Compressible Flow TME085

Compressible Inviscid Fluid Flow Equations

Division of Fluid Dynamics

n
V
Ω

V·n

Figur 1: Generic control volume

Governing Equations
The governing equations stems from mass conservation, conservation of momentum and con-
servation of energy

The Continuity Equation

”Mass can be neither created nor destroyed, which implies that mass is conserved”

The net massflow into the control volume Ω in Fig. 1 is obtained by integrating mass flux over
the control volume surface ∂Ω

‹
− ρv · ndS
∂Ω

Now, let’s consider a small infinitesimal volume dV inside Ω. The mass of dV is ρdV . Thus,
the mass enclosed within Ω can be calculated as

2
 ˚
ρdV
Ω

The rate of change of mass within Ω is obtained as

˚
d
ρdV
dt Ω

Mass is conserved, which means that the rate of change of mass within Ω must equal the net
flux over the control volume surface.

˚ ‹
d
ρdV = − ρv · ndS
dt Ω ∂Ω

or

˚ ‹
d
ρdV + ρv · ndS = 0 (1)
dt Ω ∂Ω

which is the integral form of the continuity equation.

The Momentum Equation

”The time rate of change of momentum of a body equals the net force exerted on it”

d
(mv) = F
dt

What type of forces do we have?

• Body forces acting on the fluid inside Ω

– gravitation
– electromagnetic forces
– Coriolis forces

3
 • Surface forces: pressure forces and shear forces

Body forces inside Ω:

˚
ρf dV
Ω

Surface force on ∂Ω:

‹
− pndS
∂Ω

Since we are considering inviscid flow, there are no shear forces and thus we have the net force as

˚ ‹
F= ρf dV − pndS
Ω ∂Ω

The fluid flowing through Ω will carry momentum and the net flow of momentum out from Ω
is calculated as

‹ ‹
(ρv · ndS)v = (ρv · n)vdS
∂Ω ∂Ω

Integrated momentum inside Ω

˚
ρvdV
Ω

Rate of change of momentum due to unsteady effects inside Ω

˚
d
ρvdV
dt Ω

Combining the rate of change of momentum, the net momentum flux and the net forces we get

˚ ‹ ˚ ‹
d
ρvdV + (ρv · n)vdS = ρf dV − pndS
dt Ω ∂Ω Ω ∂Ω

4
combining the surface integrals, we get

˚ ‹ ˚
d
ρvdV + [(ρv · n)v + pn] dS = ρf dV (2)
dt Ω ∂Ω Ω

which is the momentum equation on integral form.

5
The Energy Equation

”Energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only change in form”

E1 + E2 = E3

E1 : Rate of heat added to the fluid in Ω from the surroundings

– heat transfer
– radiation

E2 : Rate of work done on the fluid in Ω

E3 : Rate of change of energy of the fluid as it flows through Ω

˚
E1 = q̇ρdV
Ω

where q̇ is the rate of heat added per unit mass

The rate of work done on the fluid in Ω due to pressure forces is obtained from the pressure
force term in the momentum equation.

‹ ‹
E2pressure = − (pndS) · v = − pv · ndS
∂Ω ∂Ω

The rate of work done on the fluid in Ω due to body forces is

˚ ˚
E2body f orces
= (ρf dV ) · v = ρf · vdV
Ω Ω

‹ ˚
E2 = E2pressure + E2body f orces
=− pv · ndS + ρf · vdV
∂Ω Ω

The energy of the fluid per unit mass is the sum of internal energy e (molecular energy) and
the kinetic energy V 2 /2 and the net energy flux over the control volume surface is calculated

6
by the following integral

‹
V2
 
(ρv · ndS) e +
∂Ω 2

Analogous to mass and momentum, the total amount of energy of the fluid in Ω is calculated
as

˚
V2
 
ρ e+ dV
Ω 2

The time rate of change of the energy of the fluid in Ω is obtained as

˚
V2
 
d
ρ e+ dV
dt Ω 2

Now, E3 is obtained as the sum of the time rate of change of energy of the fluid in Ω and the
net flux of energy carried by fluid passing the control volume surface.

˚ ‹
V2 V2
   
d
E3 = ρ e+ dV + (ρv · ndS) e +
dt Ω 2 ∂Ω 2

With all elements of the energy equation defined, we are now ready to finally compile the full
equation

˚ ‹   ˚ ˚
V2 V2
   
d
ρ e+ dV + ρ e+ (v · n) + pv · n dS = ρf · vdV + q̇ρdV
dt Ω 2 ∂Ω 2 Ω Ω
(3)

The surface integral in the energy equation may be rewritten as

‹ ‹
V2 p V2
     
ρ e+ (v · n) + pv · n dS = ρ e+ + (v · n)dS
∂Ω 2 ∂Ω ρ 2

and with the definition of enthalpy h = e + p/ρ, we get

‹
V2
 
ρ h+ (v · n)dS
∂Ω 2

7
Furthermore, introducing total internal energy eo and total enthalpy ho defined as

1
eo = e + V 2
2

and

1
ho = h + V 2
2

the energy equation is written as

˚ ‹ ˚ ˚
d
ρeo dV + ρho (v · n)dS = ρf · vdV + q̇ρdV (4)
dt Ω ∂Ω Ω Ω

Summary
The integral form of the governing equations for inviscid compressible flow has been derived

Continuity:

˚ ‹
d
ρdV + ρv · ndS = 0
dt Ω ∂Ω

Momentum:

˚ ‹ ˚
d
ρvdV + [(ρv · n)v + pn] dS = ρf dV
dt Ω ∂Ω Ω

Energy:

˚ ‹ ˚ ˚
d
ρeo dV + ρho (v · n)dS = ρf · vdV + q̇ρdV
dt Ω ∂Ω Ω Ω