Solutions

Chapter 2 Rice: Additional

1. Ω = {HH , HT , TH , TT }
X = number of heads

x 0 1 2
1 1 1
p(x) 4 2 4

2. Ω = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),

(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

X = sum of the numbers

x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
p(x) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

3.
9
k k 9 k
i) ∑
x = 0 10
= ∑
10 x = 0
1 = (10) = k
10
thus k = 1

ii) F(4) = P(X ≤ 4)

= P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1) +
+ P ( X = 4)
5
=
10
= 0,5

4. X = number of red balls

 2  2  4
P ( X = 0) = P (G1G 2 ) =    =
 5  5  25
P( X = 1) = P( R 1 G 2 ) + P(G1 R 2 )
 3  2   2  3 
=    +   
 5  5   5  5 
12
=
25

1
 P( X = 2) = P( R1 R 2 )
 3  3 
=   
 5  5 
9
=
25

x 0 1 2
4 12 9
p(x) 25 25 25

5. X = number of red balls

P( X = 0) = P(G1G 2 ) = P(G1 ) P(G 2 | G1 )
 2  1 
=   
 5  4 
2
=
20
P( X = 1) = P( R1G 2 ) + P(G1 R 2 )
= P( R1 ) P(G 2 | R1 ) + P(G1 ) P( R 2 | G1 )
 3  2   2  3 
=    +   
 5  4   5  4 
12
=
20
P( X = 2) = P( R1 R 2 ) = P( R1 ) P ( R2 | R1 )
 3  2 
=   
 5  4 
6
=
20

x 0 1 2
1 6 3
p(x) 10 10 10

6. Y = number of clients who sign a contract

P(Y = 0) = (0,8) 2 = 0,64
P(Y = 1) = 2(0,2)(0,8) = 0,32
P(Y = 2) = (0,2) 2 = 0,04

x 0 1 2
p(x) 0,64 0,32 0,04

7.
i) 0,1 + 0,3 + k + 0,1 + 0,05 + 0,05 = 1
k = 0,4

2
ii)
0 x<0
0,1 0 ≤ x <1

0,4 1≤ x < 2

F ( x) = 0,8 2≤ x<3
0,9 3≤ x<4

0,95 4≤ x<5
1 x≥5


iii) p (3,5) = P ( X = 3,5) = 0

iv) F (3) = P ( X ≤ 3) = 0,9

v) F (3,5) = P ( X ≤ 3,5) = 0,9

8. X = number of heads
 1
X ~ Bin 6; 
 2
1 5
 6  1   1 
i) P( X = 1) =      = 0,09375
1  2   2 

ii) P ( X ≥ 4) = P ( X = 4) + P ( X = 5) + P ( X = 6)
6 6 6
 6  1   6  1   6  1 
=    +    +   
 4  2   5  2   6  2 
6
1
=   [15 + 6 + 1]
2
= 0,3438

iii) P ( X < 3) = P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2)
6 6 6
 6  1   6  1   6  1 
=    +    +   
 0  2  1  2   2  2 
6
1
=   [1 + 6 + 15]
2
= 0,3438

3
9. X = number of games that the team wins
X ~ Bin(5; 0,67)

i) P ( X ≤ 3) = 1 − P ( X ≥ 4)
 5   5 
= 1 −  (0,67 ) (0,33) +  (0,67 ) (0,33) 0 
4 1 5

 4   5 
= 1 − [0,3325 + 0,1350]
= 0,5325

ii) P (1 ≤ X < 3) = P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2)
 5 5
=  (0,67) 1 (0,33) 4 +  (0,67) 2 (0,33) 2
1   2
= 0,0397 + 0,4889
= 0,5286

10. X = number of tenants late with payments

X ~ Bin(8; 0,12)

8
i) P ( X = 1) =  (0,12)(0,88) 7 = 0,3923
1 

ii) P ( X ≥ 2) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 1)
 8  8  
= 1 −  (0,12)(0,88) 7 +  (0,12) 0 (0,88) 8 
1   0 
= 1 − [0,3923 + 0,3596]
= 0,2481

11. X = number of times target is hit

X ~ Bin(4; 0,8)

 4
i) P ( X = 4) =  (0,8) 4 (0,2) 0 = 0,4096
 4

ii) P ( X ≥ 2) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 1)
 4   4 
= 1 −  (0,8) 0 (0,2) 4 +  (0,8) 1 (0,2) 3 
 0  1  
= 1 − [0,0016 + 0,0256]
= 0,9728

4
12. X = number of successes
X ~ Bin(5; 0,8)

 5
i) P ( X = 5) =  (0,8) 5 (0,2) 0 = 0,3277
 5

5
ii) P ( X = 4) =  (0,8) 4 (0,2) 1 = 0,4096
 4

iii) P ( X < 2) = P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)
5  5
=  (0,8) 0 (0,2) 5 +  (0,8) 1 (0,2) 4
0 1 
= 0,00032 + 0,0064
= 0,00672

13. X = number of accidents per month

X ~ Poiss (λ = 3)

e −3 3 5
i) P ( X = 5) = = 0,1008
5!

ii) P ( X < 3) = P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2)
e −3 3 0 e −3 3 1 e −3 3 2
= + +
0! 1! 2!
= e [1 + 3 + 4,5]
−3

= 0,4232

14.
i) X = number of calls per weekday
X ~ Poiss (λ = 3)
e −3 3 2
P( X = 2) = = 0,2240
2!

ii) X = number of calls in 3 hours

 9 
X ~ Poiss λ = = 0,375 
 24 
P( X > 1) = 1 − P( X ≤ 1)
= 1 − [P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)]
 e −0,375 (0,375) 0 e −0,375 (0,375) 1 
= 1−  + 
 0! 1! 
= 1 − [0,6873 + 0,2577 ]
= 0,055

5
15. X = number of customers per hour
X ~ Poiss(λ = 50)
Y = number of customers in 15 minutes
Y ~ Poiss (λ = 12,5)
e −12,5 (12,5) 20
P(Y = 20) = = 0,0133
20!

16. X = number of flaws per 20 m2

X ~ Poiss (λ = 1)
Y = number of flaws per 10 m2
Y ~ Poiss (λ = 0,5)
e −0,5 (0,5) 0
P(Y = 0) = = 0,6065
0!

17. X = number refused alcohol

 4  5 
  
 2  4  (6)(5)
P( X = 2) = = = 0,3571
9 84
 
 6

18. X = number of bad oranges

P( X ≤ 2) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2)
 4  5   4  5   4  5 
        
 0  5  1  4   2  3 
= + +
9 9 9
     
5 5 5
1 (4)(5) (6)(10)
= + +
126 126 126
= 0,6429

19. X = number that will not fire

P( X ≥ 2) = 1 − P( X < 2)
= 1 − [ P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)]
  3  9   3  9  
       
 0  5  1  4  
= 1−  +
 12  12  
     
  5   5  
 (1)(126) (3)(126) 
= 1−  +
 792 792 
= 1 − 0,6364
= 0,3636

6
20.
 22 − 25 
i) P( X < 22) = P Z < 
 3 
= P( Z < −1)
= 1 − P( Z < 1)
= 1 − 0,8413
= 0,1587

 28 − 25 
ii) P( X > 28) = P Z > 
 3 
= P( Z > 1)
= 1 − P( Z < 1)
= 1 − 0,8413
= 0,1587

 22 − 25 25 − 25 
iii) P(22 < X < 25) = P <Z< 
 3 3 
= P(−1 < Z < 0)
= P(0 < Z < 1)
= P( Z < 1) − P( Z < 0)
= 0,8413 − 0,5
= 0,3413

21.

 2,5 − 3 
i) P( X < 2,5) = P Z < 
 0,5 
= P( Z < −1)
= 1 − P( Z < 1)
= 1 − 0,8413
= 0,1587

 3−3
ii) P( X > 3) = P Z > 
 0,5 
= P( Z > 0)
= 1 − P( Z < 0)
= 1 − 0,5
= 0,5

7
22.

 55 − 60 
i) P( X < 55) = P Z < 
 5 
= P( Z < −1)
= 1 − P( Z < 1)
= 1 − 0,8413
= 0,1587

 54 − 60 58 − 60 
ii) P(54 < X < 58) = P <Z< 
 5 5 
= P(−1,2 < Z < −0,4)
= P(0,4 < Z < 1,2)
= P( Z < 1,2) − P( Z < 0,4)
= 0,8849 − 0,6554
= 0,2295

23.
 2,3 − 3 
i) P( X < 2,3) = P Z < 
 0,5 
= P( Z < −1,4)
= 1 − P( Z < 1,4)
= 1 − 0,9192
= 0,0808

 3,5 − 3 
ii) P( X > 3,5) = P Z > 
 0,5 
= P( Z > 1)
= 1 − P( Z < 1)
= 1 − 0,8413
= 0,1587

24.

i) P( X < b) = 0,66276
 b − 25 
P Z <  = 0,66276
 3 
b − 25
= 0,42
3
b = 26,26

8
ii) P( X < b) = 0,06681
 b − 25 
P Z <  = 0,06681
 3 
 (b − 25) 
P Z > −  = 0,06681
 3 
 (b − 25) 
P Z < −  = 0,93319
 3 
(b − 25)
− = 1,5
3
b = 20,5

25. P( X > 240) = 0,0228

 240 − µ 
P Z >  = 0,0228
 40 
 240 − µ 
P Z <  = 0,9772
 40 
240 − µ
=2
40
µ = 160

26. P( X < 15) = 0,18943

 15 − µ 
P Z <  = 0,18943
 3,4 
 (15 − µ ) 
P Z > −  = 0,18943
 3,4 
 (15 − µ ) 
P Z < −  = 0,81057
 3,4 
(15 − µ )
− = 0,88
3,4
µ = 17,992

27. P( X < 90,5) = 0,0667

 90,5 − µ 
P Z <  = 0,0667
 σ 
 (90,5 − µ ) 
P Z > −  = 0,0667
 σ 
 (90,5 − µ ) 
P Z < −  = 0,9333
 σ 
(90,5 − µ )
− = 1,5
σ

9
 90,5 − µ = −1,5σ
µ = 90,5 + 1,5σ ……1
P( X > 100,25) = 0,04
P( X < 100,25) = 0,96
 100,25 − µ 
P Z <  = 0,96
 σ 
100,25 − µ
= 1,75
σ
100,25 − µ = 1,75σ
µ = 100,25 − 1,75σ …… 2
From 1 and 2
90,5 + 1,5σ = 100,25 − 1,75σ
3,25σ = 9,75
σ =3
µ = 100,25 − 1,75(3) = 95
Thus X ~ N (95; 9)

28. P( X > 100) = 0,9222

 100 − µ 
P Z >  = 0,9222
 σ 
 (100 − µ ) 
P Z < −  = 0,9222
 σ 
(100 − µ )
− = 1,42
σ
100 − µ = −1,42σ
µ = 100 + 1,42σ ……1
P( X > 130) = 0,14007
P( X < 130) = 0,85993
 130 − µ 
P Z <  = 0,85993
 σ 
130 − µ
= 1,08
σ
µ = 130 − 1,08σ …… 2
From 1 and 2
100 + 1,42σ = 130 − 1,08σ
2,5σ = 30
σ = 12
µ = 130 − 1,08(12) = 117,04
Thus X ~ N (117,04; 144)

10
29.

 72 − 68 
i) P( X > 72) = P Z > 
 3 
= P(Z > 1,3333)
= 1 − P( Z < 1,3333)
= 1 − 0,9082
= 0,0918
Number = 300(0,0918) = 27,54 ≈ 28

 69 − 68 73 − 68 
ii) P(69 < X < 73) = P <Z< 
 3 3 
= P(0,3333 < Z < 1,6667)
= P( Z < 1,6667) − P( Z < 0,3333)
= 0,9525 − 0,6293
= 0,3232
Number = 300(0,3232) = 96,96 ≈ 97

30.

i) P( X > b) = 0,15
P( X < b) = 0,85
 b − 76 
P Z <  = 0,85
 15 
b − 76
= 1,04
15
b = 91,6

ii) P( X > b) = 0,90

 b − 76 
P Z >  = 0,90
 15 
 (b − 76) 
P Z < −  = 0,90
 15 
(b − 76)
− = 1,28
15
b = 56,8

11
31. X = − ln X = g ( X )
X = e −Y = g −1 (Y )

d −1
f Y ( y) = g ( y ) f X ( g −1 ( y ))
dy
d −y
= e f X (e − y )
dy
Γ(a + b) − y a −1
= − e−y
Γ(a )Γ(b)
e ( ) (
1− e−y ) b −1

Γ(a + b) − y − ay y
=
Γ(a )Γ(b)
e e e 1− e−y (
b −1
)

Γ(a + b) − ay
=
Γ(a )Γ(b)
(
e 1− e − y )
b −1
, 0< y<∞

12