Induction Motor Drives

Prasad Wadduwage
Department of Electrical Engineering
Concept of Electric Drive
• Complete production unit of many industry applications consists primarily of three basic
components.
Energy Transmitting Device Working (or Driven) Machine
• Delivers power from • Driven machine that
electric motor to the performs the required
Electric Motor
driven machine (or the production process.
• Source of motive power.
load). • Eg: Lathes, centrifugal
• Usually consists of shaft, pumps, drilling machines,
belt, chain, rope, etc. lifts, conveyor belts, food
mixers, etc.

Main Power Power Motor Working

Source Controller Machine

Electric Drive 2
Modern Electric Drive Systems

Main Power
Source

Power Working
Motor
Electronic Machine
Command Controller

Rotor Position
or Speed
Sensor

3
Induction Motor Drives: Applications
Industrial Automation and Manufacturing

• Induction motor drives are widely used in manufacturing industries for conveyors,
compressors, pumps, and CNC machines.
• With VFD control, speed and torque can be precisely adjusted, improving productivity,
reducing energy consumption, and enabling automation.
• V/f control or vector control ensures constant torque operation.

4
Induction Motor Drives: Applications
HVAC Systems (Energy Efficient Buildings)

• In HVAC systems, induction motor drives control fans, blowers, and pumps.
• Variable speed operation reduces energy consumption significantly compared to fixed-speed
motors.
• Energy saving principle: 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∝ 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑3 →
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

5
Induction Motor Drives: Applications
Water and Waste Water Pumping Systems

• Induction motor drives regulate flow and pressure in pumping systems.

• VFD-based control avoids throttling losses and reduces mechanical stress.
• Benefits: soft starting, reduced water hammer, lower maintenance cost.

6
Induction Motor Drives: Applications
Transportation and Rail Traction

• Induction motor drives are used in railway traction systems due to robustness and high
torque capability.
• Vector control enables precise torque control during acceleration and braking.

7
Induction Motor Drives: Applications
Smart Motor Drives

• Modern induction motor drives integrate sensors and communication systems for predictive
maintenance and remote monitoring.
• Features: real-time condition monitoring, energy analytics, fault detection, cloud
connectivity

• Robust and rugged construction

• Compatible with VFD control
• Wide speed range
• High power applications

8
Three-Phase Induction Motors: Theory
• Three-phase induction motors are of two types.
• Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (SCIM) – rotor of SCIM is made of copper or aluminium bars short-
circuited by two end rings.
• Slip-Ring (Wound Rotor) Induction Motors (SRIM) – rotor of SRIM carries three-phase winding connected
to three slip rings on the rotor shaft.
• When three-phase supply is connected to three-phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic field, rotating at
synchronous speed 𝑁𝑠 is produced.

𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝟏
𝑵𝒔 = 𝒓𝒑𝒎 𝒇𝟏 = Supply frequency (Hz)
𝑷 𝝎𝟏 = Supply frequency (rad/s)
𝟒𝝅𝒇𝟏 𝟐𝝎
𝝎𝒔 = = 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅Τ𝒔 𝑷 = number of stator poles
𝑷 𝑷
𝑵𝒓 = 𝑵𝒔 𝟏 − 𝒔 𝑵𝒓 = rotor speed (rpm)
𝝎𝒎 = rotor speed (rad/s)
𝝎𝒎 = 𝝎𝒔 𝟏 − 𝒔 𝒔 = slip
𝑵 −𝑵 𝝎 −𝝎
𝒔= 𝒔 𝒓= 𝒔 𝒎
𝑵𝒔 𝝎𝒔

9
Analysis and Performance
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Approximate Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
(𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐
𝒓𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆)
𝑰𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝒙𝒎 𝒓𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝒔 𝒓𝟐
𝑰𝒆 𝑽𝟏 𝒙𝒎
𝒔
𝑰𝒆
𝑟2 = rotor resistance referred to stator
𝑽𝟏
𝑥2 = rotor leakage reactance referred to stator 𝑰𝟐 = 𝒓
𝑟1 + 𝑗𝑥1 = stator leakage impedance 𝒓𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝒋 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒔
𝑥𝑚 = magnetizing reactance Air gap power, 𝑷𝒈
𝑅𝑐 = core loss resistance (negligible) 𝒓
𝑷𝒈 = 𝟑𝑰𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔
Developed power in the rotor, 𝑷𝒎
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑷𝒈 − 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 =
𝟏−𝒔
𝟑𝑰𝟐 𝟐 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝒔 𝑷𝒈 10
𝒔
Analysis and Performance
Rotor torque, 𝑻𝒆
𝑷𝒎 𝟏−𝒔 𝟏 𝟑 𝒓 𝑷𝒈
𝑻𝒆 = = 𝟑𝑰𝟐 𝟐 𝒓𝟐 = 𝑰𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 =
𝝎𝒎 𝒔 𝝎𝒔 𝟏−𝒔 𝝎𝒔 𝒔 𝝎𝒔

Motor input power, 𝑷 = 𝑷𝒈 + 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 + 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔

Output (or shaft) power, 𝑷𝒔𝒉 = 𝑷𝒎 − 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
wonloss
hysteresis loss
𝑷𝒔𝒉

t eddy currentloss
Motor efficiency, 𝜼 =
𝑷

Output, or shaft torque, 𝑻𝒔𝒉

𝑷𝒔𝒉 𝑷𝒔𝒉
𝑻𝒔𝒉 = =
𝝎𝒎 𝝎𝒔 𝟏−𝒔

Slip at which the maximum torque occurs, 𝒔𝒎

𝒓𝟐
𝒔𝒎 = Slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to
𝒓𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝟐
rotor resistance.
Maximum torque, 𝑻𝒆,𝒎
Maximum torque (pull-out torque, breakdown
𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝟏 torque) is independent of the rotor resistance.
𝑻𝒆,𝒎 = 11
𝟐𝝎𝒔 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝟐
Speed-Torque Characteristics
Maximum Torque Point
• Occurs at a certain slip (typically 0.2–0.3).
• Independent of rotor resistance (magnitude),
but slip at which it occurs depends on
resistance.

Normal Operating Region

• Motor operates near synchronous speed
Starting Region (Slip = 1, Speed = 0)
(small slip ~1–5%).
• When the motor is switched ON, rotor
• Torque approximately proportional to slip.
speed is zero.
• Stable operation..
• The motor develops starting torque.
• High current flows in this region.

Reverse Plugging
• Part of the speed–torque characteristic
where the motor produces torque opposite
to the direction of rotation, causing the
motor to slow down rapidly.

12
Speed-Torque Characteristics
• When 𝒓𝟏 is negligible (large induction motors):
Slip at which the maximum torque occurs, 𝒔𝒎
𝒓𝟐
𝒔𝒎 =
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐

Maximum torque, 𝑻𝒆,𝒎

𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝑻𝒆 = 𝒓𝟐 𝟐
𝝎𝒔 + 𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
𝒔

𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝟏
𝑻𝒆,𝒎 =
𝟐𝝎𝒔 𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐
𝑻𝒆 𝟐
= 𝒔 𝒔𝒎
𝑻𝒆,𝒎 + Drop in speed from no load to
𝒔𝒎 𝒔
full load depends on rotor
• For smaller values of the slip 𝒔 < 𝒔𝒎 ; resistance.
𝑻𝒆 𝟐𝒔 𝟐 𝝎𝒔 − 𝝎𝒎 𝒔𝒎 𝑻𝒆 𝒓𝟐 𝑻𝒆
= = → 𝝎𝒎 = 𝝎𝒔 𝟏 − = 𝝎𝒔 𝟏 − .
𝑻𝒆,𝒎 𝒔𝒎 𝒔𝒎 𝝎𝒔 𝟐𝑻𝒆,𝒎 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝑻𝒆,𝒎
13
Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors
• Speed control techniques employed to three-phase induction motors through the use of
power-electronics converters:
• Stator voltage control
• Stator frequency control
• Stator voltage and frequency control
• Stator current control
• Stator rotor resistance control

14
Stator Voltage Control
• Rotor torque, 𝑇𝑒 at a reduced terminal voltage, 𝐾𝑉1 , 𝐾 < 1
3 𝐾𝑉1 2 𝑟2
𝑇𝑒 = 2 → 𝑇𝑒 ∝ 𝑉 21
𝜔𝑠 𝑟 +𝑟2 + 𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑠
1 𝑠 1 2

• Magnitude of the stator supply voltage is varied using power electronic converters while frequency may be
constant or controlled depending on the method.

Principle:
• Phase-controlled thyristors vary the RMS stator voltage.
• Two SCRs per phase.
• Firing angle 𝛼 controls output voltage.
• Increasing firing angle → lower voltage → lower torque →
speed reduces.
• This method offers limited speed range.
• Used for low-power drives like fans, blowers and centrifugal
pumps requiring low starting torques.

15
Stator Frequency Control
• By changing the supply frequency, motor synchronous speed can be altered and thus the torque and the
speed of a three-phase induction motor can be controlled.
• The induction motor speed control with constant supply voltage and reduced supply frequency is rarely used
in practice.
• The induction motor performance at constant supply voltage and increased frequency:
Neglect 𝑋𝑚 and 𝑟1 from the equivalent circuit.
phi
w
N
F
k
v1 induced
𝑉1
𝐼2 = 2
𝑟2
+ 𝑥1 +𝑥2 2
𝑠
voltage
right
frac
left
phi
w
N
K
v1f
4𝜋𝑓1 2𝜔
𝜔𝑠 = = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 Τ𝑠
𝑃 𝑃
3 𝑟 3𝑃 𝑉 21 𝑟2
𝑇𝑒 = 𝐼2 2 2 = 2
𝜔𝑠 𝑠 2𝜔1 𝑟2 + 𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑠
𝑓2 𝜔2
𝑠 1 2
v
1 ionstant 1f
downarrow
109
𝑠= = → 𝜔2 = 𝑠𝜔1
𝑓1 𝜔1
3𝑃 𝑉 2 1 𝜔1 𝑟2 3𝑃 𝑉1 2 𝜔2 frequency statorreactance
𝑇𝑒 = = 𝑟
2
2𝜔1 𝑟 2 𝜔1 +𝜔 2 𝑙 +𝑙 2 𝜔2 2𝜔1 2 𝑟22 +𝜔2 2 𝑙1 +𝑙2 2 2
2 2 1 1 2
increase
𝜔2
increase
Slip at which the maximum torque occurs; 𝑠𝑚𝑡
𝑠𝑚𝑡 = 2
𝑟 lossescurrent
𝑥1 +𝑥2
16
Stator Frequency Control
• Rotor frequency at which the maximum torque occurs;
𝑟2
𝜔2𝑚 = 𝑠𝑚𝑇 𝜔1 = → 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝑙1 + 𝑙2
• Maximum torque, 𝑇𝑒𝑚 ;
3𝑃 𝑉1 2 𝜔2𝑚
2
𝑙1 + 𝑙2 3𝑃 𝑉1 2
𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 2 2 =
2𝜔1 2 𝜔2𝑚 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 2 + 𝜔2𝑚 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 2 2𝜔1 2 𝑙1 + 𝑙2

• 𝑇𝑒𝑚 is inversely proportional to supply frequency squared.

2
3𝑃 𝑉1
𝑇𝑒𝑚 𝜔12 = → 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆, 𝑽𝟏
2 𝑙1 + 𝑙2

• As the operating frequency 𝜔1 is increased, 𝑇𝑒𝑚 𝜔12 remains constant while reducing the maximum torque.

• With constant voltage and increased-frequency operation, the air gap flux gets reduced; thus the during this
control, the induction motor is said to be working in field weakening mode.
voltage constant f
17
Stator Frequency Control
• Constant voltage and variable frequency control can be obtained by feeding three-phase induction motors
through three phase inverters.

• Constant 𝑽 and variable 𝒇, air-gap flux varies

resulting poor torque capability.
• Constant 𝑽ൗ𝒇 control, flux remains constant
resulting good torque capability.
• Modern drives use V/f control instead of
constant voltage control.

VFD Control: [Link]

18
Stator Voltage and Frequency Control
• Per-phase induced voltage of a three-phase induction motor;
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝟏 𝑵𝒑𝒉𝟏 ∅𝟏 𝒌𝒘𝟏
𝒇𝟏 = 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝑽𝟏
𝑵𝒑𝒉𝟏 = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 → ∅𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒇𝟏
∅𝟏 = 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝒌𝒘𝟏 = 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

• Starting torque of the motor:

3 𝑉12 2𝜔1
𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 = 2 + 𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ≪ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝜔𝑠 =
𝜔𝑠 𝑟1 +𝑟2 1 2 𝑃
3𝑃 𝑉1 2 𝑟2
𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 =
2𝜔1 𝜔1 𝑙1 +𝑙2 2
• Maximum torque: 𝑽𝟏
3 𝑉12 3𝑃 𝑉1 2 1 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 → 𝑻𝒆,𝒎
𝑇𝑒,𝑚 = = 𝒇𝟏
𝜔𝑠 2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 4 𝜔1 𝑙1 +𝑙2
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
• Slip at maximum torque occurs:
𝑟 𝑟2
𝑠𝑚 = 2 =
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝜔1 𝑙1 +𝑙2

19
Stator Voltage and Frequency Control
When 𝑽𝟏ൗ𝒇𝟏 kept constant:
• Maximum torque remains constant.
• When the supply frequency 𝜔1 is reduced, the slip at maximum torque increases.
• Starting torque increases at low-frequencies.
• At lower frequencies, the effect of resistances cannot be neglected compared to the reactance.
• Reduces the magnitude of maximum torque at lower frequencies.
• In practice, at lower frequencies, the supply voltage is increased to maintain the level of maximum torque.
• The method is called volts/hertz control.
• The control of both voltage and frequency can be carried out so as to keep 𝑉ൗ𝑓 constant through the use
of three-phase inverters.

20
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Stator Voltage and Frequency Control
Example:
A 4-pole, 50 Hz, 400 V, three-phase induction motor is controlled using constant 𝑉/𝑓 control.
Number of poles 𝑃 = 4, full-load slip at rated frequency 𝑠 = 0.04.
The motor is operated at: 𝑓 = 25 𝐻𝑧 and 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧.
Determine the required line voltage, synchronous speed, rotor speed (assuming same slip in constant torque
region) and the operating region.

Answer:
Why line-line voltage?
𝑉 400 • In a three-phase Voltage Source Inverter, the output terminals are: 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄. The inverter
= =8 produces line-to-line voltages:𝑽𝒂𝒃 , 𝑽𝒃𝒄 , 𝑽𝒄𝒂 . ​Practically, the inverter controls line voltage
𝑓 50
which is measurable externally.
• Induced voltage per-phase: 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝟏 𝑵𝒑𝒉𝟏 ∅𝟏 𝒌𝒘𝟏
• Flux depends on phase voltage, not on line voltage.
𝑽 𝑽𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
• 𝑽𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝟑
𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∅ ∝ 𝒇
• 𝟑 factor is constant and does not affect control.

21
Stator Voltage and Frequency Control
Case 1: Operation at 25 Hz (below base speed) Case 2: Operation at 60 Hz (above base speed)

(a) Required voltage = 𝑉1 = 8 × 25 = 200 𝑉 (a) Voltage cannot exceed the rated value.
Applied voltage = 400 𝑉
120𝑓 𝑉 400 𝑉
(b) Synchronous speed = 𝑁𝑠 = = = 6.67
𝑃
𝑓 60 𝐻𝑧
120 × 25 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑁𝑠 = = 750 𝑟𝑝𝑚 Flux decreases.
4
120𝑓
(b) New Synchronous speed = 𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
(c) Rotor speed = 𝑁𝑟 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑁𝑠 120 × 60
𝑁𝑟 = 1 − 0.04 × 750 = 720 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑁𝑠 = = 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
4

(d) Constant torque region (c) Rotor speed = 𝑁𝑟 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑁𝑠

Flux constant 𝑁𝑟 = 1 − 0.04 × 1800 = 1728 𝑟𝑝𝑚
Maximum torque unchanged (d) Field weakening region (flux reduced)
Maximum torque decreases 22
Stator Current Control
• The developed torque and the speed of a 3-phase induction motor can also be controlled by stator current
control instead of stator voltage control.
• The behavior of a motor with stator current control is different from that obtained with voltage source
inverter.
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 • Slip at which the maximum torque occurs when 3-
𝒓𝟏
phase IM is fed from current-controlled source.
𝑟2
𝑰𝟏 𝑰 𝟐 maximum power 𝑠𝑚 =
𝒓 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑚
𝑽𝟏
𝒙𝒎 𝟐 transfer theorem 3 𝐼1 𝑥𝑚 2 3𝑃 𝐿2𝑚
𝒔 𝑇𝑒,𝑚 = = 𝐼12
𝜔𝑠 2 𝑥2 +𝑥𝑚 4 𝑙2 +𝐿𝑚

• Maximum torque is proportional to stator current

• Constant current 𝐼1 is fed into the stator winding. squared, independent of supply frequency and
𝑗𝑥𝑚 independent of rotor resistance.
𝐼2 = 𝐼1 𝑟 • Starting torque:
2
+ 𝑗 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑚
𝑠 3 𝐼1 𝑥𝑚 2
3 2 𝑟2 3 𝐼1 𝑥𝑚 2 𝑟2 𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 = 𝑟
𝑇𝑒 = 𝐼2 = 𝑟 2 𝜔𝑠 𝑟22 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑚 2 2
𝜔𝑠 𝑠 𝜔𝑠 2 + 𝑥2 +𝑥𝑚 2 𝑠
𝑠
23
Stator Current Control
• A constant current for 3-phase IM can be Regulates the output frequency and
obtained from a 3-phase CSI. therefore the torque and speed

Produces controlled
dc voltage
Converts voltage to constant
current
• Large inductance.
• Maintains constant DC
current.
• Makes the DC side behave
like a current source.
• Smooths ripple

24
Static Rotor-Resistance Control
Slip-ring induction motor with external variable resistor

• Starting torque and starting current can be varied by controlling the rotor resistance.
• Disadvantages:
• Reduced efficiency at low speed, speed changes very widely with load variation.
• Used when speed drop is required for a short time, eg. overhead cranes.
25
Static Rotor-Resistance Control
SRIM control by static variation of external rotor resistance

Smoothen the
current 𝑰𝒅 .

Copied from “P. S.

Bimbhra; “Power
Electronics”; 3rd ed

• GTO chopper varies the effective rotor resistance.

• When chopper is ON; 𝑽𝒅𝒄 = 𝑽𝒅 = 𝟎 (resistance R gets short circuited).
• When chopper is OFF; 𝑽𝒅𝒄 = 𝑽𝒅 (resistance in the rotor circuit is R).
𝑻𝒐𝒇𝒇 𝑻−𝑻𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒐𝒏
• 𝑹𝒆 = 𝑹 =𝑹 =𝑹 𝟏−𝒌 , 𝒌= = 𝒅𝒖𝒕𝒚 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 26
𝑻𝒐𝒏 𝑻 𝑻
Example
A 400 V, 4-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase, star connected induction motor has 𝑟1 = 0, 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 1 Ω, 𝑟2 = 0.4 Ω, 𝑋𝑚 =
50 Ω. This induction motor is fed from (i) a constant voltage source of 231 V per phase, and (ii) a constant current
source of 28 A. For both cases calculate the;
a) Slip for maximum torque,
b) Starting and the maximum torques,
c) Supply voltage required to sustain the constant current at the maximum torque.

Answer
Thevenin Equivalent circuit (constant
voltage source operation):
Equivalent circuit of the motor 1 × 50
𝑋𝑒 = = 0.9804 𝛺
1Ω 1Ω 51
50
𝑉𝑒 =
51
× 230 = 226.5 𝑉
rotor see
𝐼1 𝐼2
0.4
this
𝑉1 50 Ω
Ω 0.9804 Ω 1Ω reactor
𝐼𝑚 𝑠
𝐼2
circuit
ort
alpha 226.5 𝑉 0.4
𝑠
Ω bythe
rotor
10016

27
Example
Constant current source operation:
Constant voltage source operation:
a) Slip at maximum torque occurs, 𝑠𝑚
a) Slip at maximum torque occurs, 𝑠𝑚
0.4
0.4 𝑠𝑚 = = 0.00784
𝑠𝑚 = = 0.202 1 + 50
1 + 0.9804 b) Starting torque, 𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡
3 𝐼1 𝑋𝑚 2
b) Synchronous speed, 𝜔𝑠 𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 = 𝑟 = 5.756 𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝑠 𝑟22 + 𝑥2 +𝑋𝑚 2 2
2𝜋𝑓1 2𝜋 × 50
𝜔𝑠 = = = 50𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑ൗ𝑠 Maximum torque, 𝑇𝑒,𝑚
𝑃 4 3 𝐼1 𝑋𝑚 2
Starting torque, 𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒,𝑚 = = 366.993 𝑁𝑚
𝜔𝑠 2(𝑥2 +𝑋𝑚 )
3 2 3 226.52
𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑟 = × × 0.4
𝜔𝑠 2,𝑠𝑡 2 50𝜋 0.4 2 +1.9804 2
c) At maximum torque,
𝑇𝑒,𝑠𝑡 = 96.012 𝑁𝑚 𝑟2
+ 𝑗𝑥2
Maximum torque, 𝑇𝑒,𝑚 𝑠𝑚
3 2 𝑟 3 226.52 0.4
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼1 𝑟 = 19.806∡43.860
2
𝑇𝑒,𝑚 = 𝐼2,𝑚 2 = × 0.4 2
× 𝑠𝑚
+ 𝑗 𝑥2 + 𝑋𝑚
𝜔𝑠 𝑠𝑚 50𝜋 +1.9804 2 0.202
0.202
Supply voltage required to maintain constant
𝑇𝑒,𝑚 = 247.37 𝑁𝑚
current of 28 A is;
𝑉1 = 3 × 19.806 × 50 = 1715.2 𝑉
28
starting torque how much initial torque produced by
themotor the motor
eg it a load need sorum to start but
has only 4ohm the motor will not start

Maximum torque absolute max torque the rotor can produce

before it stalls
Z

n075

Full load torque continuous torque the motor provides at its

rated speed