Unit 1: Fundamentals of Geometry
Mathematics 9 – Self - Learning Module
Lesson
1 BASIC GEOMETRY FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Geometry is the foundation of many practical fields, including architecture, engineering, and
design. Understanding basic geometric figures such as points, lines, rays, and planes is essential
for interpreting shapes and solving real-world problems. For example, when constructing a
school building, architects use points to mark specific locations, lines to outline walls, and planes
to represent floors or ceilings. Similarly, when designing roads, engineers rely on lines and rays
to plan intersections and pathways accurately.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Learning Competency Learning Target
illustrate and describe point, line, ray, line Describe and name a point, a line, and a
segment, angle, and plane using models plane.
and geometric notations. Describe a point, a line, and a plane using
concrete and pictorial models.
Describe and identify the subsets of lines.
WARM-UP
Discovering Geometry Around You
Procedure
1. Look around your environment and find objects that can represent the
following geometric figures:
A point: A single location, such as a dot on paper or the tip of a pen.
A line: A straight path, like the edge of a table or a stretched-out
string.
A plane: A flat surface, such as a sheet of paper or the top of a desk.
2. Draw a simple sketch of the objects you found and label each as a point, a
line, or a plane.
Guide Questions
1. How do the objects you identified represent points, lines, and planes?
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2. How do these everyday objects help you understand what a point, a line, and a plane
might be in geometry?
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LEARN ABOUT IT
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Geometry
The word "geometry" comes from the Greek words "geo," which means earth, and
"metron," which means measure. Ancient Egyptians applied geometric principles to measure
land and build the pyramids.
I. The Three Undefined Terms
POINT: A point has no length, width, or height. It has neither size nor shape. You can think
of it as a location. It is represented as a dot, which you may name using a capital letter.
(e.g., Point P).
LINE: That is why a line is usually named using two of the points it contains. In symbols,
´ or BA
AB ´ . A line can also be named using a lowercase letter (e.g. line m)
PLANE: A plane has infinite length and width but no thickness. It is represented as a flat
surface that extends infinitely along its length and width. In naming a plane, we may use
points. The plane below can be named plane 𝑃 or plane JAG.
the capital letter found on the corner of the illustration or use any three noncollinear
II. Geometric Relationships
Collinear Points: points that lie on the same straight line
Noncollinear Points: points that do not lie on the same straight line
Coplanar Points: points that lie on the same plane and can
all be contained within one flat surface
Noncoplanar points: points that do not lie on the same plane and cannot all be
contained within one flat surface
Intersecting Lines: Lines that meet or cross at exactly one
point. The shared point where the two lines meet is the point of
intersection.
III. Subsets of a Line
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Geometry
RAY: It is part of a line that starts at a single endpoint and extends infinitely in one
direction, and it is named starting from the endpoint.
For example, the figure on the right is ray ⃗
the portion of the line starting at point 𝐷 and extending
DE . It represents
infinitely in the direction of 𝐸. A flashlight beam represents a
ray.
LINE SEGMENT: It is part of a line that starts at a single endpoint and extends infinitely
in one direction, and it is named starting from the endpoint.
In naming a segment, we make use of the endpoints.
For example, the segment shown above is BD or DB .
Definition of Terms
Postulate: a statement accepted as true without proof, serves as a basic building block in
geometry, and used to establish other truths.
Theorem: a statement that can be proven true using logical reasoning, definitions,
postulates, and previously established theorems.
LET’S PRACTICE!
Example 1:
Identify whether each of the following Solutions:
represents a point, a line, or a plane. a. A strand of hair is usually long and
a. a strand of hair narrow. Therefore, it is most likely a
b. a map line.
c. a wire b. A map is printed on a sheet that is
d. a dark spot on a wall usually flat. Therefore, it represents a
plane.
c. A wire is long, so it represents a line.
d. Since what is indicated is just a spot, it
is most likely a point.
Example 2:
Points: 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹, 𝐺, 𝐻
Name the different figures you can see from Solutions:
the given illustration. Use proper notations.
Planes: plane 𝑃, plane 𝐴𝐻𝐹, plane 𝐶𝐷𝐸
Lines: DF or FD , CH or HC , BG or GB
Note that naming the planes may vary as
long as the points used are not collinear.
Given two lines and that intersect at point 𝐽:
Example 3:
Solutions:
b. Name two subsets of using points 𝐸, 𝐹, and
´ and intersect at point
´ and GH
𝐽.
a. Identify the point of intersection. 1. The lines EF
𝐽. ´ are:
a. Ray starting at point 𝐽 and passing
2. Two subsets of EF
through point 𝐸.
b. Line segment with endpoints 𝐹 and
𝐽.
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Geometry
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Geometry