MATHEMATICS
Laboratory Practical File
Name of Student: ___________________________
Roll Number: ___________________________
Class / Section: ___________________________
Academic Year: 2026 - 2027
Mathematics Practical File Page 1
ACTIVITY 1: FUNCTION WHICH IS NOT ONE-ONE BUT ONTO
AIM
To demonstrate a mathematical function which is not one-one (many-one) but is onto (surjective).
THEORY
• Not One-One (Many-One): A function f: A → B is said to be not one-one if two or more distinct
elements in the domain have the same image in the codomain. That is, f(x_1) = f(x_2) even though
x_1 ≠ x_2.
• Onto (Surjective): A function f: A → B is onto if every element in the codomain B has at least one
pre-image in the domain A. In other words, the Range of the function is exactly equal to its
Codomain.
EXAMPLE & DEMONSTRATION
Let a function be defined from Domain A to Codomain B, where:
Domain A = {1, 2, 3}
Codomain B = {a, b}
Let the mappings be defined as:
• f(1) = a
• f(2) = b
• f(3) = b
Here, two distinct elements from the domain (2 and 3) point to the same image (b) in the codomain,
making it not one-one. Concurrently, all elements in the codomain (a and b) possess a valid pre-
image, making it onto.
[ DIAGRAM: Draw two Venn diagram sets A and B. Show arrows from 1→a, 2→b, and 3→b. ]
RESULT
The configured mapping successfully demonstrates a function that is not one-one but is onto.
Mathematics Practical File Page 2
ACTIVITY 2: FUNCTION WHICH IS ONE-ONE BUT NOT ONTO
AIM
To demonstrate a mathematical function which is one-one (injective) but is not onto (into function).
THEORY
• One-One (Injective): A function f: A → B is one-one if distinct elements in the domain A
correspond to distinct images in the codomain B. If x_1 ≠ x_2, then f(x_1) ≠ f(x_2).
• Not Onto (Into): A function is not onto if there exists at least one element in the codomain B that
does not have any corresponding pre-image in the domain A. Here, Range ⊂ Codomain.
EXAMPLE & DEMONSTRATION
Let a function be defined from Domain A to Codomain B, where:
Domain A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Codomain B = {a, b, c, d, e}
Let the mappings be defined as:
• f(1) = a
• f(2) = b
• f(3) = c
• f(4) = d
Every single element in domain A points to a unique element in codomain B (One-One). However, the
element e in the codomain does not have any pre-image in domain A, which makes it not onto.
[ DIAGRAM: Draw two Venn diagram sets A and B. Map 1→a, 2→b, 3→c, 4→d and leave 'e' in set
B without any incoming arrow. ]
RESULT
The configured mapping successfully demonstrates a function that is one-one but not onto.
Mathematics Practical File Page 3
ACTIVITY 3: MIRROR REFLECTION OF GRAPHS (INVERSE
FUNCTIONS)
AIM
To draw the graphs of a function f(x) and its inverse f^{-1}(x) and visually understand the geometric
concept of mirror reflection.
THEORY
The graph of any invertible function and its corresponding inverse function are always mirror
reflections of each other across the principal identity line equation defined by y = x. This geometric
symmetry occurs because finding an inverse algebraically interchanges the roles of independent and
dependent coordinates (x becomes y and y becomes x).
OBSERVATION & GRAPHING
When a coordinate point (a, b) lies on the curve of the function y = f(x), then the interchanged point (b,
a) will strictly lie on the curve of its inverse function y = f^{-1}(x). Reflecting any coordinate across the y
= x diagonal axis directly creates this precise point interchange.
[ DIAGRAM: Draw X and Y axes. Draw a dashed diagonal line y = x. Draw an arbitrary curve f(x) on
one side and its exact flipped reflection on the other side. ]
RESULT
The graphical plotting visually confirms that functions and their inverses exhibit a perfect symmetric
mirror reflection across the line y = x.
Mathematics Practical File Page 4
ACTIVITY 4: GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
AIM
To study, plot, and compare the geometric graphs of the exponential function y = a^x and its inverse
logarithmic function y = \log_a x.
THEORY
Exponential functions (y = a^x, where a > 0 and a ≠ 1) and logarithmic functions (y = \log_a x) are
inverse operations of each other. Due to this inverse relationship, their graphical plots are symmetric
mirror reflections across the reference identity line y = x.
OBSERVATION
• The exponential graph passes through the fixed coordinate point (0, 1).
• The logarithmic graph passes through the fixed coordinate point (1, 0).
• Both graphs are perfectly symmetrical with respect to the line y = x. The domain of the exponential
function (all Real numbers) matches the range of the logarithmic function, and vice-versa.
[ DIAGRAM: Draw coordinate axes with y = x line. Plot y = e^x curving upwards through (0,1) and y
= ln(x) curving to the right through (1,0). ]
RESULT
The plotted graphs visually verify that exponential and logarithmic functions are true mathematical
inverses, showing distinct mirror symmetry over y = x.
Mathematics Practical File Page 5
ACTIVITY 5: INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
AIM
To visually and analytically understand the behavior of increasing and decreasing functions using a
practical example.
THEORY
• Increasing Function: A function f(x) is said to be increasing on an interval if an increase in the
input value leads to an increase or equality in the output value. That is, if x_1 < x_2, then f(x_1) ≤
f(x_2).
• Decreasing Function: A function f(x) is decreasing on an interval if an increase in the input value
leads to a decrease or equality in the output value. That is, if x_1 < x_2, then f(x_1) ≥ f(x_2).
EXAMPLE ANALYSIS
Consider the standard parabolic function: y = x^2.
Let us analyze two distinct structural intervals of this function:
• Interval (-\infty, 0]: As x moves from negative infinity towards 0, the value of y steadily drops.
Hence, the function is strictly decreasing in this region.
• Interval [0, \infty): As x increases from 0 towards positive infinity, the value of y rapidly climbs.
Hence, the function is strictly increasing in this region.
[ DIAGRAM: Draw a classic parabola y = x^2. Mark the left half curve as "Decreasing" and the right
half curve as "Increasing". ]
RESULT
The graphical and analytical observation of y = x^2 successfully demonstrates how a function
transitions between increasing and decreasing behavior across different domain intervals.
Mathematics Practical File Page 6