Solution

WORK SHEET (2025-26) | EQUILIBRIUM

Class 11 - Chemistry

1.
(c) Lewis base
Explanation:
Amines behave as lewis base because they have a lonepair of electrons.

2. (a) Increase in Temperature

Explanation:
The given reaction is endothermic, so on increasing the temperature, it will shift in forward direction.
3.
− − − −
(d) RO > OH > CH3 COO > Cl
Explanation:
conjugate acids of given bases are H2O, ROH, CH3COO-, Cl-
their acidic strength in the order
Cl- > CH3COO- > H2O > ROH
− − − −
basic strength in the order RO > OH > CH3 COO > Cl

4.
(c) adding heat
Explanation:
adding the heat will shift the equilibrium to the right.
H2S → H2+S

5.
(c) reverse direction
Explanation:
reverse direction

6.
(d) 12.33
Explanation:
mass of Ca(OH ) ×1000 0.3×1000
Molarity= 2

Molar mass ×V olume

=
56×500
= 0.0107M
The chemical reaction involved are, CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2

Here, Ca(OH)2 = Ca2+ + 2OH-

Concentration of OH- = 2[OH-] = 2 × 0.0107 = 0.0214M

Now,
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] ⇒ [H = 46.27 × 10-14
Kw −14
+ 10
3O ] =
−
=
[OH ] 0.0214

Therefore, pH = -log[H3O+] = - log [46.27 × 10-14] = 12.33

7.
(c) reaction quotient
Explanation:
The reaction quotient Q. For a general reaction: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD
Qc = [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b

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 Then, If Qc > Kc,
the reaction will proceed in the direction of reactants (reverse reaction).
If Qc < Kc, the reaction will proceed in the direction of the products (forward reaction).
If Qc = Kc, the reaction mixture is already at equilibrium.

8.
(c) half
Explanation:
[A][B]
AB ⇌ A + B or K =
[AB]

If concentration of A is doubled, the equilibrium concentration of B becomes half to maintain K constant.

9.
(c) Le Chatelier's theory
Explanation:
Le Chatelier’s principle- It states that a change in any of the factors that determine the equilibrium conditions of a system will
cause the system to change in such a manner so as to reduce or to counteract the effect of the change.

10.
(d) Option (iv)
Explanation:
KNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ⇌ KCl(aq) + NaNO3(aq)

11. (a) 100° C

Explanation:
Water and water vapour are in equilibrium position at atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar) and at 100°C in a closed vessel. The
boiling point of water is 100°C at 1.013 bar pressure. For any pure liquid at one atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar), the
temperature at which the liquid and vapours are at equilibrium is called the normal boiling point of the liquid. The boiling point
of the liquid depends on the atmospheric pressure.
12.
(c) [Ag ] [C rO
+ 2 2−
4
]

Explanation:
+ 2−
Ag2 C rO4 → 2 Ag + C rO
4

Suppose solubility is 's' then Ksp= [2s]2[s] = 4s3

13.
(c) F , HSO and CO
− −
4
2−
3

Explanation:
The conjugate bases should have one proton less in each case and therefore, the corresponding conjugate base are F − −
, HSO
4

and CO respectively.
2−

14. (a) closed system

Explanation:
Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a given temperature for physical processes. When equilibrium is attained for
a physical process, it is characterized by the constant value of one of its parameters at a given temperature.
15.
(c) basic ionisation constant
Explanation:
The equilibrium constant for basic ionisation is called basic ionisation constant and is represented by Kb.
+ −
[M ][OH ]

Kb = .
[MOH]

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16.
5

(d) 10 7
(
W

M
)

Explanation:
10 W
S= M
moL/L
Ksp of Ca3(PO4)2 = 108 S5
5 5

= 108(
10W

M
) = 10 (
7 W

M
) (approximately)

17.
4 6 4 5
(b) Kc = [ NO] [ H2 O] / [ NH3 ] [ O2 ]
Explanation:
stoichiimetry
[products]
Kc is equilibrium constant = stoichiimetry
[reactant]

4 6 4 5
Kc = [ NO] [ H2 O] / [ NH3 ] [ O2 ]

18.
(d) 11.31
Explanation:
KOH → K+ + OH- (As KOH undergoes complete ionization)
⇒ [OH-] = [KOH] = 0.02
Now, Kw = [H+] [OH-]⇒ [H
−14
+ Kw 10 −12
] = = = 5 × 10
− 0.02
[OH ]

⇒ pH of KOH = - log [5 × 10-12] = 12 - log 5 = 12 - 0.699 ≈ 11.31

19.
(c) 2.5 × 10-3 M, 2.5 × 10-3 M,17.6 × 10-3,2.62
Explanation:
HF ⇌ H+ + F-
Initial Concentration 1 0 0
Equilibrium concentration C(1 - α ) C α C α
+ −
[H ][F ] [ Cα][ Cα] 2
Cα
Now, K a =
[HF]
=
[C(1−α) ]
=
(1−α)
≈ Cα
2
(Since α is less (1 - α ) can be written as 1
−−− −−−−−−
Ka −4
3.2×10 −2
⇒ α = √ = √ = 12.65 × 10
C 0.02

[H3O+] = Cα =0.02 × 0.1265 = 2.53 × 10-3

[F-] = Cα = 0.02 × 0.1265 = 2.53 × 10-3

[HF]= C(1-α ) = 0.02 × (1-0.1265) = 17.6 × 10-3
Now,
pH= - log [H3O+] = - log (2.53 × 10-3) = 3 - 0.4031 = 2.5969

20.
(b) C aC O (s) ⇌ C aO(s) + C O
3 2 (g)

Explanation:
C aC O3 (s) ⇌ C aO(s) + C O2 (g)

For the given reaction, equilibrium constant can be written as:

[ Ca O(s)][C O2 (g)]
Kc = , Where [CaO(s)] = 1, [CaCO3(s) = 1
[ Ca C o3 (s)]

Therefore, Kc = [CO2(g)]

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21.
(b) Normal melting point and Freezing point
Explanation:
These are normal melting point and freezing point since they are measured at atmospheric pressure.

1
Ksp
22. (a) ( 6912
)
7

Explanation:
[Zr4+] = 3S and [PO 3−

4
] = 4S
and Ksp = (3S)3(4S)4 = 6912(S)7
1

7 1
Ksp Ksp
or S = { 3 4
} =( 6912
) 7

(3 × 4 )

23. (a) ΔH > 0 for the reaction

Explanation:
For an endothermic reaction - If temperature is decreased reaction will shift to backward direction
2−
3+
[C o (H2 O) ]
6
(aq) + 4C l
−
(aq) ⇌ [ CoCl4 ] aq)
( + 6H2 O(l)
pink colourless
Blue

At room temperature, the equilibrium mixture is blue due to [CoCl 4 ]2–. When cooled in a freezing mixture, the colour of the
mixture turns pink due to [Co(H2O)6 ]3+.
24.
3
(c) 1. 8 × 10 −

Explanation:
= 1.2 x 10-3 x 1.2 x 10-3 / 0.8 x 10-3 = 1.8 x 10-3 L mol-1
[P C l3 ][C l2 ]
Kc = [P C l5 ]

25.
(b) 10-5 M
Explanation:
BaSO4 → Ba2+ + SO42-

Ksp = [Ba+2] [SO4-2]

Ksp = x2= 10-10

x2 = 10-10
x= 10 -5

26. (a) ΔG
Explanation:
A mathematical expression of this thermodynamic view of equilibrium can be described by the following equation: ΔG = ΔG0
+ RT ln Q
where G0 is standard Gibbs energy.
At equilibrium, when ΔG = 0 and Q = Kc,

Δ G = ΔG0 + RT ln K = 0
Δ G0 = – RT lnK (7.22)
lnK = – ΔG0 / RT
Taking antilog of both sides, we get,
K = e– Δ G0 / RT
27.
(b) constant
Explanation:

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 We place solid iodine in a closed vessel, after some time the vessel gets filled up with violet vapour and the intensity of colour
increases with time. After a certain time, the intensity of colour becomes constant and at this stage, equilibrium is attained.
Hence solid iodine sublimes to give iodine vapour and the iodine vapour condenses to give solid iodine. The equilibrium can be
represented as I2 (solid) ⇌ I2 (vapour).

28. (a) a catalyst does not change the equilibrium position of a reaction
Explanation:
Catalyst provides a low activation energy path to complete the reaction. This affects reactions in forward and backward
direction equally. Thus, Catalysts have no effect on the position of equilibrium.

29.
(c) formic acid > acetic acid > hypochlorous acid
Explanation:
Here, Ka for Formic Acid (HCOOH) = 1.8 × 10–4 , Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) = 1.74 × 10–5 and Hypochlorous Acid (HCIO)

= 3.0 × 10–8
At a given temperature T, Ka is a measure of the strength of the acid HX i.e., larger the value of Ka , the stronger is the acid. Ka
is a dimensionless quantity with the understanding that the standard state concentration of all species is 1M.
Ka = [H+][X-] / [HX]
+
−−−− −
[H3 O ] = √Ka . C

+
pH = − log [H3 O ]

larger the value of Ka larger will be H3O+,hence lower will be pH

30.
(c) 0.1 M CH3COOH
Explanation:
− +
C H3 C OOH + H2 O ⇌ C H3 C O O + H3 O

Since the dissociation constant of acetic acid is so small, we can assume that the concentration of acetic acid is still
approximately 0.1 M even after dissociating.
Also [CH3COO-] = [H3O+]
Therefore,
− +
[C H3 COO ][H3 O ]

Ka =
[C H3 COOH]

− + + 2
[C H3 COO ][H3 O ] [H3 O ]
Ka = =
[C H3 COOH] [C H3 COOH]

+ 2
[H3 O ]
−5
⇒ 1.7 × 10 =
0.1
−−−−−−− −
+ −6
⇒ [H3 O ] = √1.7 × 10

+ −3
⇒ [H3 O ] = 1.32 × 10

+ −3
now, pH = − log[H3 O ] = − log 1.32 × 10 = 2.88

31.
(b) 0.00093M and pH 3.03

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 Explanation:
−
−−
Ka
α = √
C

Here, C=0.05M,
−5
Ka = 1.74 × 10

−5 1/2
1.74×10 −5 1/2
α = { } α = {1.74 × 10 /0.05}
0.05

−5
α = [34.8 × 10 ]

−4
α = (3.48)1/2 × 10

−2
α = 1.86 × 10

CH3COOH = CH3COO- + H+
Concentration of C H 3 C OO
−
= Cα
−2 −2
= 0.05 × 1.86 × 10 = 0.093 × 10 = 0.00093M

Since [CH3COO-] = [H+]

[H+] = 0.00093 = 0.093 × 10 −2

+ −2
pH = − log[H ] = − log[0.093 × 10 ]

pH = -[log(0.093) + (-2)log10]
pH = 3.03

32. (a) 2.6 × 10-6

Explanation:
Kp = Kc (RT)∆n
Here change in no. of moles i.e. ∆n = 1 because it is taken only for gaseous products and reactants by differing reactant from
product.
−4 1
2.1 × 10 = Kc (0.0821 × 1000)
−4
2.1×10 −6 −6
Kc = = 2.57 × 10 = 2.6 × 10
82.1

33.
−−−−−−−−−−−−
(b) √1.6 × 10
4 −30
/27

Explanation:
3+ −
C r(OH )3 = C r + 3 OH

s 3s

Ksp = (s)(3s)3 = 27s4

Now, 1.6 × 10-30 = 27s4
−30
4 1.6×10
⇒ s =
27
−−−−−−−
−30
4 1.6×10
⇒ s= √
27

34.
(c) ionic product of water
Explanation:
The dissociation constant is represented by
+ −
[ H3 O ][OH ]
K= [ H2 O]

The concentration of water is omitted from the denominator as water is a pure liquid and its concentration remains constant.
[H2O] is incorporated within the equilibrium constant to give a new constant, Kw, which is called the ionic product of water,

Kw = [H+][OH-]

35.
(d) equilibrium
Explanation:

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 At equilibrium, the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation.
It may be represented by H2O (l) ⇌ H2O (vap)
The double half arrows indicate that the processes in both the directions are going on simultaneously. The mixture of reactants
and products in the equilibrium state is called an equilibrium mixture.

36. (a) making available a new low energy pathway

Explanation:
A catalyst increases the rate of the chemical reaction by making available a new low energy pathway for the conversion of
reactants to products. It increases the rate of forward and reverse reactions that pass through the same transition state and does
not affect equilibrium. Catalyst lowers the activation energy for the forward and reverse reactions by exactly the same amount.
Catalyst does not affect the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture. It does not appear in the balanced chemical equation
or in the equilibrium constant expression.
37. (a) 1.8 atm
Explanation:
CO2 + C → 2CO
t = 0, 0.5, 0
t = t, 0.5-x, 2x
Ptotal = 0.5 - x + 2x = 0.8
i.e. x = 0.3 atm
2
( Pco ) 0.6×0.6
i.e. K = Pco2
=
0.2
= 1.8atm

38.
(b) 10-12
Explanation:
[H2O+] = [OH-] = 10-6 M

Kw = [ 2O+][OH-]

= 10-6 × 10-6 = 10-12 M

39.
(b) nothing appears to happen, but forward and reverse are continuing at the same rate
Explanation:
Q=K
The reaction is already at equilibrium. The concentrations won't change since the rates of the forward and backward reactions
are equal.

40.
(d) HCl, Cl- and H2O, H3O+ .
Explanation:
A species formed by receiving a proton from a base is known as conjugate acid and Conjugate base is a species formed by the
removal of proton from an acid.
In this case, Cl​- is formed by donating a proton to water molecule hence it is a conjugate base while protonated water
(H3O+)becomes conjugate acid.

41. In the reaction,

3+ − 2−
[Co(H2 O) ] (aq) + 4Cl (aq) ⇌ [CoCl4 ] (aq) +6H2 O(l)
6
(P ink) (Blue)

on cooling , the equilibrium shifts backward direction or on heating, the equilibrium shifts forward direction.
Hence, reaction is endothermic. i.e. ΔH > 0.
42. According to the question, the solubility product of lead chloride at 298 K is 1.7 × 10-5.
Reaction:

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 2+ −
PbCl2 (s) ⇌ Pb (aq) + 2Cl (aq)

Let the solubility of PbCl2 be S mol/L.

Then the solution will contain S moles of Pb2+ ions and 2S moles of Cl- ions respectively per litre.
2+ − 2
∴ Ksp = [ Pb ] [ Cl ]

2
= S × (2S)

3
= 4S
3 −5
⇒ 4S = 1.7 × 10
−5
3 1.7×10 −5
⇒ S = = 0.425 × 10
4

Therefore, S = 1.620 × 10-2 mol L-1.

43. i. The reaction involves Homogeneous equilibrium as all the reactants and products are in same phase i.e. gas phase.
ii. The reaction involves Heterogeneous equilibrium as the reactants and products are in different phases.
iii. The reaction involves Homogeneous equilibrium as all the reactants and products are in same phase.
iv. The reaction involves Heterogeneous equilibrium as the reactants and product are in different phases.
44. Water is not acidic as pure water is neutral at all temperatures. It is given that pH < 7 for pure H2O and hence it indicates that

water is at a temperature higher than 298 K. At higher temperature, H2O dissociates more to give large concentrations of H+ ions

and OH- ions and so pH < 7. However, [H+] = [OH-] at all temperatures. Therefore water is neutral.
45. i. Homogeneous equilibrium
ii. Homogeneous equilibrium
iii. Heterogeneous equilibrium
iv. Heterogeneous equilibrium
v. Heterogeneous equilibrium
46. 2H2O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + OH– (aq)

Kw = [OH–][H3O+] = 10-14

Let, x = [OH-] = [H3O+] from H2O. The H3O+ concentration is generated (i) from the ionization of HCl dissolved i.e., HCl(aq) +

H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq), and (ii) from ionization of H2O. In these very dilute solutions, both sources of H3O+ must be
considered:
[H3O+] = 10-8 + x

Kw = (10-8 + x) (x) = 10-14

or x2 + 10-8 x - 10-14 = 0
[OH-] = x = 9.5 × 10-8
So, pOH = 7.02 and pH = 6.98
47. For the given reaction: 2SO (g) + O 2 2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)

We have,
[SO2] = 0.6 M;
[O2] = 0.82 M
[SO3] = 1.90 M
2
[S O3 ] (1.9M)×(1.9M)
Therefore, K c =
2
=
[S O2 ] [ O2 ] (0.6M)×(0.6M)×(0.82M)

= 12.229 M-1 = 12.23 L mol -1

48. When the total number of moles of products is equal to the total number of moles of reactants i.e Δn = 0, then the equilibrium
constant, K has no unit.
Let us consider a reaction:
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g), Here Δn = 2 - 1 - 1 = 0
We have,
2
[HI(g)]
K =
[ H2 (g)][ I2 (g)]

mol/L×mol/L
Units of K = mol/L×mol/L
= No units.
Hence, it can be concluded that under this condition, the equilibrium constant has no unit.

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49. The equilibrium constant of a reaction depends on
i. Temperature i.e. the constant depends on the sign of ΔH
ii. Stoichiometry of the reaction i.e. how the reaction is represented.
50. According to the question, pH of 0.1 M monobasic acid is 4.50.
We know that, pH = - log [H+]
∴ [H+] =10-pH
= 1 × 10-4.50
= 3.16 × 10-5
Also [H ] = [A
+ −
] = 3.16 × 10
−5

+ −
[H ][ A ]
Now, Ka = [HA]

[HA] = 0.1 - (3.16 × 10-5) ≈ 0.1

−5 2

= 1.0 × 10-8.
(3.16× 10 )
∴ Ka = 0.1

We know that, pKa = -log(Ka)

= -log( 10-8 )
∴ pKa = 8.

51. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

2N O(g) + Br2 (g) ⇌ 2N OBr(g)

According to the equation, 2 moles of NO (g) react with 1 mole of Br2(g) to form 2 moles of NOBr (g). The composition of the
equilibrium mixture can be calculated as follows:
No. of moles of NOBr (g) formed at equilibrium = 0.0518 mol (given)
No. of moles of NO (g) taking part in reaction = 0.087 mol
No. of moles of NO (g) left at equilibrium = 0.087 - 0.0518 = 0.0352 mol
No. of moles of Br2 (g) taking part in reaction = 1/2 × 0.0518 = 0.0259 mol
No. moles of Br2(g) left at equilibrium = 0.0437 - 0.0259 = 0.0178 mol
The initial molar concentration and equilibrium molar concentration of different species may be represented as:
2N O(g) + Br2 (g) ⇌ 2N OBr(g)

NO Br2 NOBr

Initial moles 0.087 0.0437 0

Moles at equilibrium point 0.0352 0.0178 0.0518

52. According to the question, solubility of SO2 in water at 298 K is 1.3653 mol/L and the pKa of H2SO3 is 1.92.

Given, Amount of SO2 in atmospheres = 10 ppm = 10

6
= 10-5
10

Molar concentration of SO2 in pressure of water = amount of SO2 × solubility of SO2 in water = 1.3653 × 10-5
H2SO3 dissociates as:
+ −
H2 SO3 ⇌ H + HSO
3

Initial conc. 1.3653 × 10

−5
0 0

Molar conc. of equiv. (1.3653 × 10

−5
− x) x x
Given, pKa = 1.92
We know that, pKa = -log Ka
∴ -log Ka = 1.92

⇒ Ka = 1.2 × 10-2
2

Now, K a =
x

−5
(1.3653× 10 −x)

10-2 =
2

⇒ 1.2 × x

−5
(1.3653× 10 −x)

2 −2 −5
⇒ x = 1.2 × 10 (1.3653 × 10 − x)

On solving, we get

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 −5
x = 1.3664 × 10

−5
∴ pH = − log(1.364 × 10 ) = 4.865

53. Given,
[NH3] = 8.13 mol /20L {concentration = mole

volume
}
= 0.4065M
[N2] = 157mol/20L = 0.0785M
[H2] = 1.92mol/20L = 0.096M
2
(0.4065M)
Qc = 3
(0.096M) (0.0785M)

= 2.379 × 103/M2
Here, you can see that, Kc is not equal to Qc, so the reaction is not in equilibrium.
because Qc > Kc it means that the reaction will proceed in backward direction or in the direction of reactants .

54. According to the question, Ksp of PbCl2 = 3.2 × 10-8.

atomic mass of Pb = 207u.
Amount of lead given = 0.1 g.
Let solubility of PbCl2 in water is s mol L-1.
Reaction:
PbCl2(s) ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Now, Ksp = [Pb2+].[Cl-]2

⇒ Ksp = [s] [2s]2 = 4s3

⇒ 3.2 × 10-8 = 4s3

s3 =
−8
3.2×10 −8
⇒ = 0.8 × 10
4

So, Solubility of PbCl2, s = 2 × 10-3 mol L-1

Molar mass of PbCl2 = 207 + (2 × 35.5) = 278

So, Solubility of PbCl2 in g L-1 = 278 × 2 × 10-3 = 0.556 g L-1

0.556 g of PbCl2 dissolve in = 1 L water
∴ . 0.1 g of PbCl2 will dissolve in = 1×0.1

0.556
water
= 0.1798 L water
= 179.8 mL water
55. a. According to Le-Chatelier's Principle, On increasing the concentration of reactants, the equilibrium shifts in forward direction.
Therefore, On increasing the concentration of reactant 'A',The reaction will shift in the forward direction
b. As the equilibrium constant increases with increase in temperature, therefore, this reaction is endothermic in nature.
c. (i) Since the reaction exothermic in nature, Hence, decrease in temperature shifts the equilibrium in the direction where heat is
evolved (i.e.. in forward direction.). Therefore, this reaction proceed in forward direction at low temperature.
(ii) Increases in pressure shifts the equilibrium in the direction, where pressure decreases (i.e.. number of moles are less).
Therefore, with increase in pressure, the equilibrium will shift in forward direction.
(iii) Increasing concentration of oxygen (increase in concentration of reactants) shifts the equilibrium in forward direction.
56. CH4(g)+H2O(g)⇌CO(g)+3H2(g)
3
( PC O ) . ( PH 2 )
a. The expression for Kp for the reaction is:K p =
( PC H ). ( PH O )
4 2

b. i. As the pressure increases, the equilibrium will shift to the left so that the fewer number of moles are produced.
ii. If the temperature is increased, according to Le chatelier's principle, the forward reaction will be favoured as it is
endothermic. Therefore, the equilibrium gets shifted to the right and the value of Kp will increase.
iii. The addition of catalyst will not change the equilibrium since it influences both the forward and the backward reactions to
the same extent. But it will be attained more quickly.
57. Following conclusions can be drawn from the values of Kc.

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 a. Since the value of Kc is very small, this means that the molar concentration of the products is very small as compared to that
of the reactants.
b. Since the value of Kc is quite large, this means that the molar concentration of the products is very large as compared to that of
the reactants.
c. Since the value of Kc is 1.8, this means that both the products and reactants have appreciable concentration.

58. C aSO 4 (s)

2
⇌ C a (aq) + SO
2−

4
(aq) ; Ksp = 9.1 × 10
−6
M

If s is the solubility of CaSO4 in moles L-1, the

−−− −−−−−−−−−− −
2−
√Ksp = √9.1 × 10−6 M = [C a
2+
][SO ] = s. s = s
2
4

−3
s= 3.017 × 10

or CaSO4 solublity == 3.02 × 10 −3

× 136g L
−1
= 0.411g L
−1
(molar mass of CaSO4 = 136 g mol-1)
Thus, for dissolving 0.411 g, water required = 1L
∴ For dissolving 1g, water required =
1
L = 2.43L
0.411

59. According to the question, solubility product of AgCl is 1.5 × 10-10.

On mixing 50 mL of 0.01 M NaCl and 50 mL of 0.01 M AgNO3, the total volume becomes 100 mL.
Therefore,
Conc. of NaCl in 100 mL = 0.01×50

100
= 0.005M

Conc. of AgNO3 in 100 mL = 0.01×50

100
= 0.005M

Reactions:
NaCl(aq) = Na+ + Cl- (aq)
AgNO3 aq = Ag+(aq) + NO −
3
(aq)

Now, [Cl-] = [NaCl] = 0.005 M

Also, [Ag+ ] = [AgNO3] = 0.005 M

∴ Ionic product of [Ag+] [Cl] = 0.005 × 0.005 = 2.5 × 10 −5

Since ionic product is greater than its solubility product, precipitation will occur.
60. According to the question, solubility product of lead bromide at 298 K is 8 × 10-5.
Reaction:
PbBr2(s) ⇌ Pb2+ (aq) + 2Br-
Suppose the solubility of PbBr2 is s moles per litre.

Now, Ksp = [Pb2+] [Br-]2

⇒ 8 × 10-5 = (s) × (2s)2

⇒ 8 × 10-5 = 4s3
s3 = = 2 × 10-5
−5
8×10
⇒
4

⇒ s = (2.0 × 10-5 )1/3

⇒ s = 2.714 × 10-2 mol L-1
This is the solubility of PbBr2 if it is 100% dissociated.
−2
2.714× 10 ×80
Solubility of PbBr2 if it is 80% dissociated in a saturated solution = 100

= 2.192 × 10-2 mol L-1

We know that, Mol. wt. of PbBr2 = 207 + 2 × 80 = 367

Therefore, Solubility of PbBr2 = 2.192 × 10-2 × 367 = 8.04 gL-1

61. 2H (g) + C O(g) ⇌ C H OH
2 3

According to Le-Chatelier's principle:

When any system at equilibrium for a long period of time is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or
pressure, the system changes to a new equilibrium. This change partly counteracts the applied change.

11 / 15
 i. On addition of H2 (increase in the concentration of reactants), equilibrium will be shifted in the forward direction (more
products are formed).
ii. On addition of CH3OH (increase in concentration or product), equilibrium will be shifted in the backward direction.
iii. On removal of CO , equilibrium will be shifted in the backward direction.
iv. On removal of CH3OH, Equilibrium will be shifted in the forward direction.
62. To calculate [HS −
]

x/x
kA =
0.1
= 9.1 × 10
−8
or x 2
= 9.1 × 10
−9
or x = 9.54 × 10 −5

In presence of 0.1 M HCl, suppose H2S dissociated is y. Then at equilibrium,

+ −
[H2 S] = 0.1 − y ≃ 0.1, [H ] = 0.1 + y ≃ 0.1, [H S ] = yM
0.1×y
Ka =
0.1
= 9.1 × 10
−8
(given) or y = 9.1 × 10 −8
M

To calculate [S2-]

For the overall reaction,

+ 2−
H2 S ⇌ 2H + S

−8 −13 −20
Ka = Ka × Ka = 9.1 × 10 × 1.2 × 10 = 1.092 × 10
1 2

+ 2 2−
[H ] [S ]
Ka =
[ H2 S]

In the absence of 0.1 MHCl, [H+] = 2[S2-]

Hence, if [S2-] = x,[H+] = 2x
2
(2x) x
∴
0.1
= 1.092 × 10
−20
or 4x 3
= 1.092 × 10
−21
= 273 × 10
−24

3 log x = log 273 - 24 = 2.4362 - 24

log x = 0.8127 - 8 = 8.8127
¯
¯¯
or x = Antilog 8.8127 = 273 × 10 −24
= 6.497 × 10 = 6.5 × 10
−8
M

In presence of 0.1 M HCl, suppose [S2-] = y, then

+
[H2 S] = 0.1 − y ≃ 0.1M , [H ] = 0.1 + y ≃ 0.1M
2
(0.1) ×y
Ka =
0.1
= 1.09 × 10
−20
or y = 1.09 × 10 −19
M

63. Let x moles of BrCl decompose in order to attain the equilibrium. The initial molar concentration and the molar concentration at
equilibrium point of different species may be represented as follows:
2BrC l (g) ⇌ Br2 (g) +C l2 (g)

I nitial molar/litre 0.0033 0 0

M oles/litres at eqn. po int 0.0033 − x x/2 x/2

Applying law of chemical equilibrium,

[Br2 ][C l2 ]
Kc =
2
[BrCl]

x x
[ ][ ]

2 2
⇒ 32 =
2
[0.0033−x]

x
[ ]

taking sqaure root on both sides

2
⇒ 5.656 =
[0.0033−x]

(0.0033−x)
= 11.31
or 12.31x = 0.037
0.037
x = = 0.003
12.31

∴ Molar concentration of BrCl at equilibrium point = 0.0033 - 0.003

= 0.0003 mol L-1 = 3 × 10 mol L −4 −1

64. The first step of the dissociation of H2S is

⊕ ⊖
H2 S ⇌ H + HS

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 ⊕ ⊖

= 4 × 10-3
[H ][HS ]

K1 =
[ H2 S]

∗
[H ] = C α, [ HS
⊖
] = Cα , [H2S] = C (1 - α )
4 × 10-3 =
2
Cα⋅Cα Cα
∴ =
C(1−α) (1−α)

4 × 10-3 =
2
0.1×α

(1−α)
(1 - α should not be neglected)
or α = 0.18,
∴ [ H ] = Cα = 0.1 0.18 = 0.018 M
⊕

[ HS
⊖
] = Cα = 0.1 × 0.18 = 0.018 M
[H2S] = C(1 - α ) = 0.1(1 -0.18) = 0.082 M
Now, HS further dissociates to H and S2-;
⊖ ⊕

C1 = [HS ] = 0.018 M⊖

⊖ ⊕ 2
HS ⇌ H + S

1 0 0

(1 - α ) 1 α1 α1

∴ K2 = 1 × 10-5 = 0.018 and thus, dissociation of HS further suppresses due to common ion effect and 1 - α ≈ 1.
⊖

0.018×C1 α1
∴ 1 × 10-5 = = 0.018 × α 1
C1 (1− α1 )

= 5.55 × 10-4
−5

α1 = 1×10

0.018

[S2-] = C1α 1 = 0.018 × 5.55 × 10-4

= 0.099 × 10-4
65. a. We know that, ΔG = ΔG + RT ln Q ∘

Where,
ΔG = Change in free energy as the reaction proceeds
∘

ΔG = Standard free energy change

Q = Reaction quotient
T = Absolute temperature
Also, ΔG = −RT lnK ∘

⇒ ΔG = −RT lnK + RT lnQ

Q
∴ ΔG = RT ln
K

If Q < K, ΔG will be negative. So, the reaction proceeds in the forward direction.
If Q = K, ΔG = 0, reaction will be at equilibrium.
b. Reaction:
CO(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH4(g) + H2O(g)
On increasing the pressure equilibrium will shift in forward direction, it means Q < K.
66. Let the initial molar concentration of PCl5 per litre = x mol
Molar concentration of PCl5 at equilibrium = 0.05 mol
Moles of PCl5 decomposed = (x - 0.05) mol
Moles of PCl3 formed = (x - 0.05) mol
Moles of Cl2 formed = (x - 0.05) mol
The molar concentration./ litre of reactants and products before the reaction and at the equilibrium point are:

Applying Law of chemical equilibrium,

[P C l3 ][C l2 ] (x−0.05)×(x−0.05)
Kc = 0.0083 =
[P C l5 ] 0.05

2 −4
(x − 0.05) = 0.0083 × 0.05 = 4.15 × 10

−4 1/2 −2
(x − 0.05) = (4.15 × 10 ) = 2.037 × 10 = 0.02 moles

13 / 15
 x = 0.05 + 0.02 = 0.07 mol
The molar concentration of PCl3 at equilibrium. = x - 0.05 = 0.07 - 0.05 = 0.02 mol
The molar concentration of Cl2 at equilibrium. = x - 0.05 = 0.07 - 0.05 = 0.02 mol

67. We have N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g), ΔH= -92.38 kJ mol-1 .

Hence in accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle, raising the temperature will shift the equilibrium to the backward direction and
decreases the equilibrium concentration of ammonia. Similarly, an increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium in the forward
direction. In other words, low temperature and high pressure are favorable for high yield of ammonia. Hence for better yield of
ammonia, an optimum condition of temperature and pressure of 500oC and 200 atm respectively is used in the presence of
suitable catalysts.
There will be no change in equilibria on the addition of argon (Ar) at constant volume to the above mixture at equilibrium because
the addition of Ar at constant volume doesn't change the partial pressure of the substances involved in the reaction.
2
[NO(g) ] [ Cl2 (g)]
68. a. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
2
[NOCl(g)]
2 4
[CuO(g) ] [ NO 2 (g)] [ O2 (g)]
b. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
2
= [NO 2 (g)]
4
[O2 (g)]
[Cu( NO 3 ) (s)]
2

[ CH3 COOH(aq)][ C2 H5 OH(aq)] [ CH3 COOH(aq)][ C2 H5 OH(aq)]

c. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
[ CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq)][ H2 O(l)]
= [ CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq)]

[Fe(OH) (s)]
d. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
3

− 3
= 1

− 3
3+ 3+
[Fe (aq)][OH (aq)] [Fe (aq)][OH (aq)]

2 2
[ IF5 (l)] [ IF5 (l)]
e. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
5
=
5
[ 12 (s)] [ F2 (g)] [ F2 (g)]

69. Let x moles of N2(g) take part in the reaction. According to the equation, x/2 moles of O2- (g) will react to form r moles of
N2O(g).
2N2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2N2 O(g)

Initial conc. (Mol/L) [N2] = 0.482

10
[O2-] = 0.933

10
x
0.933−
0.482−x
At equilibrium point: 10 10
2 x

10

The value of the equilibrium constant (2.0 × 10 ) is extremely small. This means that only small amounts of reactants have
−37

reacted. Therefore, x is extremely small and can be omitted as far as the reactants are concerned.
2
[ N2 O(g)]
Applying Law of Chemical Equilibrium K c =
2 2
[ N2 (g)] [ O2 (g)]

2
x
( ) 2
−37 10 0.01x
2.0 × 10 = =
2 −4
0.482 0.933 2.1676×10
( ) ×( )
10 10

x
2
= 43.352 × 10
−40
or x = 6.6 × 10 −20

As x is extremely small, it can be neglected.

Thus, in the equilibrium mixture
Molar conc. of N2 = 0.0482 mol L-1

Molar conc. of O2 = 0.0933 mol L-1

Molar conc. of N2O = 0.1 × x = 0.1 × 6.6 × 10 −20
mol L
−1

−21 −2
= 6.6 × 10 mol L

70. a. 10 mL of 0.2 M C a(OH) 2 = 10 × 0.2 millimoles = 2 mmol of Ca(OH)2

25 mL of 0.1 M HCl = 25 × 0.1 mmol = 2.5 mmol of HCl
C a(OH )2 + 2HC l → C aC l2 + 2H2 O

0.1 mmol of Ca(OH)2 reacts with 2 mmol of HCl

∴ 2.5 mmol of HCl will react with 1.25 mmol of Ca(OH)2
∴ Ca(OH)2 left = 2 - 1.25 =0.75 mmol (HCl is the limiting reactant)
Total volume of the solution = 10 + 25 = 35 mL
0.75
∴ Molarity of Ca(OH)2 in the mixture solution = 35
M = 0.0214 M
∴ [O H
−1
] = 2 × 0.0214M = 0.0428 M = 4.28 × 10 −2

−2
pOH = − log(4.28 × 10 ) = 2 − 0.6314 = 1.3686 ≅1.37

∴ pH = 14 - 1.37 = 12.63

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 b. 10 mL of 0.01M H2SOI4 = 10 × 0.01 mmol = 0.1 mmol
10 mL of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 = 10 × 0.01 mmol = 0.1 mmol
C a(OH )2 + H2 SO4 → C aSO4 + 2H2 O

1 mole of Ca(OH)2 reacts with 1 mole of H2SO4

∴ 1 mmol of Ca(OH)2 will react completely with 0.1 mmol of H2SO4. Hence, solution will be neutral with pH = 7.0
c. 10 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 = 1 mmol
10 mL of 0.1 M KOH = 1 mmol
2K OH + H2 SO4 → K2 SO4 + 2H2 O

1 millimole of KOH will react with 0.5 mmol of H2SO4

∴ H2SO4 left = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5 mmol
Volume of reaction mixture = 10 + 10 = 20 mL
∴ Molarity of H2SO4 in the mixture solution =
0.5 −12
= 2.5 × 10 M
20

+ −2 −2
[H ] = 2 × 2.5 × 10 = 5 × 10

−2
pH = − log(5 × 10 ) = 2 − 0.699 = 1.3

2
[ NH 3 ]
71. i. The expression of equilibrium constant for synthesis of NH3 is 3
.
[ N ][ H2 ]
2

ii. When the pressure is increased the yield of ammonia production also increases.
iii. The Iron is used as a catalyst and Mo is added as a promotor to increase the activity of Iron.
OR
The reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) will shift in forward direction by increase in pressure.
On increasing the pressure, the equilibrium will shift in forward direction.
72. i. Ksp < Kip means there will be increase in concentration of dissociated ions so equilibrium will shift backward so there will be
formation of precipitate.
ii. Zr3(PO4)4 gives Zr4+ and PO 3−
4
ion in its aqueous solution therefor the solubility product of [Zr3(PO4)4] is (3S)3(4S)4 =

6912S7 M.
iii. Ag2CrO4 = [Ag+]2+ [CrO
2−
]
4

Ksp = [Ag+]2× [CrO

2−
]
4

Ksp = (2S)2 × S = 4S3

OR
Solubility of salt of weak acids increases with decrease in pH therefore At lower PH anion get protonated & its concentration
decreases.
73.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Strength of oxyacids increases with increase in the oxidation number of the same element
(+1) (+3) (+5) (+7)

For example, HClO<HClO 2 < HClO3 < HClO4

74.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Lewis acids are those which can accept a pair of electrons, e.g. BF3, AICI3 etc.

75.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
Increase in pressure favours melting of ice into water because at higher pressure melting point of ice is lowered.

15 / 15