Module II: Methods of Analysis
Circuit Design using Series and Parallel and Hybrid, Voltage and Current
Divider Circuits, Delta-Star & Star-Delta conversion
By
Dr. Aurobinda Bag
Network Analysis using Series and Parallel Equivalents
Series circuit:
Resistors R1 and R2are said to be connected in series when the same
current flows through each resistor.
❖ Voltage across R1 = V1= R1I
❖ Voltage across R2 = V2= R2I
❖ V = V1 + V2 = R1 I + R2 I = (R1 + R2)I = RT I
✓ where RT = R1 + R2
Contd.
• Hence, when a number of resistors are connected in series, the
equivalent resistance is the sum of all the individual resistance.
1. Same current flows through each resistor.
2. Voltage drops are additive.
3. Resistances are additive.
4. The applied voltage equals the sum of different voltage drops
Contd.
Voltage Division in a Series Circuit:
▪
▪ Voltage across
▪ Voltage across
Problem.1
Two filament lamps A and B take 0.8 A and 0.9 A respectively when
connected across 110 V supply. Calculate the value of current when they
are connected in series across a 220 V supply, assuming the filament
resistances to remain unaltered. Also find the voltage across each lamp.
Problem.2.
A 100 watt, 250 V lamp is connected in series with a 100 watt, 200 V
lamp across 250 V supply. Calculate (i) circuit current and (ii) voltage
across each lamp. Assume the lamp resistances to remain unaltered.
Contd.
Parallel Circuit:
Resistors R1 and R2 are said to be connected in parallel when the
potential difference across each resistor is same.
Since,
V
Contd.
• Hence, when a number of resistors are connected in parallel, the
reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the sum of reciprocals of
individual resistances.
1. Same voltage appears across all resistors.
2. Branch currents are additive.
3. Conductances are additive.
Contd.
Current Division in a Parallel Circuit:
Case (i) When two resistances are connected in parallel:
Also,
Hence, current through
Similarly, current flowing through
Problem: 1. Two coils connected in series have a resistance of 18 Ω and
when connected in parallel have a resistance of 4 Ω. Find the value of
resistances.
Problem.2: Three equal resistors are connected as shown in Fig below.
Find the equivalent resistance between points A and B.
Solution:
• It is seen that one end of each resistor is connected to point A and the
other end of each resistor is connected to point B.
• Hence the three resistors are in parallel.
Problem.3:
Problem:
Contd.
Case (ii) When three resistances are connected in parallel:
Contd.
Also,
Current through
Current through
Current through
Definitions
Node:
• A node of a network is a point at which two or more circuit elements
are joined.
• In Fig. below, circuit elements R1 and E1 are joined at A and hence ‘A’
is the node.
• Similarly, B, C and D are nodes.
Contd.
Junction:
• A junction is that point in a network where three or more circuit
elements are joined.
• In Fig. below, there are only two junction points such as B and D.
• B is a junction at which three circuit elements R1, R2 and R3 are
joined.
• D is a junction at which three circuit elements R2, E1 and E2 joined.
Contd.
Branch:
• A branch is that part of a network which lies between two junctions.
• In Fig. below, three branches such as BAD, BCD and BD are there.
• The branch BAD consists of R1 and E1
• the branch BCD consists of R3 and E2
• and branch BD merely consists of R2
Contd.
Loop:
• A loop is any closed path of a network.
• In Fig. ABDA, BCDB and ABCDA are the loops.
Mesh:
• A mesh is a loop that cannot be further divided into other loops.
• In Fig. both loops ABDA and BCDB qualify as meshes because they
cannot be further divided into other loops.
• But loop ABCDA cannot be called a mesh because it encloses two
loops ABDA and BCDB.
Contd.
Problem: Find equivalent resistance across terminals A and B.
• RAB = 10.65 ohms
Kirchhoff’s Laws
There are two Kirchhoff’s laws to solve complex circuits:
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law ( KCL )
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
1. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):
“The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction in an electrical
circuit is equal to zero”.
Contd.
• (I1) + (I4) + (− I2) + (− I3) = 0 or I1 + I4 = I2 + I3
• Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents
• Hence, Kirchhoff’s current law may also be stated as under :
“The sum of currents flowing towards any junction in an electrical
circuit is equal to the sum of currents flowing away from that junction”
Contd.
2. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW ( KVL )
• In any closed electrical circuit or mesh, the algebraic sum of all the
electromotive forces and voltage drops is equal to zero,
• In any closed circuit or mesh, Algebraic sum of emfs + Algebraic sum
of voltage drops = 0
• In loop DABCD
E-IR1-IR2=0
E=IR1 + IR2
Nodal Analysis
• It is based on Kirchhoff’s current law.
• It is used for determining branch currents in a circuit.
• One of the nodes is taken as the reference node.
• Potentials of all the points in the circuit are measured with respect to
this reference node.
Steps to be followed in Nodal Analysis
1. Assign a reference node among all the node.
2. Assign a current and a voltage name for each branch and node
respectively.
3. Apply KCL at each node except for the reference node
4. Apply Ohm’s law to the branch currents.
5. Solve the simultaneous equations for the unknown node voltages.
6. Using these voltages, find any branch currents required.
Problem: Calculate the current through 2 Ω resistor for the network
shown in Fig.
Problem: 2. Find the voltage at nodes 1 and 2.
Mesh Analysis
• In mesh analysis it is required to write mesh equations by KVL in
terms of unknown mesh currents.
Steps to be followed in Mesh Analysis:
1. Identify the mesh and assign an unknown current in each mesh with
directions.
2. Assign the polarities for voltage across the resistance.
3. Apply KVL in the mesh and use Ohm’s law to express the voltage
drops in terms of unknown mesh currents and the resistance.
4. Solve the simultaneous equations for unknown mesh currents.
Problem: Find the value of current flowing through 1 Ω resistor.
0.5A
Problem: Find the value of current flowing through 5 Ωresistor.
Delta-Star Transformation
• Consider three resistors RAB, RBC and RCA connected in delta to three
terminals A, B and C as shown in Fig.
• Let the equivalent star-connected network have resistances RA, RB and
RC.
• Since the two arrangements are electrically equivalent, the resistance
between any two terminals of one network is equal to the resistance
between the corresponding terminals of the other network.
• Let us consider the terminals A and B of the two networks.
• Resistance between A and B for star = Resistance between A and B for
delta
(1)
(2)
(3)
• Subtracting eq. (2) from eq. (1) and adding the result to eq. (3), we
have
(4)
(5)
(6)
Star-Delta Transformation
• We can replace the star-connected network by the equivalent delta-
connected network.
Problem: Find an equivalent resistance between terminals A and B.
• RAB = 7.45 ohm
Problem: Find an equivalent resistance between terminals A and B.
Supernode Analysis
• A Supernode is formed when a voltage source is connected between
two nonreference nodes.
Problem: For the circuit shown in Fig., find the node voltages.
• V2 =5.2, V3 =10.2, V1 =10
Supermesh Analysis
A supermesh results when two meshes have a current source in
common.
Problems on Series Parallel Circuits:
Problem:
Find the equivalent resistance between terminals A and B.
Marking all the junctions and redrawing the network,
Problem:
Determine the current delivered by the source.