16-11-2025

1016CMD303054250022 MD

BIOLOGY

1) Darwinian variations are generally considered as :-

I. Small
II. Large
III. Directional
IV. Non directional
V. Continuous

(1) II, III, IV

(2) I, III, V
(3) I, II, IV
(4) IV, V

2) Given below are two statement.

Statement-I :- Lamarck had said that evolution of life form had occurred but driven by use & diuse
of organ.
Statement-II :- According to Darwin, natural resources are limited and populations are stable in
size means that there had been competition for resources.

(1) Statement-I is true but statement-II is false.

(2) Statement-I is false but statement-II is true.
(3) Both statement-I and statement-II are true.
(4) Both statement-I and statement-II are false.

3) Match the following terms with their definitions :

Term Definition

Different structures evolving for the same

i. Homology A.
function

Same structure evolving in different

ii. Analogy B.
direction due to different needs.

Selection of similar adaptive features in

iii. Divergent evolution C.
different organisms.

Convergent Structures derived from a common

iv. D.
evolution ancestor evolving differently
(1) i-A, ii-B, iii-C, iv-D
(2) i-C, ii-A, iii-B, iv-D
(3) i-D, ii-A, iii-B, iv-C
(4) i-D, ii-B, iii-C, iv-A

4) Which is not related to Darwin :-

(A) Minor variation
(B) Branching descent
(C) Mutation
(D) Directionless variations
(E) Saltation
(F) Natural selection

(1) A, B, D, F
(2) A, C, D, E
(3) C, D, E
(4) C, E

5) Reappearence of character suddenly in some individual which were present in their ancestors is :-

(1) Vestigial
(2) Atavism
(3) Connecting link
(4) Petrification

6) The flippers of the Penguins and Dolphins are the example of :-

(1) Adaptive radiation

(2) Natural selection
(3) Convergent evolution
(4) Divergent evolution

7) Given below are two statements:

Statement I : Before industrialization white winged moths were more than dark winged moths.
Statement II : Predators can’t spot a moth against a contrasting background.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
below:

(1) Both statements I and Statement II are correct

(2) Both statements I and Statement II are incorrect
(3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

8) The rate of appearance of new life forms is :-

(1) Directly proportional to life span

(2) Inversely proportional to life span
(3) Not related to life span
(4) Inversely proportional to rate of mutation

9) Seed ferns have directly evolved from :-

(1) Progymnosperms
(2) Angiosperms
(3) Cycads
(4) Psilophyton

10) Statement-I : Seed ferns evolved from progymnosperms.

Statement-II : Rhynia-type plants evolved from psilophyton.
Read the above statements and select the correct option from the options given below :-

(1) Both statement-I and II are correct

(2) Statement-I is correct and statement-II is incorrect
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and statement-II is correct
(4) Both statement-I and II are incorrect

11) _______is still a favourite idea for some astronomers.

(1) Spores
(2) Big Bang
(3) Panspermia
(4) Both (2) and (3)

12) Which of the following was about 20 feet in height and with dagger like teeth ?

(1) Archaeopteryx
(2) Tyranosaurus rex
(3) Tuataras
(4) Ichthyosaurs

13) Adaptive radiation refers to the diversification of a single ancestral species into multiple related
species each adapted to distinct ecological niches. This phenomenon is clearly. Observed in the
evolution of Darwin's finches on the galapagos islands.
Statement-I : Adaptive radiation is the process by which one species gives rise to many related
species adapted to different environments.
Statement-II : The occurrence of multiple finch species on the galapagos islands with varied beak
types is an example of adaptive radiation.

(1) Both statement-I and statement-II are true

(2) Both statement-I and statement-II are false
(3) Statement-I is true but statement-II is false
(4) Statement-I is false but statement-II is true

14) What is not true about the organisms given below in the diagram ?
(1) They all are example of convergent evolution
(2) They all are example of adaptive radiation
(3) They have evolved from a common ancestor
(4) They all are Australian marsupials

15) According to the theory of Special creation which statements are correct :
(A) All living organisms that we see today were created as such
(B) Earth is about 4000 years old
(C) Diversity was always same since creation and will be the same in future

(1) A & B
(2) B & C
(3) A, B & C
(4) Only A

16) Statement-I : Dryopithecus was more man like.

Statement-II : Ramapithecus was more ape like.

(1) Statement-I & Statement-II both are correct.

(2) Statement-I is correct & Statement-II is incorrect.
(3) Statement-I is incorrect & Statement-II is correct.
(4) Both Statement-I & Statement-II is incorrect.

17) Choose the correct statement :

(1) Cave painting by pre-historic man can be seen at Bhimbetka rock of Andhra pradesh
(2) South America joined North America due to continental drift.
(3) Tyranosaurus rex was about 120 feet in height
(4) Icthyosaurs is fish like mammals.

18) Original Darwin's finches are-

(1) Small, Black birds, Cactus eating

(2) Large, White birds, Insect eating
(3) Small, Black birds, Seed eating
(4) Large, Black birds, Cactus eating

19) In a collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e., before industrialisation set in, it was observed that
there were more white-winged moths on trees than dark-winged or melanised moths. The
explanation put forth for this observation was that :-

(1) Predators will spot a moth against a similar background

(2) Moths will camouflage against contrasting background
(3) Predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background
(4) Both 2 and 3
20) Arrange the following steps in sequence according to theory of natural selection:
(A) Survival of the fittest
(B) Over production
(C) Origin of new species
(D) Struggle for existence
(E) Variations

(1) A, B, C, D, E
(2) B, A, C, D, E
(3) B, D, E, A, C
(4) C, D, E, B, A

21) Observation of giraffes in Africa shows that modern giraffes have long necks, which help them
feed on leaves of tall trees. fossil records also show ancestors with shorter necks. This supports
which of the following idea?

(1) Inheritance of acquired character

(2) Natural selection favoring long-necked giraffes
(3) Mutations randomly causing long necks
(4) Genetic drift among giraffe populations

22) The ______ with a brain size of 1400 CC lived in near east and central asia.

(1) Cro-magnon man

(2) Homo-sapien
(3) Neanderthal man
(4) Homo-erectus

23) In the course of his Journey on the galapagos islands Charles Darwin carefully observed finches
that showed remarkable variations in their beaks, which were adapted to feed on seeds, insects and
fruits. These variation allowed the birds to survive in different ecological niches and gave him
evidence for natural selection.
Statement-I : Darwin's finches shows adaptive radiation because a single ancestral species
diversified into many species adapted to different environment.
Statement-II : Adaptive radiation always results in organisms with similar structures performing
similar functions, irrespective of their ancestry.

(1) Both statement-I and statement-II are correct

(2) Both statement-I and statement-II are incorrect
(3) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is incorrect
(4) Statement-I is incorrect but statement-II is correct

24) Which type of evidence is used to support the idea of shared ancestry among different organisms
?

(1) Feeding habits

(2) habitat similarities
(3) biochemical similarities
(4) None

25) Which of the following statement is correct ?

(1) The rate of disappearance of new forms is linked to the life cycle.
(2) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature.
(3) Branching descent is the key concept of Lamarck.
(4) According to Darwin, evolution is driven by use and disuse of organs

26) Which one of the following factors will not affect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

(1) Genetic recombination

(2) Genetic drift
(3) Gene migration
(4) Constant gene pool

27) Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct option :-

Column I Column II
Convergent Lemur – Spotted
(A) (i)
evolution cuscus
Australian Creation of dog
(B) (ii)
marsupials breeds
Placental
(C) (iii) Koala, Bandicoot
mammals
Artificial
(D) (iv) Bobcat, Wolf
selection
(1) (A) - (i) (B) - (ii) (C) - (iii), (D) - (iv)
(2) (A) - (ii) (B) - (iii) (C) - (i), (D) - (iv)
(3) (A) - (ii) (B) - (iv) (C) - (i), (D) - (iii)
(4) (A) - (i) (B) - (iii) (C) - (iv), (D) - (ii)

28) The first non-cellular forms of life could have originated about :-

(1) 4.5 bya

(2) 4.0 bya
(3) 3.0 bya
(4) 2.0 bya

29) Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching :-
(1) b–directional, a–disruptive, c–stabilising
(2) b–directional, c–disruptive, a–stabilising
(3) c–directional, b–disruptive, a–stabilising
(4) a–directional, c–disruptive, b–stabilising

30) Read the following statement carefully :-

(i) Homologous organs show common ancestry and divergent evolution.
(ii) Analogous organs show similar function but different origin.
(iii) Comparative embryology proves that all vertebrates evolved independently without common
ancestry.
(iv) Australopithecus had a brain capacity almost equal to modern man
(v) Migration, mutation and natural selection disturb Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium.
How many of the above statements are incorrect ?

(1) Two
(2) Three
(3) Four
(4) Five

31)
Above diagram is example of ?

(1) Homology
(2) Analogy
(3) Artificial selection
(4) All of the above
32) Match column-I with column-II and select the correct option.

Column-I Column-II

A. Wallace i. Essay on population

B. Malthus ii Peppered moth

C. Hardy-weinberg law iii p2 + q2 +2pq = l

Co-proposer' of Natural
D. Industrial melanism iv
selection
(1) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
(2) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
(3) A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii
(4) A-iv,B-i, C-iii,D-ii

33) Match the following column and mark, the correct option -

Column-I Column-II Column-III

Mutation Origin of
(a) Lamarck (i) (p)
theory life

Industrial
Chemical
(b) Darwin (ii) (q) melanism in
evolution
moth

Giraffes
Natural
(c) Devries (iii) (r) developing
selection
long necks

Evening
Use & primrose
Oparin &
(d) (iv) disuse of (s) showing
Haldane
organ sudden
variations
(1) a-i-p; b-ii-q; c-iii-r; d-iv-s
(2) a-iv-r; b-iii-q; c-i-s; d-ii-p
(3) a-iv-q; b-iii-s; c-i-r; d-ii-p
(4) a-i-s; b-ii-s; c-iii-q; d-iv-p

34) Arrange the following Eras in correct chronological order (oldest to most recent) :-
(i) Mesozoic
(ii) Proterozoic
(iii) Palaeozoic
(iv) Coenozoic
(v) Archaeozoic

(1) (i) → (ii) → (iii) → (iv) → (v)

(2) (v) → (iv) → (iii) → (ii) → (i)
(3) (v) → (ii) → (iii) → (i) → (iv)
(4) (iv) → (i) → (iii) → (ii) → (v)

35) The correct sequence of periods in the history of earth is :

(1) Silurian → Permian → Jurassic → Triassic

(2) Carboniferous → Triassic → Cretaceous → Tertiary
(3) Quaternary → Triassic → Permian → Jurassic
(4) Cretaceous → Tertiary → Quaternary → Permian

36) In hardy-weinberg principle, frequency of homozygous recessive is represented by :-

(1) p2
(2) q2
(3) 2pq
(4) pq

37) Following are the example of some homologous and analogous organs -
(a) Tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea.
(b) Forelimbs of mammals.
(c) Flipper of penguin and dolphin
(d) Wings of insects and wings of birds
Choose the correct option -

Homologous organ Analogous organ

(1) a&c b&d

(2) a&b c&d

(3) a&d b&c

(4) c&d a&b

(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4

38) Who demonstrated that life come only from pre-existing life?

(1) Charles Darwin

(2) Oparin and Haldane
(3) Louis Pasteur
(4) Hardy Weinberg

39) Which ancestors of man walked like chimpanzee and Gorilla ?

(a) Dryopithecus
(b) Australopithecus
(c) Homohabilis
(d) Ramapithecus

(1) Only a
(2) a and b
(3) b and d
(4) a and d

40) Which of the following statement is correct?

(1) Fossils are always remains of soft parts of lite forms found in sea.
(2) Geological history of earth correlates with biological history of earth.
(3) Fossil of newer rock are simple.
(4) Fossil do not indicate extinct organism.

41) Which of the following factor does not affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

(1) Gene flow

(2) Mutation
(3) Natural selection
(4) Random mating

42) Read the following Statements A to E.

(A) Essence of darwin's theory was mutation
(B) Mutation theory was given by Mendal
(C) Modern man has started cave painting.
(D) Dryopithecus was more Ape like
(E) Long neck of Giraffe is result of natural selection
How many of the above are incorrect.

(1) Three
(2) Four
(3) Five
(4) One

43) Assertion :- Microbial experiments suggested that pre-existing advantageous mutation when
selected result in observation of new phenotype. Reason :- Mutations are continuous source of
variation

(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
(2) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(3) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(4) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

44) Match the following column and mark the correct option -

Column-I Column-II Column-III

 Homologous Appendix Convergent
(a) (i) (p)
organ in Human evolution

Analogous Tail in Divergent

(b) (ii) (q)
organ human baby evolution

Vestigial Forelimbs of Reappearance

(c) (iii) (r)
organ whale & bat of trait

Wings of
Degenerative
(d) Atavism (iv) butterfly (s)
evolution
& bat
(1) a-i-p; b-ii-q; c-iii-r; d-iv-s
(2) a-iii-q; b-iv-p; c-i-s; d-ii-r
(3) a-iii-p; b-iv-q; c-i-s; d-ii-r
(4) a-iii-q; b-iv-p; c-i-r; d-ii-s

45) In England, in 1920 (after industrialization) when a collection of moths was made it was
observed that :-

(1) White winged moths were dominant

(2) Dark winged moths were dominant
(3) Dark winged moths became extinct
(4) Dark and White winged moths were equal in number.

46) Extinct human ancestor who ate only fruits and hunted with stone weapons was :

(1) Australopithecus
(2) Dryopithecus
(3) Ramapithecus
(4) Homo erectus

47) Which statement is true about the mutation theory of evolution?

(1) Alfred Wallace proposed this theory

(2) Variations are minor and consistent changes
(3) One big mutation can create a new species
(4) Mutations cause gradual and significant differences in a population.

48) Which of the following is not evolved from the common ancestor ?

(1) Pelycosaurs
(2) Dinosaurs
(3) Crocodiles
(4) Birds

49) Given below are two statements : One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as
Reason R:
Assertion : Lichens can be used as industrial pollution indicators.
Reason : Lichens will not grow in areas that are polluted.

(1) Both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
(3) Assertion is False but the Reason is True.
(4) Both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion

50) Find out the incorrect match from column-I and II.

Column-I Column-II

First noncellular 3 billion

1.
form of life years back

First cellular 1.5 billion

2.
form of life years back

Special creation Earth is about

3.
theory 4000 years old

Extinction of 65 million
4.
dinosaurs years ago
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4

51) Among the following example, how many are the examples of analogous organs :
Flippers of penguin and dolphin, Sweet potato and potato, eye of Octopus and mammals, Vertebrate
hearts, Vertebrate brains

(1) 4
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 5

52) When more individuals acquire value other than the mean character value, it is called :-

(1) Stabilizing selection

(2) Directional selection
(3) Disruptive selection
(4) Balanced selection

53) According to one of the most widely accepted theories Earth's atmosphere before origin of life
was :-

(1) Oxidising
(2) Oxidising along with H2
(3) Reducing with free O2 in small amount
(4) Reducing with oxygen which was absent in O2 form

54) Read the following statements carefully.

(i) Life originated from pre-existing living organisms by spontaneous generation.
(ii) The Big Bang theory suggests the universe originated about 13.8 billions years ago.
(iii) Early Earth lacked molecular oxygen but contained methane and ammonia.
(iv) Miller and urey synthesized amino acids in a simulated primitive Earth setup.
(v) Oparin and Haldane proposed that life originated in a reducing atmosphere.
How many of the above statements are true?

(1) One
(2) Two
(3) Three
(4) Four

55) According to Darwin, which of the following results in variable fitness in a population?

(1) Similarities in a population

(2) Natural selection in population
(3) Limited resources in population
(4) Variations in a population

56) Which of the following pair show adaptive radiation ?

(1) Lemur – Spotted cuscus

(2) Wolf – Bobcat
(3) Anteater – Numbat
(4) Flying squirrel – Flying phalanger

57)
Identify A, B, C, D:

A-Pelycosaurs, B-Thecodent,
(1)
C-Dinosaurs, D-Mammals
A-Therapsid, B-Sauropsid,
(2)
C-Synapsid, D-Mammals
A-Therapsid, B-Synapsid,
(3)
C-Sauropsid, D-Mammals
A-Pelycosaurs, B-Synapsid,
(4)
C-Sauropsid, D-Birds

58) What isn’t true about evolution?

(1) It is a stochastic process

(2) It depends on chance events in nature
(3) It depends on chance mutations in organisms
(4) It is a directed process in the sense of determinism

59) Comparative embryological studies shows that embryos of vertebrates. Such as fish, birds,
reptiles, and mammals all pass through stages where they posses gill slits and tails, even through
these features may not persist in the adult. What does this similarity most strongly indicate?

(1) Embryos undergo mutations during early development

(2) All vertebrates share a common evolutionary ancestor
(3) Gill slits and tails are vestigial in all organisms
(4) Embryos of different animals evolve independently

60) Arrange the following evolutionary events in the correct chronological order -
(i) Origin of invertebrates
(ii) Evolution of Jawless fishes
(iii) Appearance of Prokaryotic life forms
(iv) Dominance of dinosaur

(1) (i) → (ii) → (iii) → (iv)

(2) (iv) → (iii) → (ii) → (i)
(3) (iii) → (i) → (ii) → (iv)
(4) (iii) → (ii) → (i) → (iv)
 ANSWER KEYS

BIOLOGY

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A. 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 2 3 3 3
Q. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A. 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 2 1 1 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2
Q. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A. 4 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 2 3 4 2 3
 SOLUTIONS

BIOLOGY

1) Question Explanation: Nature of Darwinian variations.

Concept: Darwin's theory of evolution.
Solution: According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the variations that drive
evolution are minor and continuous. They are also directional, meaning they are favored by
natural selection in a particular environment. This contrasts with the idea of major or non-
directional variations.
Final Answer: I, III, V

2) NCERT Pg # 118-119

3) NCERT Pg. # 115

4) NCERT Pg. 118-119

5) NCERT Pg # 100 (Module)

6) NCERT-XII, Pg. # 115

7) NCERT (XII) Pg# 115,116

8) NCERT Pg # 118

9) NCERT Reference: Biology-XII, Page No.- 122

10) NCERT Pg. # 122

11) NCERT Pg # 111

12) NCERT-Pg. no. 124

13) NCERT Pg. # 117

14)

NCERT (XII) Page # 117 Fig:7.6

15)

NCERT Pg#111

16)

NCERT Page No. # 124

17)

NCERT XII Pg # 124

18) NCERT Pg # 117

19) NCERT Pg # 115, 116

20)

NCERT Pg. # 119

The correct sequence of steps according to the theory of natural selection is:
3. B, D, E, A, C
1. Overproduction (B): Organisms tend to produce more offspring than the environment can
support.
2. Struggle for existence (D): Due to overproduction, there is competition for resources
(food, water, space, mates) among individuals within a population.
3. Variations and heredity (E): Individuals within a population exhibit variations in their
traits, and these variations are heritable (passed down to offspring).
4. Survival of the fittest (A): Individuals with variations that are better suited to the
environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This is the core concept of natural
selection.
5. Origin of new species (C): Over many generations, the accumulation of favorable traits
through natural selection can lead to the formation of new species.

21) NCERT Pg. # 119

22) NCERT-XII, Pg. # 125

23) NCERT Pg. # 117

24) NCERT Pg. # 115

25) NCERT Pg. # 119

26) NCERT-XII, Pg. # 121

27) NCERT Pg # 117, 118

28) NCERT Pg # 111

29) NCERT- XII Pg.# 120

30) NCERT Pg. # 114, 115, 113, 121, 124

31) NCERT Pg # 115

32)

NCERT XII, Pg. No. 113,116,121

33) NCERT Pg. # 118, 119

34) NCERT Pg. # 122

35) NCERT XIIth Pg.#123

36) NCERT, Pg. # 121

37) NCERT-XII, Pg.# 114-115

38) NCERT Pg # 111

39) NCERT, Pg # 124

40) NCERT Pg. # 113

41) NCERT Pg. # 121

42)

NCERT XII Page No. # 118, 119, 124

43) NCERT XII Pg. # 116

44) Module No. 7 Pg. # 179, 180, 181

45) NCERT Pg. # 116
Question Explanation: Identifying a natural selection example.
Concept: Industrial Melanism
Solution: The phenomenon of industrial melanism in peppered moths in England is a classic
example of natural selection. Before industrialization, the light-colored moths were
camouflaged against the light-colored tree bark and were dominant. After industrialization,
pollution darkened the trees with soot, making the dark-winged moths better
camouflaged, and they became dominant over the white-winged moths.
Final Answer: Dark winged moths were dominant

46)

NCERT Pg#124

47) NCERT Pg.# 119

48) NCERT Pg. # 123

49) NCERT Page No. 116

50)

NCERT XII, Page # 112, 124

51) NCERT Pg.#115

52) NCERT Pg # 121

53)

The correct answer is 4. Reducing with oxygen which was absent in O2 form.
Oxygen (O2) was scarce: The early Earth's atmosphere likely contained very little free oxygen.
Oxygen was present in other forms, such as water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Reducing conditions favored the formation of organic molecules: The reducing environment,
with its abundance of hydrogen and other electron-rich molecules, is thought to have been
conducive to the formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds.
This is a key concept in theories about the origin of life, such as the Oparin-Haldane
hypothesis.

54) NCERT Pg. # 111

55) NCERT Pg # 119

56) NCERT Pg. # 118

57)

NCERT Pg. # 123

Explain Question:
The question asks to identify the correct evolutionary sequence/groups (A, B, C, D) in
vertebrate evolution.
Concept :
Vertebrate evolution
Explanation :
A → Therapsid (mammal-like reptiles).
B → Synapsid (includes therapsids and mammals).
C → Sauropsid (reptiles, birds).
D → Mammals (evolved from therapsids).
Final answer :
Option 3 – A: Therapsid, B: Synapsid, C: Sauropsid, D: Mammals

58) NCERT (XII) Pg# 126

59) NCERT Pg. # 113

60)

NCERT Pg. # 121, 122, 123