inverter

Figure 2. Output voltage waveform of single phase seven level Z-source cascaded H-bridge inverter

The proposed single phase seven level cascaded H-bridge Z-source inverter topology is formed by
having photovoltaic array connected series interlinked single phase two level inverter and its output voltage
Single phase seven level Z source cascaded H bridge inverter for photovoltaic … (K. M. Venkatachalam)
62  ISSN: 2252-8814

is depends on the number of single phase inverter connected in circuit. The number of output voltage levels
(m) in the phase voltage of symmetrical cascaded MLI is given by (1).

𝑞 = 2𝑁 + 1 (1)

Where, N-number of single phase inverter. In other words, a typical cascade MLI requires a photovoltaic
arrays for 2𝑁 + 1 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙. If the inverter phase voltage steps are calculated as a value of q, then the line
voltage of the inverter is calculated as (2),

𝑘 = 2𝑞 + 1 (2)

and also, the steps level for three phase different types of load connection can be calculted as (3).

𝑝 = 2𝑘 − 1 (3)

The ac output voltage of each single-phase H-bridge inverter and the total sum of output voltage (V o) value
of the multilevel inverter as determined by using (4).

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐1 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐2 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐3 (4)

The cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter desired sinusoidal output voltage can calculate by using using (5).

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt) (5)

To design cascaded multilevel inverter required number of switches for each phase or each H-bridge can
estimate as per (6).

𝑁𝑠𝑤 = 4𝑁 (6)

The operating principle of ZSI Module can be explained as follows. The Z-source inverter is
operating at two state of operation such as shoot-through and non-shoot-through states. When the inverter is
operating at shoot-through state, the photovoitaic dc output power is coverting into ac power and non-shoot-
through states condition the power conversion is zero because of dc-link voltage is zero.
The power balance equation of each Z-source inverter as (7).

𝜈PN x 𝑖PN x (1 − 𝐷) + 0 x 𝐷 = 𝜈𝑎 x 𝑖a (7)

Where, νPN and iPN are each H-bridge inverter input voltage and current values, V a and ia are each H-bridge
inverter output voltage and current values and D is a duty ratio of the Z-source inverter. The Z-source
inverter output voltage is determined as (8).

ν 𝑎 = 𝑚 𝑋 ν PN (8)

Where m defined as M sin ωt, M - modulation index. From (7) and (8), 𝑖PN is deduced as (9).
𝑀𝐼𝑎
𝑖𝑃𝑁 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)) = 𝐼𝑃𝑁 + 𝑖̃𝑃𝑁 (9)
2(1−𝐷)

Both 𝐼𝑃𝑁 and 𝑖̃𝑃𝑁 affect the module variables 𝑖𝐿1, 𝑖𝐿2, 𝑣𝐶1 and 𝑣𝐶2.

𝑖𝐿1 = 𝐼𝐿1 + 𝑖̃𝐿1 𝑖𝐿2 = 𝐼𝐿2 + 𝑖̃𝐿2

𝑣𝐶1 = 𝑉𝐶1 + 𝑣̃𝐶1 𝑣𝐶2 = 𝑉𝐶2 + 𝑣̃𝐶2 (10)

The impedance design of ZSI network [29] is given by (11).

2𝑉PV𝐷𝑇𝑠 (1−𝐷) 3𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑀𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙

𝐿= &𝐶 = (11)
3𝐾𝑖 𝑀𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 8𝐾𝑣 𝑉PV(1−𝐷)

Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2021: 60 – 69

Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814  63

Ts, Im, and 𝜙 are the Switcing time period, maximum phae current and angle between the voltage and current
on inverter output. 𝐾𝑣 and 𝐾𝑖 are voltage and current ripple factors.

3. MODULATION TECHNIQUE
Phase shifted sinusoidal PWM switching strategy can be widely adopted for cascaded ZSI which is
based on classical sinusoidal pulse width modulation. Here the triangular signal is taken as the carrier and the
signal is compared to the sinusoidal modulating signal. The frequency value of the output voltage of the
inverter depends on these two signals. The output frequency value of the inverter can be changed to the
desired level by changing the signal frequency of the triangular carrier. The triangular carrier signal
frequency is taken as an odd multiplier for the elimination of even harmonics at the output of the inverter.
The triangular carrier signal is (Nc) responsible for the switching losses of each inverter. So, by
selecting the right triangular carrier it is possible to get effective inverter output voltage with low conversion
losses. The number of carriers, nc essential to generate m-level inverter output is given by

nc = m – 1 (12)

All the triangular carrier signals have the same peak-peak amplitude and frequency which are
designated as Ac and fc respectively, whereas the single sinusoidal reference or modulating signal has peak-
peak amplitude of Am and carrier frequency fm. Sinusoidal signal as considered as a reference signal is always
matched with the carrier sigan of triangular signal. When the sinusoidal signal amplitude is more than the
triangular signal amplitude, the swithching pulse is produced and it’s given to the inverter gate signal.
The important factors of the modulation procedure [30]-[36] are the ratio of the carrier and reference
frequency k=fc/fm, where, fc and fm are frequency of the triangular and the sinusoidal signal, respectively. The
modulation index M = Am / (m' *Ac), m'= (m-1)/2. Where Am, Ac and m are the modulating signal amplituted,
peak-peak triangular signal amplitude and inverter output level, respectively. Traditionally, the output
voltage of the inverter can be express in Fourier series expansion as (13).

Vpn (ωt) =∑∞𝑛=1 𝑉𝑛(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔𝑡) (13)

When the value is a0 = an = 0, the inverter is operating at odd symmetric condition, it is represented in (14)
Fourier series form.

𝑉pn(𝜔𝑡) = ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑉 n sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡) (14)

4. SIMULATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1 shows the simulation parameters used for the proposed inverter, having DC voltage sources,
Z network parameters and a resistive load. Simulations have been developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment. The output voltage of each H-bridge inverter is obtained by employing the gate pulse. The
output voltage of the each H-bridge inverter delivers in the shape of alternating quasi-square waveform.
Figure 3 shows the switching timings of the inverter to produce a quasi-square output waveform by phase
shifted pulse width modulation method for A=5 and f=50.
Various simulated waveforms like boosted DC link voltages, voltage across the three H-bridges, and
output AC voltages (Voltage waveform across the three bridges and the load) are shown in Figure 4 and
Figure [Link] rms voltage obtained for the proposed inverter is 32.73 V with Z network and 28.88 V without
Z network. Adding Z network boosts the voltage by 13.33%.
The obtained peak voltage is about 45.27 V with a THD value of 21.20%. Also, the peak voltage
across the the three H-bridges are 14 V, 15.27 V, and 16.01 V with THD values of 32.21%, 31.17%, and
41.44% respectively. However, adding suitable value of inductorfilter will subsequently reduce the THD
within 5% with the same peak voltage. Figure 6 is showing simulated output ac voltage observed through
Fourier window and Figure 7 is showing filtered (Using inductor filter, Lf) phase voltage waveform

Single phase seven level Z source cascaded H bridge inverter for photovoltaic … (K. M. Venkatachalam)
64  ISSN: 2252-8814

Switching Pulses for Bridge 1

1
0.5
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Switching Pulses for Bridge 2

1
0.5
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Switching Pulses for Bridge 3

1
0.5
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (Sec)

Figure 3. Switching pulses generation for the bridges 1, 2, and 3

Table 1. Simulation parameters

Components Parameters
DC voltage sources (Vdc1 , Vdc2 Vdc3) 12 V each
Z network
40 mH
L1 – L6
6000 µF
C1 – C6
Inductor filter (Lf) 40 mH
Resistive Load (R) 50 Ω

BOOSTED DC LINK VOLTAGE ACROSS BRIDGE 1

20

-20
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
BOOSTED DC LINK VOLTAGE ACROSS BRIDGE 2
20

-20
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
BOOSTED DC LINK VOLTAGE ACROSS BRIDGE 3
20

-20
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (Sec)

Figure 4. Boosted DC link voltages, appeared across the bridges 1, 2, and 3 (top to bottom)

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Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814  65

LOAD VOLTAGE
100
0
-100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

VOLTAGE ACROSS BRIDGE 1

20
0
-20
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

VOLTAGE ACROSS BRIDGE 2

20
0
-20
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

VOLTAGE ACROSS BRIDGE 3

20
0
-20
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(Sec)

Figure 5. Simulated output AC voltages (voltage waveform across bridges 1, 2, 3, and the load)
(top to bottom)

50

40

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
0.475 0.48 0.485 0.49 0.495 0.5
Time(Sec)

Figure 6. Simulated output ac voltage observed through Fourier window

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (Sec)

Figure 7. Filtered (Using inductor filter, Lf) phase voltage waveform

Single phase seven level Z source cascaded H bridge inverter for photovoltaic … (K. M. Venkatachalam)
66  ISSN: 2252-8814

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed seven-level cascaded Z-source inverter circuit has been tested with three DC sources
of 12 V with an R load of 50 Ω and the other test parameters used for simulation. The control scheme is
programmed with a fixed-point TI-TMS3202812 digital signal processor (DSP) and a programmable logic
device. The control signals are sent to insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) through optical fiber cables.
The phase-shifted pulse width modulation technique has been implemented for controlling a seven-level
cascaded Z source inverter feeding a resistive load. The sectionalized view of various components present in
the overall experimental setup is shown in Figure 8. It consists of a power supply section, provided to give dc
supply to the driver circuit and inverter section for energizing the various passive elements present in it. The
regulated dc supply of +5 V and ±15 V is given to the driver circuit IR 2110 and inverter section respectively
through IC’s LM 7805, LM 7815, and LM 7915 after buffering actions with low noise immunity with respect
to output impedance variations. The switching signals to these IGBT switches are given through IR 2110
drivers with autonomous high and low side referenced output channels which operate up to 500 volts with a
feature of high pulse current buffer stage designed for minimum driver cross conduction of standard CMOS
output, down to 3.3 V logic suitable for inverter applications.
Optoisolator IC TLP 250 is used for gate driving purposes and IC 4506, IC 4081 for buffering
actions. Control signals obtained from the FPGA controller are given to the inverter section through these
IC’s. The inverter circuit module uses IGBT pack namely FSBB20CH60F IC with protection and gate
driving functions. XILINX Spartan 3E FPGA XC3S100E, field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been
chosen to implement the pulse width modulation due to its fast prototyping, simple hardware, and software
design. DC voltage of 12 V is given to the three H-bridges individually and the output voltage waveform is
observed through a power analyzer generating output magnitude of 38 V with grid frequency nearly 50 Hz
which is shown in Figure 9. FFT spectrum of the output voltage waveform is measured showing a THD value
of 9.4% as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 8. Experimental setup of the system

Figure 9. Experimental voltage waveform measured across the resistive load

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Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814  67

Figure 10. FFT spectrum of the experimental voltage waveform

6. CONCLUSION
Z-source cascaded multilevel inverters play an important role in various power conversion places.
They are off-grid and grid integrated solar photovoltaic system, fuel cell, and UPS power conversion
systems. This multilevel inverter has low electromagnetic interference, high operating efficiency, low
switching loss, high quality voltage and higher operating voltage. The simulation and hardware results reach
a decision to an excessive level. The proposed inverter exhibits well performance and is most suitable for
solar photvoltaic applications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by Indo-Sri Lanka Joint Research Program by Department of Science &
Technology (DST), Government of India and Ministry of Science, Technology & Research (MSTR),
Government of Sri Lanka, through grant in aids (DST-ICD -3425.[Link].31&35) and
MSTR/TR/AGR/03/02/13 respectively.

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Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2021: 60 – 69

Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814  69

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mr. Venkatachalam K M received Bachelor Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

from Anna University, Chennai in the year 2014. He has received Master Degree in Electrical
Drives and Control from Pondicherry University, Puducherry in the year 2016. Currently he is
pursuing Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai. His area of research
includes renewable energy, inverters and micro-grid. He published 10 papers in conferences and
journals.

Dr. V. Saravanan working as Professor in Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India and has been carrying out R & D
activities sponsored by various agencies of Government of India in the area of renewable energy
systems. He has teaching/industrial experience of about 15 years. His research interests include
Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems, Distributed Renewable Energy Systems, Smart /Microgrid.
He published more than 70 research papers in National/International
Journals/Conferences/Exhibitions.

M.A. K. S. Boralessaworking in Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa,

Srilanka. He was studied from 2012 to 2017 in University of Moratuwa, Srilanka. . He has
authored 15 papers in National/International [Link] research area includesMicrogrids and
Multiagent Systems.

Dr. Hemapala K.T.M.U working as Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Moratuwa, Srilanka. He had completed Ph.D in University of Genova in the year
2009. He has authored 90 papers in National/International Journals. He acted as Coordinator- PG
Certifcate in Industrial Automation (2015 to till date) and Memebr -Member of the Board of
studies (2017 to till date).She consistently received Research Excellence Award (Received
2015). His research area includesIndustrial Robotics, Humanitarian Demining, Service and
surveillance robotics, Power system control and Smart Grid.

Single phase seven level Z source cascaded H bridge inverter for photovoltaic … (K. M. Venkatachalam)