SUBMITTED BY: APOORVA TIWARI
SUBMITTED TO: Mr. A.K. UPADHYAY
I APOORVA TIWARI of Class 12th Section A, PM SHRI KV
NO.1 SAGR CANTT Would Like to express my Sincere
Gratitude to our Respected Principal __________________ for
Encouragement and help from Time to Time during my
Tenure as a Student of Class 12th Section A.
I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics
Teacher _________________________________for helping me
in completing the Project by useful Ideas and
Guidelines. I thank him for encouraging me
throughout and helping in all possible ways.
I also thank my parents and friends for their vital
support and also for Encouragement and Motivation
given to me for the completion of the project.
Date of Submission:
This is to certify that APOORVA TIWARI of class 12th
Section A has Worked on the Physics Project entitled “To
investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) Input
and output voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
transformer”. He has put on his sincere efforts to
collect the reading materials and has devoted sufficient
periods of Practical laboratory work to complete this
project. This project may be considered as Practical
fulfilment of All India Senior School Certificate Exam
(AISSCE) 2026-2027 conducted by CBSE.
Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature
External Examiner’s Signature
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made transformer
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Aim
Introduction
Types Of Transformers
Theory And Mathematical Derivations
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down
Transformers
Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
Uses of Transformers
Bibliography
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The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or
vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of
tones.
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A transformer which increases
the voltages.
A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in
it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt___________________(1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt___________________(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np__________________(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values
of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be
written as Es / Ep = Es / E
o output e.m.f / input e.m.f
o Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation
ratio.
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In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on
the secondary winding than in the primary winding in
the step-up transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in
the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the
primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of
energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high
voltage-
low current. In words, the voltage has stepped up.
other been
You can find step-up transformers located near power
plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart
from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for
local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which
requires about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave
oven requires a small step-up transformer to operate.
In a step-down transformer is one who windings
secondary fewer than the primary are the
windings. In other words,
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert
high-voltage, low-current power into a low-voltage,
high current power and it is mainly used in domestic
consumption.
A common case of step-down application is case of door
in the bells. Normally, door bells use 16 household
volts, but most power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s
step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and to lower
reduces it voltage before supplying it to
the doorbell.
Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the
220 volts electricity to the 110 volts required in most
domestic equipment.
Iron Rod
Copper Wire
Hot Wire Ammeter
Hot Wire Voltmeter
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick
paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu
wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary
coil of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made
transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
In voltage regulator for T.V., computer, air
refrigerator, conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for
purposes.
welding
A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers used in voltage and
are power regulators stabilized
supplies.
Transformers used in the transmissions of a.c.
are distances: over long
Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
[Link]
[Link]
Physics NCERT
Pradeep’s Physics
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