Chapter 2 – Bacteria and Viruses
1. Write about the structural components of a bacterial cell wall and their
arrangement.
2. Write the composition of the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls.
3. What are mesosomes? What are their functions?
4. How can plasmids be used in genetic engineering?
5. Define sporulation.
6. What is the function of the bacterial capsule?
7. Write the role of pili in bacterial cells. How do they differ from flagella?
8. What are plasmids, and how do they contribute to enabling bacteria to
resistance against unfavourable conditions?
9. Why was Whittaker’s five kingdom classification system recommended
in biology?
10. What flaws were observed in five kingdom system of classification?
11. Why is three-domain system considered superior to the five-kingdom
system?
12. How did molecular studies influence modern classification systems?
13. Why is the bacterial cell membrane considered functionally equivalent
to eukaryotic organelles?
14. What are the major components of bacterial cell wall?
15. How chemically cell wall of Gram positive bacteria differs from Gram
negative bacteria?
16. Differentiate between Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria.
17. Which feature best explains the higher resistance of Gram-negative
bacteria to antibiotics?
18. What is bacterial capsule & how it is important for bacteria?
19. How cell membrane of bacterial cell is unique?
20. How does the structure and organization of the nucleoid reflect the
efficiency of bacterial genetic regulation compared to eukaryotes?
21. How cytoplasm of bacteria is similar & different from eukaryotic
cytoplasm?
22. How nucleoid of bacteria is different from plasmid?
23. Define the following terms:
(a) Endospore
(b) Sporulation
24. Diagram of flagellum of Gram-negative bacteria & write labelled parts
with their functions.
25. How does tail structure of bacteriophage help in infection?
26. Given simple definitions of the following:
(a) Atrichous
(b) Monotrichous
(c) Lophotrichous
(d) Amphitrichous
(e) Peritrichous
27. How does head and tail structure of bacteriophage help in infection?
28. Definitions of terms:
(a) Genome
(b) Capsid
(c) Capsomeres
(d) Nucleocapsid
29. Write two differences between Herpes virus and Adenovirus.
30. What is the significance of capsomeres in viral structure and infection?
31. What is bacteriophage & how does it use bacteria in genetic
engineering?
32. Differentiate between head & tail of bacteriophage.
33. What are retroviruses, write its two properties?
34. A diagram of T4 phage is shown below. Write the names of its a, b, c,
d parts.
35. How did HIV transmission from monkeys & chimps to humans occur?
36. A diagram of a virus is drawn below. Give its name & identify the parts
labelled a, b, c.
37. Discuss the structure of HIV.
38. What are the consequences of AIDS?
39. Describe the structure of flagellum.
40. Explain the structure of bacterium flagellum.
41. Define normal flora.
42. State the formation of endospore in bacteria.
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