1.

02
UNII -| shatste
(i) Problem definition
PROGRAM D¾VELOPMENT carefully understand the
Befor thinking the solution,
AND INTRODUCTION TO C (problem situvation) and
define a well.
nature of the problem
defined problem.
1.1. Program
(ii) Requirement analysis
Program definition expectations of the user
Requitement is defined as the
Programi is defined as a sequence of instruçtions analysís is a detailed study
written to perforrm à well defined' task with a çomputer) from the program. Requirement
the program and their
of the various operations performed by
profamdevelopment cyele, relationships within and .Out side the
in
program, [the
accordance with user
bound¡ries [Link] program]
Prograrm development cycle is a [Link] step
prodedure usedË to build. cömputer, program,. These :steps requirement. In requirement analysis stage. programmer must
guides the computer programmers to develop- good program decide the following.
to satisty the end users.)The. fiuregiven below. shows the a. Type of the input data.
steps used in program development cycle: b. The needed output structure
ProbleH which
Theconditions andconstraints under
1idefintion C.

the program has to operate.

Requjrement Testtng and (iii) Program design

analy'sis jebugging This step is the most important step in program
development lifecycle. In this, the programmer do the
Prdgram/ Documentation
following tasks.
design a. Plan the solution to the problem
b. Plan the over all structure of the program.
Problem report contains the
coding 'Maintenance Tne final program design
following.
Flow charts
Rcord layouts
problem.
Overall plan for solving the
 3.3. Strnat
I.5. /O staton (vii)..Maintenance.
modifying
(iv) Program coding Maintenance is defined as a proçessof
requirenents"given. ber
jn thisstage, the. progran program tò carryout oneor
more
design is transformed into
oómputer program, [Link] code rpúst to correct faults
ertjes given below, satisfy [Link] [Link]'performance
Code must be simpleand clear. to match the yser requirement
b.
to match the poliych¡nges
It must, be readable'
[Link] [Link]änd Prógramming languages
Complex logic and tricky coding should be [Link]
avoided. Language is a'method, for Program
:
this;
Hses [Link].a:structured way. Like
(v) Testing and debugging l¡nguage is defined às, a method for communicat
setof'predef!
Testing and debugging is apYocess of detecting
'anid between,man and computer that uses a
into"a'progY
Correcting errors in.a.
program. The main aim of this proess ;words. [Link] are combined
is to. nake the program to [Link] acçording to ä synta~.(rules),. Thers-are tWoype
expected results on
all ococasions.
programming ianguages. They are
(vi) Documentation () Low level language. or machin lânguage
Documnentation is. a written detailed description about (ii) High level language
the program. :*The following must be included 'in a
(i) Low level.<angoage or machine language
dócumentation.
The language krnown to the computeris çalled
a. Orgin and nature- of problem Jevel language or machine language. This language
b. A brief description about strearA of words fmade up of O's 'añd 1's'for, communicav
the program
This language is machine dependent. That is different t,
of computer use different machine language.
the .flow charts
the data records Example
C Program listings and results O001 1111 1110: 1111
Good documentation simplifies the understanding,.
maintenance and redesign of the program by the user.
 I u slation is not Fodtures of a good gramming langunge
(il) neodod .
Executiqn Sucoess of. any programming languago dopends on
understandsspeed, is high becqusO,CPU
the instructons. diYectly the features' (characteristics) of the languago. The following
Disndvantages 1
are some of. the. important foaturos that makes a
(1) It is very programming languago succoss.
(ii)
difticult to program
It is very () `implicity
difficult tò undorstand
(ii) Machine
language varies from A good programming language must be simnple to
(iv) Error
correction is very dificult. machine to machina, lean and use.) That is, it must provide clear and simple set of
(ii) High level concepts which can be easily rderstnd by the
language
The language programmer.]
called high level known to tho
language.
words and statements
programmer (human) is
This language
(ii) Ñaturalness
as used in uses meaningfu! A gjood programming language must provide exact
Very easy to English
understand. the. language. languäo. Soit is oporators, data structures, control structures and a syntax
Example that matches with the application area (naturalness) tor which
BASIC, FORTRÄN, the program is dosigned.)
VBASIC etc. PASOAL,COBOL, C, C++, (iii) Abstraction:
JAVA,
Advantages Abstraction is defined as a grouping of essential
It is very easy to detalls and ignoring other details) A programming language
(ii) It is machine program should have the ability to define [Link] complicated
indèpendent
(il) Error correçtion
structures after ignoring many of the details.
is easy (iv) Efficiency
Disadvarntages
A good programming language must b¹ supported
(i) Execution [Link] with good language translator to translate high-level language
(i) It needs to machine codè.) These codes must occupy less
translation.
be converted to.. That is, high-level language must space and must be executed in less time.
memory
kow
language).before [Link] language (machine
Advantages of flow chart

(i) Conmunication

Flow chart aots as a medium for communicating the

program logic to all who see it.
(ii): Effective analvsis
Flow chart heips the brearammei t0 analyse the
problem more effectively.
(iii) Proper docmentation
Flow chart helps the programmer to
[Link]
program. Documentation helps in future
modification,:error correction etc.
(i)Effiçient coding
Flawchart acts as a blue print for the
during progräm coding. programmer
)Proper debugging
Flow chart helps the programmer to
program easily. debuggthe!'
Kimitations of the flow chart
The following are some
flow chart. importantliaitations..af the
Complex logic
If the program logic is
flow art. After drawing, ¢ompliçated, it is difficult to drawi
flow chart looks complex
and clunsy.
(ii) Alterations
7 theprogrammer wants to do alterations, it rmust be
redrawn campletely.
(iti) Reproductions
Since the flow chart
symbols c2nno be typed, it is
[Link] to reoroduce
Sxainpies on algorithm and flow chart
(0) Algorithrn and flow
chart, for calculating the, area and
circumference of a circle.
Formula
2 TDY

Area = T
Circumferènce =2nr
wherer t- radius [Link] circle
Algorithm
Begin
Ihput r
Area ¢ T*r r
ircumference -2*n*r
Qutput Area, Circumference
End