F.Y.
BCA
Sub : Introduction to Microcontrollers
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Prepared By
Mrs. Shruti Joshi
• A microprocessor is a computer processor on a single integrated circuit (IC) that contains the arithmetic, logic,
and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).
• It is designed to execute a set of instructions to perform tasks such as arithmetic operations, data movement,
and control operations.
• The microprocessor is the brain of a computer system, capable of fetching, decoding, and executing
instructions from memory.
Microprocessor
Block Diagram of Microprocessor
• A microcontroller is a compact, low-cost "computer-on-a-chip" designed for specific control tasks within
embedded systems.
• It integrates a CPU, memory (RAM/ROM), input/output (I/O) ports, and timers onto a single IC, making it ideal
for automating home appliances, automobiles, and industrial
• A microcontroller is available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit, 8bit, 16bit, 32bit, 64bit and
128-bit microcontrollers are available today).
• A microcontroller includes:
1. A processor that runs instructions.
2. Memory to store programs and data.
3. Input/Output ports to connect with buttons, sensors, screens, etc.
4. Communication ports (to connect with other devices).
Microcontroller
Block Diagram of Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessor are multitasking in Microcontroller is a single task-oriented
nature. It can perform multiple tasks at a device.
time.
RAM,ROM,I/O ports & timers can be RAM,ROM,I/O ports & timers can not be
added externally and can vary in added externally, these components are
numbers to be embedded together on a chip and
fixed in numbers
Designers can decide the number of Fixed number for memory or I/O makes a
memory or I/O ports needed microcontroller idle for a limited but
specific task.
External support of external memory and Microcontrollers are light weight and
I/O ports makes a microprocessor- based cheaper than a microprocessor
system heavier and costlier
External devices requires more space and A microcontroller – based system
their power consumption is higher consumes less power and takes less
space as every unit of a computer is
integrated on same chip
Difference between
Microcontroller & Microprocessor
Von
Neumann
ARM
8051
8-bit Microcontrollers
• The internal bus is 8-bits wide.
• The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs operations on 8 bits at a time.
• Example microcontrollers: Intel 8031/8051, PIC1x, Motorola MC68HC11.
16-bit Microcontrollers
• The internal bus is 16-bits wide, providing better precision and performance than 8-bit.
• A 16-bit microcontroller can handle a wider range of numbers (0x0000 to 0xFFFF, or 0 to 65535)
compared to the 8-bit range (0x00 to 0xFF, or 0 to 255).
• Example microcontrollers: Extended 8051XA, PIC2x, Intel 8096, Motorola MC68HC12.
Classification of Microcontrollers by Number of Bits
32-bit Microcontrollers
• These microcontrollers use 32-bit instructions for operations.
• Used in advanced applications like medical devices, engine control systems, office machines,
and other embedded systems.
• Example microcontrollers: Intel/Atmel 251 family , PIC3x.
64-bit Microcontrollers
• A 64 bit- microcontrollers is a small core that can be used for applications that requires a 64-
bit processor.
• These applications include secure boot, crypto acceleration and house keeping in large
systems on chip
• Example microcontrollers: RISC-V , PPC970, ARM Cortex-A, MIPS R4000
Classification of Microcontrollers by Number of Bits
Embedded Memory Microcontroller
• All functional blocks are built into the chip.
• Includes program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial communication, counters,
timers, and interrupts.
• Example: 8051 microcontroller (has everything on the chip).
External Memory Microcontroller
• The microcontroller does not have all functional blocks on the chip.
• Some components, like program memory, need to be connected externally.
• Example: 8031 microcontroller (does not have program memory on the chip).
Classification of Microcontrollers by Memory Type
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
• Allows complex instructions that can do multiple tasks in one command.
• Reduces the need for many simpler instructions.
• Example: CISC systems shorten execution time by reducing the number of instructions in a program.
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
• Simplifies the instruction set, using fewer, simpler commands.
• Allows instructions to work on any register and access program and data simultaneously.
• Shortens execution time by reducing clock cycles per instruction.
• RISC systems generally offer better execution performance compared to CISC systems.
Classification of Microcontrollers by Instruction Set
Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller
• Has separate memory for program and data.
• Allows simultaneous access to both program and data memory, improving efficiency.
• Common in microcontrollers that require faster data processing.
Von Neumann Memory Architecture Microcontroller
• Uses shared memory for both program and data.
• Simplifies design but can be slower since the program and data share the same bus.
Classification of Microcontrollers by Architecture
Classification of Microcontrollers by Architecture
8051 Microcontrollers
Developed by Intel, this is one of the oldest and most widely taught Microcontroller Types.
• Architecture: 8-bit Harvard.
• Features: 4KB ROM, 128 bytes RAM, and up to 40 I/O pins.
• Applications: Keyboards, LED controllers, and consumer electronics.
• Despite its age, the 8051 remains a benchmark for learning embedded design principles. Its simplicity and
reliability make it an enduring favorite in academic and low-cost commercial projects.
Classification of Microcontrollers
based on Manufacturer
PIC Microcontrollers
Designed by Microchip Technology.
• Architecture: Harvard with RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing).
• Advantages: High-speed processing, low power consumption, and versatile I/O options.
• Applications: Robotics, automation, and data logging.
PIC controllers come in a wide range of models, making them adaptable to both beginner projects and industrial-
grade automation systems. Their modular peripherals simplify sensor integration and communication setup.
Classification of Microcontrollers
based on Manufacturer
AVR Microcontrollers
Developed by Atmel (now part of Microchip).
• Architecture: Modified Harvard, 8-bit or 32-bit.
• Special Feature: Flash memory allows reprogramming multiple times.
• Used in: Arduino boards, making them beginner-friendly for prototyping and IoT projects.
• AVR chips strike a balance between ease of programming and performance. Their compatibility with open-
source platforms makes them a key driver of the maker and DIY electronics movement.
Classification of Microcontrollers
based on Manufacturer
ARM Microcontrollers
• Based on ARM’s RISC architecture.
• Bit Size: 16/32-bit cores, widely used in Microcontroller units (MCUs) for high-performance applications.
• Features: Low power usage, high processing speed, and support for advanced peripherals.
• Applications: Smartphones, drones, automotive ECUs, and industrial automation.
• ARM microcontrollers dominate the modern embedded landscape thanks to their scalability—from low-power
Cortex-M0+ units to high-performance Cortex-M7 chips used in complex control systems.
Classification of Microcontrollers
based on Manufacturer
Everyday Uses of Microcontrollers:
• Devices that detect and control light (like automatic street lights).
• Devices that monitor and adjust temperature (like smart thermostats).
• Fire detection and safety systems (like smoke alarms).
• Tools used in factories to measure and monitor things.
• Systems that control industrial processes automatically.
Uses of Microcontrollers in Industrial Control:
• Devices that measure and track industrial data.
• Systems that manage and control production processes.
Uses of Microcontroller
Uses of Microcontrollers in Measuring Devices:
• Voltage meters.
• Devices that count rotating parts (like in motors).
• Current meters.
• Portable measuring tools (like digital multimeters).
Uses of Microcontroller