Introduction to Linear

Polynomials
2
“Linear polynomials help us
understand patterns, linear
relationships, graphs, growth,
decay, and real-life situations
using mathematical expressions
like “Linear growth and linear
decay” are seen in daily life.
The growth of a plant shows
linear growth because its height
increases regularly with time,
while the melting of an ice cube
shows linear decay because its
size decreases steadily with time. These patterns help us understand changes
using equations and graphs. Linear polynomials are also used in savings, transport
fares, business profit and loss,and population growth.”

SYLLABUS

‰ Algebraic expressions ‰ Modelling linear growth and linear decay

‰ Definition of a polynomial. Degree of a polynomial ‰ Linear relationships
‰ Introduction to linear polynomials and applications ‰ Visualising linear relationships
‰ Exploring linear patterns ‰ Slope and y-intercept of a line y = ax + b
2.1 Introduction Types of Polynomials:
Polynomials
Algebraic Expression: A mathematical expression made using
numbers, variables, and operations. Example: 4x + 5y + 3.
Based on Based on
‰ Algebraic expressions are used to represent real-life Degree
Number of Terms
situations using variables and numbers in a compact form.
Term: Each part of an algebraic expression separated by + or – Monomial Binomial Trinomial Linear Quadratic Cubic
signs. In 4x + 5y + 3, the terms are 4x, 5y, and 3. Polynomial Polynomial Polynomial Polynomial Polynomial Polynomial
Variable: A symbol or letters (like x, y, z) that represents an
unknown or changing value. Different Problem Types
Coefficient: The numerical factor of a variable. In 4x, the
Type I: Finding the Polynomial and its Degree
coefficient of x is 4.
Determine whether 10x – x2 + 5 is a polynomial. Also find its
Constant: A fixed numerical value without any variable. Example:
degree.
3 in 4x + 5y + 3.
Solution:
Polynomial: An algebraic expression consisting of variables,
Step I: Check powers of variable
coefficients, and exponents, combined using addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division by non-zero constants, where Powers of x are 1 and 2 (both whole numbers) so given expression
exponents of variables must be a non-negative integers (whole is a polynomial.
number powers). Step II: Identify degree
Example: 4x, x2 + 1, 2y – 5, and 5y3 + y2 + 2y – 1. Highest power of variable = 2
Univariate polynomial: Hence, It is a polynomial whose degree = 2
An algebraic expression in one variable and its powers. Also Example: Write polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3.
called a univariate polynomial. Example: x² + 5x + 3 Solution:
‰ A polynomial in one variable contains only one variable Since, Degree = highest power of the variable in the polynomial.
with non-negative integer powers. So,
Degree of Polynomial: The highest power of the variable in the ‰ Degree 1 (Linear Polynomial): 2x + 3
polynomial. The exponent (power) must be non negative integers. ‰ Degree 2 (Quadratic Polynomial): x2 + 5x + 1
Example: In x² + 5x + 3, the degree is 2. ‰ Degree 3 (Cubic Polynomial): x3 + 2x2 + x + 4
‰ The degree of a polynomial helps us to classify it and
Type II: Finding the Coefficient and Constant Term
understand its behaviour.
of Polynomial
‰ Different types of polynomials (linear, quadratic, cubic) are
Find the coefficients of x2 and x3 in the polynomial:
identified based on their highest power.
2x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 + x – 9
A polynomial of degree 3. Solution:
Cubic Polynomial
Example: 5y3 + y2 + 2y – 1 Step I: Identify the required terms
A polynomial of degree 2. We need:
Quadratic Polynomial
Example: x2 + 5x + 1
‰ Term containing x3
A polynomial of degree 1.
Linear Polynomial ‰ Term containing x2
Example: 3z + 7
From the polynomial:
A polynomial of containing non-zero
‰ x3 term = 5x3
constant number having degree of
Constant Polynomial zero polynomial (0) is not defined. ‰ x2 term = –4x2
Degree 0 (just a number). Step II: Identify the coefficients
Example: 8 (written as 8x0) ‰ Coefficient of x3 = 5
‰ Coefficient of x2 = – 4
‰ Polynomial expressions are widely used in forming
mathematical models of real-world problems. Example: Find the constant term in the polynomial:
7x3 – 4x2 + 6x + 12
‰ Coefficient of variable can be any real number including
irrational numbers (like 2, 3, π etc.) Solution: The constant term is the term without any variable.
Hence, constant term = 12
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2.2 Linear Polynomials Example: Find the value of the quadratic polynomial
5x2 + 3x – 2 if:
Linear polynomial: The polynomials of degree 1 are called linear (i) x = 0
polynomials. (ii) x = – 2
‰ General form of linear polynomial: p(x) = ax + b (iii) x = 3
Linear Equation: Formed when a linear polynomial is equated to Solution:
a constant.
Let the polynomial: p(x) = 5x2 + 3x – 2
Example: 2x + 5 = 8 here 2x + 5 is a linear polynomial equated (i) For x = 0:
to constant number i.e. 8
\ p(0) = 5(0)2 + 3(0) – 2 = – 2
‰ Polynomials can also work like an input-output machine.
For example, in the polynomial 2x + 3 we put a value of x (ii) For x = –2:
as input and get the result as output. \ p(–2) = 5(4) – 6 – 2 = 20 – 6 – 2 = 12
For example: If x = 4 (iii) For x = 3
2(4) + 3 = 11 \ p(3) = 5(9) + 9 – 2 = 45 + 9 – 2 = 52
and if, x = – 6 Type IV: Solving Real Life Problems by Using Linear
2(–6) + 3 = –9 Polynomials
Thus, the output changes according to the value of x. Aman’s father’s age is three times Aman’s present age. After 4
years, the sum of their ages will be 56 years. Find their present
ages.
Solution:
Step I: Let the present age
Let Aman’s present age = x years
Then, Father’s present age = 3x years
Step II: Write ages after 4 years
‰ Function: A function is a rule in which every input value
After 4 years: Aman’s age = x + 4
of gives a corresponding output value according to the
polynomial expression. Father’s age = 3x + 4
For example, in the function f(x) = x + 5 Step III: Form the equation
Q f(x) = y ⇒ y = x + 5 According to the question, their ages after 4 years add up to 56:
When x = 2 then (x + 4) + (3x + 4) = 56
y=2+5=7 Step IV: Simplify and Solve the equation
So, the input 2 gives the output 7. ⇒ x + 4 + 3x + 4 = 56 ⇒ 4x + 8 = 56
⇒ 4x = 56 ⇒ 8 = 48 ⇒ x = 12
Different Problem Types Step V: Find father’s age
⇒ 3x = 3 × 12 = 36
Type III: Finding the Value of Polynomial by Step VI: Final Answer
Substituting Value of Variable Aman’s present age = 12 years
Evaluate the linear polynomial 4x + 2 for the following values: And Father’s present age = 36 years
(i) x = 1 (ii) x = −2 Example: The difference between two positive numbers is 48.
Solution: The ratio of the two numbers is 3 : 7. Find the two numbers.
Let the polynomial: p(x) = 4x + 2 Solution: Let numbers be 3x and 7x
Step I: Substitute x = 1 ⇒ Difference = 48
\ p(1) = 4(1) + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6 \ 7x – 3x = 4x = 48 ⇒ x = 12
Step II: Substitute: x = –2 Hence, Numbers are 36 and 84
\ p(–2) = 4(– 2) + 2 = – 8 + 2 = –6
2.3 Exploring Linear Patterns
Step III: Final Answer
For x = 1, value = 6 Linear pattern: A linear pattern is a sequence in which the
For x = –2, value = –6 difference between consecutive terms is always the same.

3 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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For example: We know that the perimeter of a square is given by: After 3 days → 500 + 3 × 40
Perimeter = 4 × side
Hence, Linear expression for water after n days: Wn = 500 + 40n
If the side of the square is 1 cm, then the perimeter is: 4 × 1 = 4 cm
For side 1.5 cm, perimeter = 4 × 1.5 = 6 cm
2.4 Linear Growth and Linear Decay
For side 2 cm, perimeter = 4 × 2 = 8 cm
Similarly, for sides 2.5 cm and 3 cm, the perimeters are 10 cm Linear Growth: A linear growth pattern occurs when a quantity
and 12 cm respectively. We observe that whenever the side length increases by the same amount at regular intervals.
increases by 0.5 cm, the perimeter increases by 2 cm.
For example, a student saves 50 every week. The savings form the
The example given above highlights a characteristic feature of
pattern: 50, 100, 150, 200, ...
linear polynomials — that the difference between the successive
values is constant. Here, the amount increases by `50 each week, so it represents linear
‰ General Term: Such linear patterns can be expressed using growth.
a formula in terms of n, called the general term. Growth model of Linear Growth: y = a + bx (b > 0) where a can
‰ The general term helps in finding any term directly without be assumed the fixed quantity and b is an increasing amount which
writing the entire sequence. increases at regular intervals constantly.
‰ Linear patterns are closely related to linear polynomials, as Example: The cost of a taxi ride is given by: C(d) = 100 + 60d
both show constant change. Where d is the distance travelled in km and C is the total cost in rupees.
For example: Consider Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ...
Distance d (km) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Here common difference = 2 Cost C (`) 100 160 220 280 340 400
\ General term: 2n – 1
We observe that the cost increases by `60 for every extra kilometre.
So, for n = 5: 2(5) – 1 = 9 Hence, it shows a pattern of linear growth.
Linear Decay: A linear decay pattern occurs when a quantity de-
Different Problem Types creases by the same amount at regular intervals.
Type V: Solving Real Life Problems by Using Linear For example, a water tank contains 500 litres of water and 50 litres
Patterns are used daily.
A boy has `800 in his digital wallet. He receives `200 every The remaining water forms the pattern: 500, 450, 400, 350, ...
month as allowance. How much money will he have from the
Here, the quantity decreases by 50 litres every day, so it represents
second month onwards? Form a linear expression for the
amount in the nth month. linear decay.

Solution: Decay model of Linear Decay: y = a – bx (b > 0) where a can be

Step I: Identify given information assumed the fixed quantity and b is a decreasing amount which
decreases at regular intervals constantly.
Initial amount = `800
Monthly addition = `200 Example: The value of a mobile phone decreases every year
Step II: Understand pattern according to the function: V(t) = 20000 – 2000t

After 1 month → `800 + 200 Where t represents the number of years and V represents the value
After 2 months → `800 + 2 × 200 of the phone in rupees.
After 3 months → `800 + 3 × 200 Years t 0 1 2 3 4
Step III: Form expression Value (V) 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000

For amount after n months linear expression: An = 800 + 200n We observe that the value of the phone decreases by `2000 every
Example: A water tank initially contains 500 litres of water. year. Hence, it represents linear decay.
Every day, 40 litres of water is added. How much water will be Important note:
there from the second day onwards? Form a linear expression
‰ Both growth and decay can be represented using linear
for the amount of water on the nth day.
expressions.
Solution: Given, Initial water = 500 L
‰ These concepts help in modelling real-life situations like
Water added daily = 40 L
population increase, depreciation, or water level changes.
The pattern:
‰ The rate of increase or decrease remains constant through-
After 1 day → 500 + 40
out the process.
After 2 days → 500 + 2 × 40
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 Different Problem Types (ii) Table showing value from 0 to 5 years
(t) (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Type VI: Finding Linear Growth and Decay in Real Value (v) (`) 60,000 57,500 55,000 52,500 50,000 47,500
Life Situations
(iii) Expression relating v and t: v = 60000 – 2500t
A mango tree in a garden is 3 feet tall when planted. With
proper care, it grows by 0.4 feet every month. Since the value decreases by a fixed amount of `2,500 every
(i) Find the height of the mango tree after 9 months. year, the rate of change is constant. Therefore, this situation
(ii) Make a table of values for t varying from 0 to 9 months represents linear decay.
and show how the height, h, increases over time.
(iii) Find an expression that relates h and t, and explain why it 2.5 Linear Relationships
represents linear growth.
Linear Relationship: A linear relationship between two variables
Solution:
x and y can be expressed as y = ax + b, where a ≠ 0, where y is a
Step I: Identify given information dependent on x because its value depends completely on the value
Initial height of mango tree 3 feet of x but x is called choosen freely.
Monthly growth = 0.4 feet ‰ Relation between two variables represented by a straight-
Step II: Understand pattern line equation.
After 1 month → 3 + 0.4 ‰ The value of one variable can be calculated if the value of
After 2 months → 3 + 2 × 0.4 the other variable is known..
After 3 months → 3 + 3 × 0.4 ‰ Linear relationships are commonly used in practical
Step III: Form expression situations like billing systems and measurements.
Height after t months: h = 3 + 0.4t Dependent Variable: Variable whose value depends on another
 his is a linear growth expression because the height increases by
T variable.
a constant amount every month.
Independent Variable: A variable that stands alone and isn’t
Step IV: Find height after 9 months changed by the other variables its value is chosen freely
Substitute t = 9 Example: Consider the linear equation y = 2x + 3
h = 3 + 0.4(9) = 3 + 3.6 = 6.6 feet We can find different values of y by substituting different values
\ Height after 9 months 6.6 feet of x.
Step V: Make table of values (0 to 9 months)
x 1 2 3
(t) (months) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 y = 2x + 3 2(1) + 3 = 5 2(2) + 3 = 7 2(3) + 3 = 9
Height (h)
(feet)
3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 Thus, the corresponding values of y are 5, 7 and 9.
Step VI: Conclusion:
 ence the tree’s height increases uniformly by 0.4 feet each
H Different Problem Types
month, the relation: h = 3 + 0.4t represents Linear Growth.
Example: A scooter is purchased for `60,000. Because of Type VII: Solving Real Life Problems by Using Linear
regular wear and tear, its value decreases by `2,500 every year. Relationships
(i) Find the value of the scooter after 5 years. An online fitness app charges a fixed monthly subscription
(ii) Make a table of values for t varying from 0 to 5 years and plus an extra fee for each workout session attended. A user
show how the value (v), decreases with time. notices that when she attends 8 sessions, her total bill is `560,
(iii) Find an expression that relates v and t, and explain why it and when she attends 12 sessions, her bill becomes `760. If the
represents linear decay.
monthly bill y is represented by the linear equation y = ax + b,
Solution: 
where x is the number of sessions, find the values of a and b.
Given, A scooter is bought for `60,000 and loses `2,500 in value
every year. Solution:
(i) Value after 5 years Clearly we can interpret from the given equation that a be per
Initial value = `60,000 session charge and b be fixed monthly subscription.
Yearly depreciation = `2,500 Step I: Form equations from given data
Value after 5 years: v = 60000 − (2500 × 5) For 8 sessions: 560 = 8a + b
\ v = 60000 − 12500 = 47500
For 12 sessions: 760 = 12a + b
Hence, the scooter’s value after 5 years is `47,500.
5 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P
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Step II: Find value of a
8 y-axis
Subtract the first equation from the second:
7
y = 2x + 1
760 – 560 = (12a + b) – (8a + b) ⇒ 200 = 4a ⇒ a = 50 6
Step III: Find value of b 5 (2, 5)
Substitute a = 50 into first equations: 4
560 = 8(50) + b ⇒ 560 = 400 + b ⇒ b = 160 3 (1, 3)
Step IV: Compare with given relation 2
Given equation: y = 50x + 160 1 (0, 1)
x-axis
Comparing with y = ax + b we get –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b = 160, a = 50
Hence fixed fee = `160 and Cost per session = `50. Note: if a point lies on a line, its coordinates must satisfy the
equation of the line. So, other points lying on this line like (3,7)
Example: A theme park charges visitors a fixed entry fee along are also considered for graph plotting which satisfy the equation
with an extra charge for each ride taken. A visitor finds that y = 2x + 1.
for 6 rides, the total cost is `390, while for 11 rides, the total Slope of a line: For the line y = ax, or y = ax + b. The coefficient
cost is `640. If the total amount y is given by y = ax + b, where of x in y = ax; a is referred to as the slope of the line. It represents
x is the number of rides, determine the values of a and b. the steepness of the line.
‰ The slope indicates the rate of change.
Solution: Given, For 6 rides: 390 = 6a + b  ...(i)
‰ Changing slope changes line direction, while changing
For 11 rides: 640 = 11a + b  ...(ii) intercept shifts the line up or down. Graphs visually explain
Subtracting (i) from (ii): patterns and relationships clearly.
‰ Lines with the same slope but different intercepts are
640 – 390 = (11a + b) – (6a + b) ⇒ 250 = 50a ⇒ a = 50 parallel and never intersect.
Substitute a = 50 in (i): 390 = 6(50) + b ⇒ 390 = 300 + b ⇒ b = 90 ‰ The slope represents the constant difference between
consecutive terms of the sequence.
Given equation: y = 50x + 90
‰ The line y = x makes equal angles with both the x-axis and
Comparing this equation with y = ax + b we get, a = 50, b = 90 the y-axis.
Hence, Fixed entry fee `90 and Cost per ride = `50 ‰ If a > 1 then the graph of y = ax is steeper compared to the
line y = x.
‰ If a < 1 then the line y = ax is flatter than the line y = x.
2.6 Visualising Linear Relationships
‰ A straight line having a positive slope represents linear
In this topic we will learn to plot the graph of a linear equation on growth, whereas a straight line with a negative slope
represents linear decay. So, y = ax represents the linear
a graph paper.
growth and y = – ax represents the linear decay.
Graph of Linear Equation: A straight line on a coordinate plane. Example: Figure given below shows all the three graphs on
To plot a linear equation, we need to identify any two points on the same axes.
the line.
y-axis
Example: let us draw the graph of linear equation y = 2x + 1.
To plot y = 2x + 1, we may identify two or three points as follows:
let us find three points by substituting different values of x. y = 2x y = x
3
x y Point (x, y)
2 y = 12 x
0 y = 2(0) + 1 = 1 (0, 1) 1
x-axis
1 y = 2(1) + 1 = 3 (1, 3)
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 y = 2(2) + 1 = 5 (2, 5) –1
–2
Thus, the three points are: (0,1), (1,3), (2,5)
–3
We plot these points on the coordinate plane, join them and extend
the line in both directions as shown below:

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we observe that when a > 1, the line is steeper than the line y = x, Step III: Plot the points
which is equally inclined to both axes.
Plot each set of points on graph paper and join them to form
However, when a < 1, the line is less steep than the line y = x. straight lines.
Graph of a line: Any straight line of the form y = ax + b cuts the 15 y = 3x
y-axis at the point (0, b), where a represents the slope of the line y = 5x
and the length b represents the y-intercept.
Y-Intercept (b): Point where line cuts y-axis. 10 (2,10)

‰ The y-intercept shows the starting value of the relationship

when x = 0. (2,6)
5 (1,5)
‰ Graphically, linear growth is shown by an upward sloping
(1,3)
line, while linear decay is shown by a downward sloping line.
(2,2)
‰ When b = 0, the equation of the line becomes y = ax and the (1,1)
line passes through the origin. –15 –10 0 (0,0) 5 10 15

‰ Any two points satisfying the equation are enough to draw

the complete line. –5
y=x
Example: The line y = x + 3 has a y-intercept of 3, so it cuts the
y-axis 3 units above the origin in the positive direction.
–10
Similarly, the line y = 3x – 2 has a y-intercept of –2, so it cuts the
y-axis 2 units below the origin in the negative direction. Step IV: Compare the role of a
In the equation y = ax, the value of a determines the slope of the line.
Different Problem Types
a = 5, a = 3, a = 1
Type VIII: Drawing the Graph of Linear Polynomial Since 5 > 3 > 1:
Graph the following linear equations on the same coordinate ‰ Larger a Steeper graph
plane: y = 5x, y = 3x, and y = x
‰ Smaller a Flatter graph
Find suitable points for each graph, plot them, and compare the
role of coefficient a in the relation y = ax. ‰ y = 5x is the steepest line
Solution: ‰ y = 3x is less steep
Step I: Identify the equations ‰ y = x is the least steep
1. y = 5x Hence as the value of a increases, the line becomes steeper, while
2. y = 3x all lines pass through the origin because b = 0
3. y = x Example: Draw the graphs of: y = 4x − 2, y = 4x, y = 4x + [Link]
Here, b = 0 in all equations, so each line passes through the origin each case, reflect on the role of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(0,0). Solution: Find the coordinates points for each equation
Step II: Find points for each graph
For y = 4x – 2
For y = 5x
x 0 1 2
x 0 1 2
y –2 2 6
y 0 5 10
Points: (0, –2), (1,2), (2,6)
Points: (0, 0), (1, 5), (2, 10)
For y = 4x + 2
For y = 3x
x 0 1 2
x 0 1 2
y 2 6 10
y 0 3 6
Points: (0, 0), (1, 3), (2, 6) Points: (0,2), (1,6), (2,10)

For y = x For y = 4x
x 0 1 2
x 0 1 2
y 0 1 2 y 0 4 8

Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2) Points: (0,0), (1,4), (2,8)

7 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 Step V: Find intercepts
y = 4x + 2
y = 4x For y-axis, x = 0: p(0) = 1
(2, 10) So, point (0, 1).
10
(2, 8) For x-axis, p(x) = 0
(1, 6) (2, 6)
3x + 1 = 0
5 1
(1, 4)
⇒ x= −
(0, 2) (1, 2) 3
 1 
(0, 0) Therefore point:  − ,0 
–15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15  3 
(0, –2) Step VI: Draw the graph
For p(x) = 3x + 1, substitute convenient values of x:
–5
y = 4x – 2
x 0 1 2
y or p(x) 1 4 7
–10
Coordinates: (0, 1), (1, 4), (2, 7)

Here, a = 4 Plot these point and join them to draw the graph of p(x) = 3x + 1

So, all lines have the same slope and are parallel.
Values of b are –2, 0, 2, so changing the intercepts results into
10
shifting the lines up or down.
Thus, a controls slope and b controls vertical position. (2, 7)
5
Type IX: Finding the Polynomial from Coordinates of (1, 4)
Points
(0, 1)
The graph of a linear polynomial p(x) passes through the –10 –5 0 5 10
points (2,7) and (5, 16).
(i) Find the polynomial p(x) –5
(ii) Find the coordinates where the graph of p(x) cuts the
x-axis and y-axis.
(iii) Draw the graph of p(x) and verify your answers.
Solution:
Step I: Identify given points
Given: (2,7), (5,16) Example: The graph of a linear polynomial p(x) passes through
the points (1, 4) and (4, 13).
Let: p(x) = ax + b
(i) Find the polynomial p(x).
Step II: Form equations
(ii) Find the coordinates where the graph of p(x) cuts the x-axis
Using (2, 7): 7 = 2a + b ...(i) and y-axis.
Using (5, 16): 16 = 5a + b ...(ii) (iii) Draw the graph of p(x) and verify your answers.
Step III: Find value of a Solution:
Subtracting (i) from (ii): 16 – 7 = (5a + b) – (2a + b) (i) Given points: (1,4), (4, 13)
Let: p(x) = ax + b
⇒ 9 = 3a ⇒ a = 3
Using points:
Step IV: Find value of b
4 = a + b  ...(i)
Substitute a = 3 in (i): 13 = 4a + b  ...(ii)
7 = 2(3) + b Subtracting (i) from (ii):
⇒7=6+b⇒b=1 13 – 4 = (4a + b) – (a + b)
Thus, p(x) = 3x + 1 ⇒ 9 = 3a ⇒ a = 3

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Substitute a = 3 in (i):
4=3+b⇒b=1
Thus, p(x) = 3x + 1 10
(3,10)
(ii) For y-axis, x = 0: p(0) = 1
\ Point: (0, 1)
For x-axis, p(x) = 0 5

⇒ 3x + 1 = 0
(0, 1)
1
⇒ x= − –5 5
3
(–1, –2) 0
 1 
\ Point:  − ,0 
3  –5
(iii) for linear equation coordinates will be
x –1 0 3
p(x) –2 1 10

Coordinates: (–1, –2), (0, 1), (3, 10)

Now, plot these points and join them to draw the graph.

9 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 CONCEPT MAP

1 INTRODUCTION 2 LINEAR POLYNOMIALS 3 EXPLORING LINEAR

‰ A linear polynomial is a polynomial of PATTERNS
‰ Polynomials involve
variables with whole degree 1. ‰ A sequence in which the
number powers. ‰ General form: difference between consecutive
‰ Classified by degree: ax + b(a ≠ 0) terms is constant.
constant (0), linear (1), ‰ Its graph is a straight line. ‰ General term (nth term):
quadratic (2), cubic (3).
‰ Linear polynomials has the form ax + b, where an = an + b
‰ General form of a
a≠0 (when b is zero term i.e. n = 0)
polynomial in one variable:
‰ A linear polynomial has exactly one zero,
a nx n + a n–1x n–1 + ... + a 1x + Example:
b
a0 (where an ≠ 0, n is a whole x= −
a Sequence: 3, 7, 11, 15, ...
number) ‰ Linear polynomials help in modelling and Here a = 4, b = 3
solving practical problems. nth term = 4n – 1
Example:
In 5y3 + y2 + 2y – 1, degree = 3 Example:
(cubic). 4x + 3 is a linear polynomial with a = 4, b = 3
In 3z + 7, degree = 1 (linear).
In 8, degree 0 (constant).

4 LINEAR GROWTH AND

LINEAR DECAY
‰ Linear growth: quantity increases by 8 APPLICATION OF LINEAR
a fixed amount. POLYNOMIALS IN REAL LIFE
‰ Linear decay: quantity decreases by a ‰ Linear polynomials model are useful in
Fixed amount INTRODUCTION many real-life situations.
‰ Models are linear pattern based ‰ Cost and Profit: C = mx + c
TO LINEAR ‰ Distance-Time: d = vt + s
Formulas:
POLYNOMIALS PRT
Growth: y = a + bx (b > 0) ‰ Simple interest: I =
Decay: y = a – bx (b > 0) 100
Example: Example:
Savings increase `50 each week: Profit = `200x + 500 (x items sold)
S = 100 + 50n
(linear growth)

5 LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS
‰ Relationship between two variables 6 VISUALISING LINEAR 7 SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS
expressed by a linear equation. RELATIONSHIPS ‰ Find the value of the variable that satisfies
‰ General form: ‰ Graph of a linear equation the equation.
is a straight line. ‰ Use inverse operations to solve.
y = ax + b ‰ General form (slope- ‰ Coefficient of the variable cannot be zero.
‰ ‘a’ is the rate of change of y w.r.t x intercept): General form and solution:
‰ ‘b’ is the value of y when x = 0 y = ax + b c−b
ax + b = c ⇒ x = (a ≠ 0)
Example: ‰ Slope = a, y-intercept = b a

Total cost: C = 20x + 50 Example: Example:

(Cost per item `20, fixed charge `50) For y = 2x + 1, slope = 2. 11 − 3
y - intercept = 1 → line cuts y-axis 2x + 3 = 11 ⇒ x = =4
2
at (0, 1).

P
W CBSE Class – IX MATHEMATICS 10
 NCERT Exercise

Exercise Set 2.1 2. Find the value of the quadratic polynomial 7s2 – 4s + 6
if:
1. Find the degrees of the following polynomials:
(i) s = 0     (ii) s = – 3     (iii) s = 4
(i) 2x2 – 5x + 3 (ii) y3 + 2y – 1
Sol. Given Polynomial: 7s2 – 4s + 6
(iii) –9 (iv) 4z – 3
(i) When s = 0
Sol. (i) 2x2 – 5x + 3: The maximum exponent for the variable x
is 2, which means the degree is 2. Substitute 0 into the expression:
(ii) y3 + 2y –1: The highest power of the variable y is 3; 7(0)2 – 4(0) + 6 = 0 – 0 + 6 = 6
therefore, the degree is 3. (ii) When s = –3
(iii) –9: this is a constant polynomial without a variable. Substitute –3 into the expression:
So, its degree is 0. 7(–3)2 –4(–3) + 6
(iv) 4z – 3: The largest exponent for the variable is 1, so = 7(9) + 12 + 6 = 63 + 12 + 6 = 81
the degree is 1. (iii) When s = 4:
2. Write polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3. Substitute 4 into the expression:
Sol. For degree 1 (Linear Polynomial): 2x + 3 7(4)2 – 4(4) + 6 = 7(16) – 16 + 6
For degree 2 (Quadratic Polynomial): x2 – 4x + 1 = 112 – 16 + 6 = 102
For degree 3 (Cubic Polynomial): x3 + 2x2 – x + 5 3. The present age of Salil's mother is three times Salil’s
present age. After 5 years, their ages will add up to 70
3. What are the coefficients of x2 and x3 in the polynomial
years. Find their present ages
x4 – 3x3 + 6x2 – 2x + 7?
Sol. Let Salil’s current age be represented by x years.
Sol. In the polynomial x4 – 3x3 + 6x2 – 2x + 7:
Since his mother is three times as old, her current age is 3x
The coefficient of x2 = 6.
years.
The coefficient of x3 = – 3.
In 5 years, their ages will be:
4. What is the coefficient of z in the polynomial 4z3 + 5z2 Salil’s age: x + 5
–11?
Mother's age: 3x + 5
Sol. In the polynomial 4z3 + 5z2 – 11: Based on the problem, the sum of their ages is 70:
Because there is no term containing z. So, its coefficient is 0. \ (x + 5) + (3x + 5) = 70 ⇒ 4x + 10 = 70
5. What is the constant term of the polynomial 9x3 + 5x2 – ⇒ 4x = 70 – 10 ⇒ 4x = 60

8x – 10?
60
Sol. In the polynomial 9x3 + 5x2 – 8x – 10: ⇒x=
⇒ x = 15
4
The constant term is the part of the expression that does not Hence, Salil’s present age (x) = 15 years and Mother's present
include a variable. age (3x) = 3 × 15 = 45 years.
Thus, the constant term is –10. 4. The difference between two positive integers is 63. The
ratio of the two integers is 2:5. Find the two integers.
Exercise Set 2.2
Sol. Since the ratio is 2 : 5 we can represent the two integers as
1. Find the value of the linear polynomial 5x – 3 if:
2x and 5x.
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1 (iii) x = 2
We are given that their difference is 63:
Sol. Given Polynomial: 5x – 3
\ 5x – 2x = 63 ⇒ 3x = 63

(i) When x = 0
63
Substitute x = 0 ⇒x=
⇒ x = 21
3
\ 5(0) – 3 = 0 – 3 = –3
Substitute the value of x back into our expressions:
(ii) When x = – 1 First integer (2x): 2 × 21 = 42
\ 5(–1) – 3 = – 5 – 3 = –8
Second integer (5x): 5 × 21 = 105
(iii) When x = 2:
Hence, The two integers are 42 and 105.
\ 5(2) – 3 = 10 – 3 = 7

11 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 5. Ruby has 3 times as many two-rupee coins as she has five 2. A rally starts with 120 members. Each hour, 9 members
rupee-coins. If she has a total `88 how many coins does drop out of the group. How many members will remain
she have of each type? after 1, 2, 3, ... hours? Find a linear expression to represent
Sol. Let the total number of five-rupee coins be x. the number of members at the end of the nth hour.
According to the problem, Ruby has three times as many Sol. Starting number of members = 120
two-rupee coins, which is 3x. Rate of members leaving = 9 per hour
Given, the total value of all coins is `88. Members remaining after 1 hour = 120 – 9 = 111
\ 5(x) + 2(3x) = 88 ⇒ 5x + 6x = 88 Members remaining after 2 hours = 120 – 2 × 9
⇒ 11 x = 88 ⇒ x = 8 120 – 18 = 102
So, Two-rupee coins: 3 × 8 = 24 Members remaining after 3 hours = 120 – 3 × 9
Hence, ruby possesses 8 five-rupee coins and 24 two-rupee 120 – 27 = 93
coins. Continuing this pattern...
6. A farmer cuts a 300 feet fence into two pieces of different \ Total members remaining after n hours, M(n) = 120 – 9n
sizes. The longer piece is four times as long as the shorter The above linear equation represents the number of
piece. How long are the two pieces? participants left in the rally at the end of the nth hour.
Sol. Let the length of the shorter fence piece be x feet. 3. Suppose the length of a rectangle is 13 cm. Find the area
The longer piece is four times this length, or 4x feet. if the breadth is (i) 12 cm, (ii) 10 cm, (iii) 8 cm. Find the
The combined length of both pieces is 300 feet. linear pattern representing the area of the rectangle.
x + 4x = 300 ⇒ 5x = 300 ⇒ x = 60 Sol. Fixed length of the rectangle = 13 cm
Shorter piece: 60 feet and Longer piece: 4 × 60 = 240 feet Let the breadth be represented by b.
7. If the length of a rectangle is three more than twice its Area when breadth is 12 cm = 13 × 12 = 156 cm2
width and its perimeter is 24 cm, what are the dimensions Area when breadth is 10 cm = 13 × 10 = 130 cm2
of the rectangle? Area when breadth is 8 cm = 13 × 8 = 104 cm2
Sol. Let the width of the rectangle be w cm. \ The general linear expression representing the area for
The length is described as three more than twice the width: any given breadth b is:
2w + 3 cm. Area of the rectangle = 13b
The perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (length + width) = 24 cm. 4. Suppose the length of a rectangular box is 7 cm and
⇒ 2[(2w + 3) + w] = 24 ⇒ 2(3w + 3) = 24 breadth is 11 cm. Find the volume if the height is (i) 5 cm,
⇒ 6w + 6 = 24 ⇒ 6w = 18 ⇒ w = 3 (ii) 9 cm, (iii) 13 cm. Find the linear pattern representing
So, width: 3 cm the volume of the rectangular box
And length: 2(3) + 3 = 9 cm Sol. Volume formula for a cuboid = length x breadth x height
Hence, The dimensions of the rectangle are a width of 3 cm Fixed length = 7 cm
and a length of 9 cm. Fixed breadth = 11 cm
Let the height be represented by h.
Exercise Set 2.3
Base volume = 7 × 11 × h = 77h
Solve the following:
(i) Volume when height is 5 cm = 77 × 5 = 385 cm3
1. A student has `500 in her savings bank account. She gets (ii) Volume when height is 9 cm = 77 × 9 = 693 cm3
`150 every month as pocket money. How much money (iii) Volume when height is 13 cm = 77 × 13 = 1001 cm3
will she have at the end of every month from the second
month onwards? Find a linear expression to represent The general linear expression representing the volume for
the amount she will have in the nth month. any given height h is:
V = 77 h
Sol. Starting balance = `500
Fixed monthly deposit = `150 5. Sarita is reading a book of 500 pages. She reads 20 pages
Balance at the end of month 1 = `500 + `150 = `650 every day. How many pages will be left after 15 days?
Express this as a linear pattern.
Balance at the end of month 2 = `500 + 2 × `150
= 500 + 300 = `800 Sol. Overall book length = 500 pages
Balance at the end of month 3 = `500 + 3 × `150 Daily reading amount = 20 pages
= 500 + 450 = `950 Pages finished by day 15 = 20 × 15 = 300
Balance at the end of month 4 = `500 + 4 × `150 Remaining unread pages = 500 – 300 = 200
= 500 + 600 = `1100 Hence 200 pages will be left after 15 days.
Continuing in this manner... Defining the general linear expression: Assuming n stands
for the total number of days spent reading. The function
Total funds after n months, An = 500 + 150n
representing the unread pages remaining after n days is:
The above linear equation represents the total money
accumulated by the nth month. P(n) = 500 – 20n

P
W CBSE Class – IX MATHEMATICS 12
 Exercise Set 2.4 (ii) The following table maps the phone's depreciating
value over an 8-year span, illustrating a consistent
1. Suppose a plant has height 1.75 feet and it grows by 0.5
feet each month. drop of `800 annually:
(i) Find the height after 7 months. Year (t) Value v (`)
(ii) Make a table of values for t varying from 0 to 0 10,000
10 months and show how the height, h, increases 1 9,200
every month. 2 8,400
(iii) Find an expression that relates h and t, and explain 3 7,600
why it represents linear growth. 4 6,800
Sol. 5 6,000
(i) Starting height = 1.75 ft 6 5,200
Monthly growth rate = 0.5 ft 7 4,400
Plant height at the end of 7 months: 8 3,600
= 1.75 + (0.5 × 7) (iii) The formula linking the phone's current value (v) to
= 1.75 + 3.5 = 5.25 ft. the number of elapsed years: v = 10000 – 800t
(ii) Here is the table mapping the plant's growth over This scenario illustrates linear decay because the asset loses
10 months, showing a steady addition of 0.5 ft per value at a strict unchanging rate (`800) every single year.
month:
3. The initial population of a village is 750. Every year, 50
Month (t) Height h(ft) people move from a nearby city to the village.
0 1.75 (i) Find the population of the village after 6 years.
1 2.25 (ii) Make a table of values for t varying from 0 to 10
2 2.75 years and show how the population, P, increases
3 3.25 every year.
4 3.75 (iii) Find an expression that relates P and t, and explain
5 4.25 why it represents linear growth.
6 4.75 Sol. (i) Starting population = 750
7 5.25 Yearly increase of people = 50
8 5.75 Village population after 6 years:
= 750 + (50 × 6) = 750 + 300 = 1050.
9 6.25
(ii) The following table tracks the village population over
10 6.75
a 10-year period, illustrating a consistent increase of 50
(iii) The equation connecting the height (h) and the people per year:
number of months (t) is:
Year (t) Population(P)
h = 1.75 + 0.5t
0 750
\ This indicates linear growth because the plant's height
1 800
increases by a steady, constant amount (0.5 ft) every single
month. 2 850
3 900
2. A mobile phone is bought for `10,000. Its value decreases
by `800 every year. 4 950
(i) Find the value of the phone after 3 years. 5 1,000
(ii) Make a table of values for t varying from 0 to 6 1,050
8 years and show how the value of the phone, v, 7 1,100
depreciates with time. 8 1,150
(iii) Find an expression that relates v and t, and explain 9 1,200
why it represents linear decay. 10 1,250
Sol. (i) Purchase price = `10,000 (iii) The formula relating the total population (P) to the
Annual depreciation rate = `800 elapsed years (t) is: P = 750 + 50t
This scenario represents linear growth because the
Phone's value at the end of 3 years:
population expands at a fixed rate (+50 individuals) each
= 10000 – (800 × 3) = 10000 – 2400 = `7,600. consecutive year.

13 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 4. A telecom company charges `600 for a certain recharge 14a + b = 500 ...(ii)
scheme. Subtract eqn (i) from eqn (ii):
This prepaid balance is reduced by `15 each day after ⇒ (14a + b) – (10a + b) = 500 – 400
the recharge. ⇒ 4a = 100 ⇒ a = 25
(i) Write an equation that models the remaining Substitute the value of a eqn (i):
balance b(x) after using the scheme for x days. \ 10(25) + b = 400
Explain why it represents linear decay.
⇒ 250 + b = 400 ⇒ b = 400 – 250 ⇒ b = 150
(ii) After how many days will the balance run out?
Therefore, the final values are a = 25 and b = 150
(iii) Make a table of values for x varying from 1 to 10
days and show how the balance b(x), reduces with 2. A gym charges a fixed monthly fee and an additional cost
time. per hour for using the badminton court. A student using
the gym observed that when she used the badminton court
Sol. (i) Starting account balance = `600
for 10 hours, her bill was `800. When she used it for 15
Daily deduction rate = `15 hours, her bill was `1100 If the monthly bill y depends on
The formula to calculate the remaining balance b(x) the hours of the use of the badminton court, x, according
after x days is: b(x) = 600 – 15x. to the relation y = ax + b, find the values of a and b.
This is an example of linear decay because the funds Sol. Given the linear relationship: y = ax + b
decrease at a strict, unchanged rate of `15 every single
Let y is the total monthly bill, and x represents the hours the
day.
badminton court was used.
(ii) To determine when the funds will be entirely depleted,
From the first condition (10 hours of usage costs `800):
set the balance to zero:
10a + b = 800 ...(i)
⇒ 600 – 15x = 0 ⇒ 15x = 600 ⇒ x = 40
From the second condition (15 hours of usage costs `1100):
The account balance will run out in exactly 40 days.
15a + b = 1100 ...(ii)
(iii) The following table tracks the daily balance for the first n
Subtract eq (i) from (ii):
10 days, showing a steady decline:
(15a + b) – (10a + b) = 1100 – 800
Day (x) Balance b(x)(`)
⇒ 5a = 300 ⇒ a = 60
1 585 Substitute the value of a in eqn (i):
2 570 \ 10(60) + b = 800
3 555 ⇒ 600 + b = 800
4 540 ⇒ b = 800 – 600
5 525 ⇒ b = 200
6 510 Thus, the calculated values are a = 60 and b = 200.
7 495 3. Consider the relationship between temperature measured
8 480 in degrees Celsius (°C) and degrees Fahrenheit (°F), which
9 465 is given by °C = a °F + b. Find a and b, given that ice melts
at 0 degrees Celsius and 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and water
10 450
boils at 100 degrees Celsius and 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
As shown, the balance drops by exactly `15 each day
uniformly, verifying the linear decay pattern. (Hint: When °C = 0, °F = 32 and when °C = 100, °F = 212
Use this information to find a and b, and thus, the linear
Exercise Set 2.5 relationship between °C and °F.)
1. A learning platform charges a fixed monthly fee and an Sol. Given the linear equation representing the relationship:
additional cost per digital learning module accessed. A C = aF + b
student observes that when she accessed 10 modules, Using the freezing point of water (F = 32 , C = 0 )
her bill was `400. When she accessed 14 modules, her 32a + b = 0 ...(i)
bill was `500. If the monthly bill y depends on the Using the boiling point of water (F = 212 , C = 100)
number of modules accessed, x, according to the relation 212 a + b = 100 ...(ii)
y = ax + b, find the values of a and b.
Subtract eqn (i) from (ii):
Sol. Given the linear relation: y = ax + b (212a + b) – (32a + b) = 100 – 0
Let y represents the total bill, and x is the number of modules
100 5
accessed. ⇒ 180a = 100⇒ a = ⇒a=
180 9
Based on the first scenario (10 modules cost `400):
Substitute the value of a back into eqn (i):
10a + b = 400 ...(i)
5
Based on the second scenario (14 modules cost `500): \ 32   + b = 0
9
P
W CBSE Class – IX MATHEMATICS 14
 160  160 
⇒ + b = 0 ⇒ b =  
9  9 

y=
5  160  10
The calculated constants are a = and b =   

–3x
9  9 
Therefore, the correct linear equation is:
5° F 160 5 5

y=
°C= − = (° F − 32)
9 9 9

–
x
Exercise Set 2.6 (0, 0)
–10 –5 (1, –1) 5 10
1. Draw the graphs of the following sets of lines. In each (2, –2)
case, reflect on the role of ‘a’ and ‘b’. (1, –3)
(i) y = 4x, y = 2x, y = x –5
(1, –6) (2, –6)
(ii) y = – 6x, y = – 3x, y = – x
(iii) y = 5x, y = –5x
–10
(iv) y = 3x – 1, y = 3x, y = 3x + 1

y = –6x
(v) y = –2x – 3, y = –2x, y = 2x + 3 (2, –12)

Sol. (i) Equations: y = 4x, y = 2x, y = x

Table of values: Observations:
• All lines pass through the origin.
x y=x y = 2x y = 4x
• A negative ‘a’ means the lines slope downward.
0 0 0 0
• A larger magnitude of ‘a’ results in a steeper downward
1 1 2 4
slope.
2 2 4 8 (iii) Equations: y = 5x, y = – 5x
Table of Values:
x y = 5x y = –5x
4x
2x
y=

0 0 0
10
y=

(2,8) 1 5 –5
x

–1 –5 5
y=

5
(1,4) (2,4)
(1,2)

x
(2,2)
y = –5

y=5
(0, 0) (1,1)
0 10
–5 –5 5 10
x

–5 (-1, 5) 5 (1, 5)

(0, 0)
–10
–10 –5 5 10

(-1, -5) (1, -5)

–5
Observations:
• All lines pass through the origin because b = 0.
• A larger ‘a’ (Slope) results in a steeper line. –10
(ii) Equations: y = –6x, y = –3x, y = –x
Table of Values:
x y=–x y = –3x y = –6x Observations:
0 0 0 0 • Both lines pass through the origin.
1 –1 –3 –6 • They have the same steepness but in opposite directions
2 –2 –6 –12 (they are mirror images).

15 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 (iv) Equations: y = 3x – 1, y = 3x, y = 3x + 1 • A different ‘b’ value shifts the line vertically up or
Table of Values: down.
(v) Equations: y = –2x – 3, y = –2x, y = 2x + 3
x y = 3x – 1 y = 3x y = 3x + 1
Table of Values:
0 –1 0 1
x y = –2x – 3 y = –2x y = 2x + 3
1 2 3 4 0 –3 0 3
1 –5 –2 5

3x
(1, 4)

y=
4

+3
10

y=
3x +

2x
y=

y=
–2x
(1, 3)

–2x
y=
3

–3
5 (1, 5)
(0, 3)
2 (1, 2)
(0, 0)
1

–10 –5 5 10
3x –

(0, 1) (1, -2)

1 (0, -3)
y=

(1, -5)
–5
(0, 0)
–2 –1 0 1 2
–10

–1 (0, –1)

Observations:
–2 • The first two lines (y = –2x – 3 and y = –2x) are parallel
because they have the same slope (–2).
• The third line (y = 2x + 3) has a different slope, resulting
in a different direction.
Observations: • The parameter ‘b’ controls the vertical position
• Lines with the same slope (a = 3) are parallel. (y-intercept) of the line.

P
W CBSE Class – IX MATHEMATICS 16
 End-of-Chapter Exercises 5. If you have `800 and you save `250 every month, find
1. Write a polynomial of degree 3 in the variable x, in which the amount you have after
the coefficient of the x2 term is –7. (i) 6 months
Sol. The standard form of a cubic polynomial (degree 3) is (ii) 2 years. Express this as a linear pattern.
expressed as: Sol. Let t be the number of months and A be the total amount.
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (where a ≠ 0) (i) After 6 months (t = 6): A = 800 + 250(6)
The problem specifies that the x2 coefficient must be –7, ⇒ A = 800 + 1500
which means b = –7. ⇒ A = 2300
ax3 – 7x2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0 The amount after 6 months is `2300.
An example of a polynomial that meets this requirement is: (ii) After 2 years (t = 24 months):
x3 – 7x2 – 10x – 8 A = 800 + 250(24)
2. Find the values of the following polynomials at the ⇒ A = 800 + 6000
indicated values of the variables. ⇒ A = 6800
(i) 5x2 – 3x + 7 if x = 1 \ The amount after 2 years is `6800.
(ii) 4t3 – t2 + 6 if t = a
Hence, the linear pattern is: A = 800 + 250t
Sol.
6. The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 . If the digits
(i) To find the value of 5x2 – 3x + 7 when x = 1 :
are interchanged, and the resulting number is added to
Substitute 1 in place of x :
the original number, we get 143. Find both the numbers.
\ 5(1)2 – 3(1) + 7 = 5(1) – 3 + 7 = 5 – 3 + 7 = 9
Sol. Let the tens digit be x and the units digit be y, making the
(ii) To find the value of 4t3 – t2 + 6 when t = a:
original number 10x + y.
Substitute a in place of t :
Assuming the tens digit is larger, their difference is 3:
\ 4(a)3 – (a)2 + 6 = 4a3 – a2 + 6
x–y=3 ...(i)
5 2 The number with interchanged digits is 10y + x.
3. If we multiply a number by and add to the product,
2 3
Adding both numbers together equals 143:
−7
we get . Find the number. (10x + y) + (10y + x) = 143
12
Sol. Let the unknown number be x. ⇒ 11x + 11y = 143
5 2 7 5 7 2 −7 − 8 Dividing the entire equation by 11 simplifies it:
∴ x+ = − ⇒ x= − − =
2 3 12 2 12 3 12 ⇒ x + y = 13 ...(ii)
5 15 15 2 Adding Equation 1 and Equation 2:
⇒ x= − ⇒x= − ×
2 12 12 5 \ (x – y) + (x + y) = 3 + 13
30 1
⇒x= − ⇒x= − ⇒ 2x = 16 ⇒ x = 8
60 2
Substitute x = 8 back into eqn (ii)
1
Hence, the number is − . \ 8 + y = 13 ⇒ y = 5
2
4. A positive number is 5 times another number. If 21 is The original number is 10(8) + 5 = 85, and the interchanged
added to both the numbers, then one of the new numbers number is 58.
becomes twice the other new number. What are the 7. Draw the graph of the following equations, and identify
numbers? their slopes and y-intercepts. Also, find the coordinates
Sol. Let the smaller number be x and the larger number be 5x. of the points where these lines cut the y-axis.
∴ 5 x + 21 = 2 ( x + 21) ⇒ 5 x + 21 = 2 x + 42 (i) y = –3x + 4
⇒ 5 x − 2 x = 42 − 21 ⇒ 3 x = 21 (ii) 2y = 4x + 7
21 (iii) 5y = 6x – 10
⇒x= ⇒x= 7
3 (iv) 3y = 6x – 11
So, larger number: 5x = 5 × 7 = 35
Are any of the lines parallel?
Hence, the smaller number is 7 , and the larger number is 35.

17 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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Sol. (i) y = –3x + 4 7
Slope (a) = 2, y-intercept (b) =
x 0 1 2
y 4 1  7
⇒ Cuts y -axis at  0, 
 2
(iii) 5y = 6x – 10
6
10 ⇒y= x–2
5
x 0 5
5 y –2 4
(0,4)
(5, 4)
(1,1) 4
–10 –5 0 5 10
3
–5

2
–10

Comparing with y = ax + b
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope (a) = –3, y-intercept (b) = 4
⇒ Cuts y-axis at (0, 4)
–1
7
(ii) 2y = 4x + 7 ⇒ y = 2x +
2
x 0 –1 –2 (0, –2)
y 3.5 1.5
Comparing with y = ax + b
6
Slope (a) = , y-intercept (b) = –2 ⇒ Cuts y-axis at (0,–2)
5
11
(iv) 3y = 6x – 11 ⇒ y = 2x –
4 3
(0,3.5)
x 0 3
2 y –3.67 2.33

10
(–1,1.5)
–4 –2 0 2 4
5
–2 (2.33, 3)

–5 0 5

(0, –3.67)
5

Comparing with y = ax + b

P
W CBSE Class – IX MATHEMATICS 18
 11 w
Slope (a) = 2, y-intercept (b) = –

3d
3

w=
 11  10
⇒ Cuts y-axis at  0, −  (3, 9)
 3
Parallel Lines: (2, 6)
5
Equations (ii) and (iv) both have a slope of 2. Therefore they
(1, 3)
are parallel to each other.
(0, 0)
8. If the temperature of a liquid can be measured in Kelvin
–10 –5 5 10 d
units as x°K and in Fahrenheit units as y°F, the relation
between the two systems of measurement of temperature
9 –5
is given by the linear equation y = ( x − 273 ) + 32 .
5
(i) Find the temperature of the liquid in Fahrenheit if
–10
the temperature of the liquid is 313 K.
(ii) If the temperature is 158°F, then find the temperature
in Kelvin.
9
Sol. Given the conversion formula: y = ( x − 273) + 32 (where 10. The graph of a linear polynomial p(x) passes through the
5
x is Kelvin temperature and y is Fahrenheit temperature) points (1, 5) and (3, 11).
(i) To find Fahrenheit when Kelvin is 313 K: (i) Find the polynomial p(x).
Substitute x = 313: (ii) Find the coordinates where the graph of p(x) cuts the
9 9 axes.
y
∴= ( 313 − 273) + 32 ⇒=
y ( 40 ) + 32 (iii) Draw the graph of p(x) and verify your answers.
5 5
⇒ y = 72 + 32 ⇒ y = 104°F Sol. (i) Find the polynomial p(x):
(ii) To find Kelvin when Fahrenheit is 158°F : Assume the standard form of the linear polynomial is
Substitute y = 158 : p(x) = ax + b, where p(x) = y.
9 9 p(x) passes through point (1, 5):
∴ 158= ( x − 273) + 32 ⇒ 126 = ( x − 273)
5 5 Substitute x = 1 and p(x) = 5
5 ⇒a+b=5 ...(1)
⇒ x − 273 = 126 × ⇒ x − 273 = 70 ⇒ x = 343 K
9
p(x) passes through point (3, 11):
9. The work done by a body on the application of a constant
Substitute x = 3 and p(x) = 11
force is the product of the constant force and the distance
travelled by the body in the direction of the force. Express ⇒ 3a + b = 11  ...(2)
this in the form of a linear equation in two variables (work Subtract equation (1) from equation (2):
w and distance d), and draw its graph by taking the constant \ (3a + b) – (a + b) = 11 – 5 ⇒ 2a = 6 ⇒ a = 3
force as 3 units. What is the work done when the distance Now, substitute a = 3 into equation (1):
travelled is 2 units? Verify it by plotting it on the graph. \3+b=5⇒b=2
Sol. Formula: Work (w) = Force (F) × Distance (d). Therefore, the polynomial is p(x) = 3x + 2.
Given F = 3 ⇒ the linear equation is w = 3d. (ii) Find the coordinates where the graph cuts the axes
For distance d = 2 ⇒ w = 3(2) ⇒ w = 6 units. \ Y-axis intercept: Set x = 0 in the polynomial.
Coordinates for w = 3d p(0) = 3(0) + 2 ⇒ p(0) = 2.
d 0 1 3 The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 2).
w 0 3 9
\ X-axis intercept: Set p(x) = 0.
Verification: Plotting the coordinates (0, 0),(1, 3), and (3, 9)
creates a straight line. 2
3 x + 2 =0 ⇒ 3 x =−2 ⇒ x =− .
3
Also, the calculated point (2, 6) lies exactly on this graph,
verifying the result.  2 
The graph cuts the x-axis at  − , 0  .
 3 
19 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P
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 (iii) p(x) or y = 3x + 2 12. Look at the first three stages of a growing pattern of
hexagons made using matchsticks. A new hexagon gets
x 0 –2/3 added at every stage which shares a side with the last
y 2 0 hexagon of the previous stage.

+2
10 Stage 1

= 3x
Stage 2 Stage 3
(i) Draw the next two stages of the pattern. How many

p(x)
matchsticks will be required at these stages?
5
(ii) Complete the following table.
 2 
 − 3 ,0 (0, 2) Stage Number 1 2 3 4 5 ... n
 
0 Number of
–10 –5 5 10
matchsticks
(iii) Find a rule to determine the number of matchsticks
–5 required for the nth stage.
(iv) How many matchsticks will be required for the 15th
stage of the pattern?
–10 (v) Can 200 matchsticks form a stage in this pattern?
Justify your answer.
Sol. (i) A single hexagon is composed of 6 matchsticks.
Because every subsequent hexagon shares a side with
11. Let p(x) = ax + b and q(x) = cx + d be two linear the previous one, only 5 more sticks are required for
polynomials such that: each new shape.
(i) p(0) = 5.
(ii) The polynomial p(x) – q(x) cuts the x-axis at (3, 0).
(iii) The sum p(x) + q(x) is equal to 6x + 4 for all real x.
Find the polynomials p(x) and q(x).
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Sol. Determine the constant terms (b and d)
(i) Given p(x) = ax + b & q(x) = cx + d and p(0) = 5 :
⇒ a(0) + b = 5 ⇒ b = 5
So, p(x) = ax + 5.
(ii) Given p(x) – q(x) cuts the x-axis at (3, 0), i.e. x = 3
\ p(3) – q(3) = 0:
⇒ (3a + 5) – (3c – 1) = 0
⇒ 3a – 3c + 6 = 0 ⇒ 3a – 3c = –6 Stage 4 Stage 5
⇒ 3: a – c = – 2 ...(1)
Stage 4: 16 + 5 = 21 matchsticks.
(iii) Given the sum p(x) + q(x) = 6x + 4 :
Stage 5: 21 + 5 = 26 matchsticks.
(ax + 5) + (cx + d) = 6x + 4
(ii) Pattern Table
(a + c)x + (5 + d) = 6x + 4
Equating the constant terms: Stage Number 1 2 3 4 5 n
5 + d = 4 ⇒ d = –1 Matchsticks 6 11 16 21 26 5n + 1
So, q(x) = cx – 1. (iii) General Rule
Equating the x coefficients from above: The formula for the nth stage is calculated as
a + c = 6 ...(2) 6 + (n – 1) × 5 = 5n + 1
Add eqn (1) and (2) (iv) Using the rule 5n + 1 :
(a + c) + (a – c) = 6 + (–2) ⇒ 2a = 4 ⇒ a = 2 Stage 15: i.e. n = 15
Substitute a = 2 into eqn (2): 5 × 15 + 1 = 76 matchsticks
2+c=6⇒c=4 (v) Feasibility of 200 Matchsticks
Hence, the polynomials are: To check if 200 sticks can form a complete stage, we set the
p(x) = ax + b = 2x + 5 expression to 200:
and q(x) = 4x – 1
W CBSE Class – IX MATHEMATICS 20
P
 5n + =
1 200 ⇒ 5n= 199 2(4) + d = –1
199 ⇒ 8 + d = –1 ⇒ d = –9
n= ⇒ n= 39.8
5 Therefore, the polynomial is q(x) = 2x – 9
Since n must be a whole number to represent a valid stage, it
The coordinates where the graphs cut the x-axis
is impossible to form a stage using exactly 200 matchsticks.
For p(x) = 2x – 1
13. Let p(x) = ax + b and q(x) = cx + d be two linear
Set p(x) = 0:
polynomials such that:
(i) The graph of p(x) passes through the points (2, 3) and \ 2x – 1 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 1 ⇒ x = 1
2
(6, 11). Therefore, the graph of p(x) cuts the x-axis at 1 , 0
2
(ii) The graph of q(x) passes through the point (4, –1). Also, for q(x) = 2x – 9
(iii) The graph of q(x) is parallel to the graph of p(x). Set q(x) = 0 :
Find the polynomials p(x) and q(x). Also, find the \ 2x – 9 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 9 ⇒ x = 9
coordinates of the point where these lines meet the x-axis. 2
Therefore, the graph of q(x) cuts the x-axis at 9 , 0
Sol. (i) Given linear polynomial is p(x) = ax + b and q(x) = cx + d 2
The graph of p(x) passes through the points (2, 3) and (6, 11). 14. What do all linear functions of the form f(x) = ax + a,
From point (2, 3): Substitute x = 2 and p(x) = 3 a > 0, have in common?
2a + b = 3  ...(1) Sol. 1. Positive Slope
From point (6, 11): Substitute x = 6 and p(x) = 11 The slope of the function is equal to the variable a.
6a + b = 11 ...(2) Because the condition a > 0 is given, every line in this
n
Now, subtract eq (1) from (2): family will have a positive slope, meaning they all rise
\ (6a + b) – (2a + b) = 11 – 3 from left to right.
⇒ 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2 2. y-intercept Characteristics
Now, substitute a = 2 into equation (1): By putting x = 0, we find that f(0) = a.
\ 2(2) + b = 3 Therefore, the y -intercept is always at the coordinate
⇒4+b=3⇒b=–1 (0, a).
Therefore, the polynomial is p(x) = 2x – 1 Since a is positive, these lines will always intersect the
y-axis at a point above the origin.
(ii) Now the linear polynomial q(x) = cx + d
3. Common x-intercept
(iii) Since the graph of q(x) is parallel to the graph of p(x)
both lines have the same coefficient of x i.e., both lines will To find the x-intercept, we set f(x) = 0.
have same slope.  ⇒ ax + a = 0 ⇒ a(x + 1) = 0
Therefore, c = 2 ⇒ x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = –1
So, q(x) = 2x + d This means that all lines in this specific family pass
The graph of q(x) passes through the point (4, –1). through the exact same fixed point on the x-axis:
(–1, 0).
Substitute x = 4 and q(x) = –1

21 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 practice Questions
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R)
Multiple Choice Questions is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
1. What is a polynomial of degree one called? (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R)
(a) Constant polynomial is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Quadratic polynomial (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(c) Linear polynomial (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
(d) Cubic polynomial
2. Which of the following expressions is a polynomial? 1. Assertion: The expression 2 x 2 + 3 is a polynomial.

2 2 Reason: A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which

(a) 3 t + t 2 (d) x −
x2 the powers of variables are non-negative integers.
2
(c) y + (d) x2 + 3x 2. Assertion: The line y = –4x + 10 represents a model of linear
y growth.
3. What is the degree of a non-zero constant polynomial?
Reason: A line with a negative slope represents linear decay.
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) Not defined (d) Infinite 3. Assertion: The graph of the equation y = 4 is a line parallel
to the x-axis.
4. In the linear relationship y = ax + b, what does a represent?
(a) Solution Reason: The equation of a line parallel to the x-axis at a

(b) y-intercept distance of a units from it is y = a.
(c) Degree 4. Assertion: The lines y = 3x + 1 and y = 3x – 5 are parallel
(d) Slope to each other.
5. Which of the following models linear decay? Reason: Straight lines with equal slopes but different

(a) y = 5x + 3 (b) y = –2x + 10 y-intercepts are parallel to each other.
(c) y = x (d) y = 3x
6. The equation of a line passing through the origin is of the Fill in the Blanks
form:
(a) y = ax + b (b) y = a 1. A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a
(c) y = ax (d) x = b ________.
7. What is the y-intercept of the line y = 3x – 2? 2. The highest power of the variable in a polynomial is known
(a) 3 (b) –2 as its ________.
(c) 0 (d) 2 3. The degree of the zero polynomial is ________.
8. The graph of the equation x = –2 is a line: 4. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a and b both
(a) Parallel to the x-axis are non zero, is a linear equation in ________ variables.
(b) Parallel to the y-axis
5. Linear growth is represented by a straight line with a
(c) Passing through the origin
________ slope.
(d) Equally inclined to both axes
6. The y-intercept of the line y = –5x + 7 is ________.
9. The linear pattern 1, 3, 5, 7, … has a constant difference of:
(a) 1 (b) 3 7. Any line parallel to the x-axis has an equation of the form
(c) 2 (d) 4 ________.
8 Lines with equal slopes but different y-intercepts are
Assertion and Reason ________ to each other.
Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion 9 A polynomial containing only one term is called a ________.
(A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct
10. The graph of the line y = 5x passes through the ________.
choice as.

P
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 2. Match the Following:
True / False
Column A Column B
1. Every algebraic expression is a polynomial. P. Line passing (i) Slope is negative
2. The degree of the polynomial 2y5 – 3y4 + y – 2 is 4. through the origin
3. The expression 4x2 – 3x + 7 is a linear polynomial. Q. Line parallel to (ii) Equation form is y = ax
x-axis
4. Linear decay is represented by a straight line with a negative R. Linear Growth (iii) Equation form is y = a
slope.
S. Linear Decay (iv) Slope is positive
5. The graph of y = 2x + 5 cuts the y-axis at the point (0, 5).
3. Match the Following:
6. The slope of a horizontal line is 0.
Column A Column B
7. The constant term of the polynomial 9x3 + 5x2 – 8x – 10
is 10. P. y = 3x – 5 (i) Slope = –4, y-intercept = 2
Q. y = –x + 4 (ii) Slope = 3, y-intercept = –5
8. An equation of a line parallel to the y-axis is x = b.
R. y = 7x (iii) Slope = –1, y-intercept = 4
9. If y = ax + b, altering the value of b while keeping a fixed S. y = –4x + 2 (iv) Slope = 7, y-intercept = 0
changes the slope of the line.

Match the Following

1. Match the Following:
Column A Column B
P. Linear Polynomial (i) Degree 0
Q. Quadratic Polynomial (ii) Degree 3
R. Cubic Polynomial (iii) Degree 1
S. Constant Polynomial (iv) Degree 2

23 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 competency based miscellaneous Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions  Assertion and Reason

1. A toy company represents its production cost by the Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion
polynomial 5y4 + 2y2 – 8 what is the degree of the polynomial (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct
choice as.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R)
(c) 3 (d) 4
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Aarav writes the polynomial for chemical reaction units as:
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R)
8z3 + 6z2 – 13z + 5. What is the coefficient of z?
is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(a) 13 (b) –13 (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(c) 6 (d) 8
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
3. A mobile recharge company models the balance after using
1. A school library uses the polynomial 9x2 + 4x – 7 to represent
data by the polynomial: 9x – 4. If Rohan uses x = 3 GB data book arrangement patterns.
packs, what is the remaining value?
Assertion (A): The degree of the polynomial is 2.

(a) 19 (b) 23 (c) 27 (d) 31 Reason (R): The degree of a polynomial is determined by

4. Neha’s father is three times her age. After 4 years, their ages the highest power of the variable.
together will be 60 years. What is Neha’s present age? 2. In a transport company, the polynomial 4z4 + 3z2 – 12
(a) 8 years (b) 9 years (c) 10 years (d) 13 years represents the tracks fuel patterns.
5. Riya has `800 in her digital wallet. She adds `120 every Assertion (A): The coefficient of z is 3.

week from her allowance. How much money will she have
Reason (R): The coefficient of a variable is the numerical
after 4 weeks? factor attached directly to that variable term.
(a) `1160 (b) `1280 (c) `1400 (d) `1520 3. A bookstore calculates discount using polynomial: 6x – 7
6. A tree in a school garden has an initial height of 6 feet and Assertion (A): If x = 2, the value is 5.

grows by 2 feet every year, while a water tank initially
Reason (R): The value of a polynomial is found by replacing
contains 500 litres of water and loses 30 litres every month the variable with the given number.
due to usage. What is the difference between the tree’s height 4. A farmer plans a rectangular field for organic farming where
after 3 years and the water left after 3 months? the length is 5 times the width, and the width is w metres.
(a) 398 (b) 400 (c) 410 (d) 420 He wants to calculate the boundary fencing required for the
7. A bicycle rental shop charges a fixed booking fee plus a cost field.
per hour. Aarav notices that for 3 hours, he pays `180, and Assertion (A): If the width is w metres, then the length of

for 7 hours, he pays `340. If the total bill is represented by the field is 5 + w metres.
y = ax + b, what is the hourly rental charge? A fencing contractor calculates the perimeter using algebraic
(a) `30 (b) `35 (c) `40 (d) `45 expressions.

8. A car purchased for 6 lakh loses 3 lakh in value each year Reason (R): If the length is 5w metres and the width is w

due to rapid depreciation. The relationship between the car's metres, then the perimeter of the field will be:
value (y, in lakh rupees) and time (z, in years) is represented 2(l + 6) = 2(5w + w) = 12w
by: y = – 3x + 6. What does this graph indicate? 5. A carpenter makes wooden tables of fixed length 9 m, while
(a) Linear growth with y intercept 6 breadth changes as 4 m, 6 m, 8 m,....
(b) Linear decay with y-intercept 6 Assertion (A): The area pattern is 36, 54, 72,...
(c) Linear growth with y-intercept-3 Reason (R): Area of a rectangle is found by multiplying
(d) Linear decay with y-intercept-3 length and breadth.
P
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 6. A food delivery app charges a fixed platform fee plus a (ii) Find the bicycle’s value after 5 years and write the
delivery cost per kilometre. Mehak observes that for 5 km, linear decay expression for bicycle value after y
the total bill is 210, and for 9 km, the bill is `330. years.
Assertion (A): The cost per kilometre is `30. 8. A gym charges a fixed registration fee and an additional
charge per training session. Rohan pays `950 for 8 sessions
Reason (R): In a linear relationship y = ax + b, a represents
and `1400 for 14 sessions. If the total cost is represented by
the slope. y = ax + b
(i) Find the value of a (cost per session).
Subjective Questions (ii) Find the value of b (fixed registration fee).

1. A smart city project uses the polynomial 12x5 – 7x3 + 9x – 9. Two MCD officers are installing triangular road lamps along
15 to model energy consumption, while a delivery company a newly developed street. To ensure that each new stage
covers more connecting paths with proper lighting, they
uses 5z2 – 14z + 6 to track package movement.
observe a fixed growing pattern in the number of lamps
(i) Find the degree of the first polynomial.
added at every stage.
(ii) Find the coefficient of z in the second polynomial.
The table below shows the number of lamps installed at each
2. A robotics lab uses polynomial: 5m2 – 3m + 2 stage:
(i) Find value when m = 1 Stage 1 2 3 4 – n
(ii) Find value when m = 3 Number of lamps 4 9 14 ? – ?
3. Jyoti visits a bank to withdraw a total amount of `1000 in (i) How many lamps will be installed in Stage 4?
the form of `100 notes and `500 notes. The number of `100 (ii) Find the linear expression representing the number of
notes she receives is 5 times the number of `500 notes. lamps installed at Stage n.
(i) Find the number of `500 notes Jyoti receives. (iii) At which stage will the officers install 39 lamps?

(ii) Find the number of `100 notes Jyoti receives. 10. Three architects are designing parallel wheelchair ramps for
a public building. To study how different starting heights
4. Mohit visits an ice cream parlour to buy treats for his school affect the ramps while maintaining the same upward slope,
party. He purchases chocolate bars worth `50 each and ice they model the ramps using the equations:
cream cups worth `20 each. Mohit spends a total of `520,
y = 4x, y = 4x + 3, y = 4x – 5

and the number of ice cream cups bought is 4 times the
number of chocolate bars. Plot these three lines on the same coordinate plane and
answer the following:
(i) Find the number of chocolate bars Mohit purchased.
(i) What is the slope of each metro track line?
(ii) Find the number of ice cream cups Mohit purchased.
(ii) What are the y-intercepts point of the three lines?
5. A school library has 1200 books initially. Every month, 75 (iii) What do you observe about the position and nature of
new books are added to the collection. these three lines on the graph?
(i) How many books will the library have after 5 months? 11. During a cybersecurity workshop, two student coders create
(ii) Write the linear expression for the total number of a special two-digit access code for a digital lock. They notice
books after n months. that the two digits of the code differ by 4. When the digits
are reversed to form a new code and both codes are added
6. A factory produces rectangular cartons with length 10 cm and
together, the total becomes [Link] both possible access
breadth 6 cm. The height varies as 4 cm, 7 cm, 10 cm, … codes.
(i) Find the volume of cartons when height is 7 cm.
12. A drone delivery company tracks the height of a test drone
(ii) Write the linear pattern for volume of cartons when using a linear model during a practice flight. The flight
height is h cm. path passes through the coordinate points (2,2) and (4,6),
7. Priya starts a fitness challenge with a savings reward system. where x represents time in minutes and y represents height
in [Link] the linear polynomial p(x) representing the
She has `2000 in her account and adds `250 every month as
drone’s flight path. Also determine the points where the
a reward for completing fitness goals. At the same time, her
graph intersects the x-axis and y-axis.
exercise bicycle worth `15000 depreciates by `1200 every
year due to wear and tear. 13. In a smart city transport project, two metro rail routes
are represented by linear polynomials m(x) = ax + b and
(i) Find Priya’s total savings after 8 months and write the
n(x) = cx + d.
linear growth expression for Priya’s savings after m
Route m(x) passes through the stations represented by
months. points (1, 2) and (5, 10).

25 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 Route n(x) passes through the station (3, 2).
Route n(x) is parallel to Route m(x)
Find the linear polynomials m(x) and n(x) Also, determine
the coordinates where both routes intersect the x-axis.
14. A fitness trainer monitors the calories burned by a student
during a treadmill workout using the linear equation y = 3x – 6
where x represents time in minutes and y represents calories
burned. The trainer wants to analyze the calorie-burning
pattern by plotting points on a graph.
(a) Find at least three coordinate pairs (x, y) by substituting
x = 2, 4, 6.
(b) Plot these points on graph paper and draw the straight
line representing the calorie-burning pattern.
(c) What is the y-intercept of the line? Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(d) Does this pattern show linear growth or linear decay? (i) Find the degree and leading coefficient of the
(e) Does the point (5, 9) lie on this line? Verify by Decoration Committee polynomial.
substitution. (ii) (a) Find the difference between the degree of the
(f) At what value of x does y = 0? Mark this point on the Decoration Committee polynomial and the degree of
graph. the Food Committee polynomial.
OR
15. A public library charges a one-time membership fee of `400
(b) Find the difference between the leading coefficients
and an additional `120 per week for accessing its digital
of the Food Committee polynomial and the Games
reading services. Let p(x) represent the total amount paid
Committee polynomial.
(in `) after x weeks.
(iii) Determine which committee uses the polynomial
Write the linear polynomial p(x) for this situation. Complete with the lowest degree, and state the coefficient of its
the table below, and find: variable with the highest power.
Weeks (x) 0 1 2 3 4 Case Based-II:
Amount `(y) ? ? ? ? ? A school organizes a community sports event. The sports captain
manages two separate funds:
(i) The total amount paid after 8 weeks.
‰ Registration fund starts with `2500, and `300 is added
(ii) After how many weeks will the total payment become
every week.
`1600?
‰ Equipment Fund starts with `1800, and `150 is added every
week.
Case Based Questions ‰ Snack expenses decrease by `200 every week from `2200,
while transport expenses decrease by `120 every week
Case Based-I: from `1600.
During a mega school carnival, three major committees use Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
advanced polynomial models to organize large-scale arrangements, (i) (a) Find the combined total of Registration Fund and
budgeting, and event planning. The school management analyzes Equipment Fund after 4 weeks.
these expressions to compare complexity, growth, and operational OR
patterns. (b) Find the total combined expenses of snacks and
‰ The Decoration Committee models premium light transport after 5 weeks.
installations by: (ii) Write the linear expression for the total combined
funds after n weeks.
D(x) = 15x6 – 9x4 + 7x2 – 10
(iii) Write the linear expression for the difference between
‰ The Food Committee models food stall revenue by: snack expenses and transport expenses after n weeks.
F(y) = 11y5 – 6y3 + 8y – 12

Case Based-III:
‰ The Games Committee models ticket analytics by: At a national research laboratory, two senior scientists are
G(z) =
8z4 + 13z3 – 17z + 9 comparing opposite linear models during an experiment.

P
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 ‰ Dr. Meera studies a bacteria culture in a sealed petri dish. Case Based-IV:
Initially, the culture contains 480 bacteria cells, and due to
A mountain adventure camp charges students a fixed entry fee
controlled nutrients, the population increases by 75 cells
every 2 hours. plus an additional cost per activity.
‰ Dr. Arjun analyzes a radioactive chemical sample with an ‰ Student A participates in 6 activities and pays `780.
initial mass of 3500 mg. Due to steady decay, the sample ‰ Student B participates in 11 activities and pays `1180.
loses 180 mg every 3 hours.
The total cost follows the linear relation: y = ax + b where
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
x is the number of activities and y is the total bill.
(i) Find the total number of bacteria cells after 10 hours.
(ii) (a) After how many hours will the sum of the bacteria Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
count and radioactive mass become 3600? (i) Form the two linear equations based on the given data.
OR (ii) (a) Find the value of a (cost per activity).
(b) After how many hours will the numerical difference OR
between bacteria count and radioactive mass become
1145? (b) Find the value of b (fixed entry fee).
(iii) Find the remaining mass of the radioactive sample (iii) Find the total bill for a student participating in 15
after 15 hours. activities.

27 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 Hints & Explanations
Practice Questions
Match the Following

Multiple Choice Questions 1. P – (iii), Q – (iv), R – (ii), S – (i)

2. P – (ii), Q – (iii), R – (iv), S – (i)
1. (c) Linear polynomial 6. (c) y = ax
3. P – (ii), Q – (iii), R – (iv), S – (i)
2. (d) x2 + 3x 7. (b) –2
3. (b) 0 8. (b) Parallel to the y-axis Competency Based Miscellaneous Exercise
4. (d) Slope 9. (c) 2
5. (b) y = –2x + 10 Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) Give polynomial: 5y4 + 2y2 – 8
Assertion and Reason
The highest exponent of y is 4, so the degree is 4.
1. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the 2. (b) Given polynomial: 8z3 + 6z2 – 13z + 5
correct explanation of Assertion. The coefficient of z is the numerical value attached to z.
2. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. Here, the z-term is – 13z
3. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the \ Coefficient of z = – 13

correct explanation of Assertion. 3. (b) Given, p(x) = 9x – 4
4. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the Substitute x = 3
correct explanation of Assertion.
\ 9(3) – 4 = 27 – 4 = 23

4. (d) Let Neha’s age = x
Fill in the Blanks
Father’s age = 3x
1. Constant 6. 7
According to question after 4 years sum of ages is 60.
2. Degree 7. y = a
(x + 4) + (3x + 4) = 60
3. Not defined 8. Parallel
Þ 4x + 8 = 60

4. Two 9. Monomial
Þ 4x = 52
5. Positive 10. Origin
Þ x = 13
Hence, Neha’s present age is 13 year
True / False
5. (b) Initial money = `800
1. False. An algebraic expression with negative or fractional Weekly addition = `120
powers of variables is not a polynomial.
So, after 4 weeks money: 800 + 120(4) = 800 + 480 = `1280
2. False. The highest power is 5, so the degree is 5.
6. (a) Tree height after 3 years:
3. False. The highest power is 2, so it is a quadratic polynomial.
6 + 2(3) = 6 + 6 = 12
4. True. Linear decay means quantity decreases constantly, And water left after 3 months.
which geometrically corresponds to a negative slope.
500 – 30(3) = 500 – 90 = 410
5. True. Any line of the form y = ax + b cuts the y-axis at (0, b). \ Difference: 410 – 12 = 398
Here b = 5.
7. (c) For 3 hours:
6. True. The slope of a horizontal line (parallel to x-axis) is 0.
180 = 3a + b...(i)
7. False. The constant term is –10, not 10. For 7 hours:
8. True. Points on a line parallel to the y-axis have a constant 340 = 7a + b...(ii)
x-coordinate, so the equation is x = b. Subtracting: (i) and (ii) 340 – 180 = 7a – 3a
9. False. Keeping a fixed and altering b shifts the line parallel 160 = 4a ⇒ a = 40
to itself; the slope remains unchanged.

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 8. (b) In the equation: y = – 3x + 6
The slope is –3, so the value decreases with time, showing Subjective Questions
linear decay.
1. (i) Given first polynomial: 12x5 – 7x3 + 9x – 15
The y-intercept is 6, meaning the car's initial value is `6 lakh.  The highest power of x is 5.
\ Degree = 5
Assertion and Reason (ii) Given second polynomial: 5z2 – 14z + 6
 The z-term is –14z.
1. (a) For the polynomial 9x2 + 4x – 7 the highest power of x is \ Coefficient of z = – 14
2, so the degree is 2. The reason correctly states that degree
depends on the highest power of the variable 2. Given polynomial: p(m) = 5m2 – 3m + 2
(i) On putting m = 1 in p(m) we get
Hence Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation
p(m) = 5(1)2 – 3(1) + 2 = 5 – 3 + 2 = 4
of A.
(ii) On putting m = 3 in p(m) we get
2. (d) In 4z4 + 3z2 – 12 there is no z-term, so the coefficient of
p(m) = 5(3)2 – 3(3) + 2
z is 0, not 3.
= 45 – 9 + 2 = 38
The reason correctly explains that a coefficient is the
numerical factor of the direct variable term. 3. Let the number of `500 notes be x.
Then, number of `100 notes = 5x
So, Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Total value of `500 notes = 500x
3. (a) Given: p(x) = 6x – 7 on putting x = 2 in p(x) we get, Total value of 100 notes = 100(5x) = 500x
\ 6(2) – 7 = 12 – 7 = 5
According to the condition:
Both assertion and reason are true, and reason explains 500x + 500x = 1000
assertion. ⇒ 1000x = 1000 ⇒ x = 1
4. (d) “5 times width” means: (i) So, number of `500 notes = 1
Length = 5w (ii) Number of 100 notes = 5x = 5(1) = 5

So the assertion 5 + w is incorrect. Hence, Jyoti received 1 note of `500 and 5 notes of `100.
4. Let the number of chocolate bars be x.
Using correct dimensions:
Then, number of ice cream cups = 4x
Perimeter = 2(l + b) = 2(6w) = 12w = 2(5w + w)
Total cost of chocolate bars = 50x
Thus, Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Total cost of ice cream cups = 20(4x) = 80x
5. (a) For breadth 4: 9 × 4 = 36 According to the total amount spent:
For breadth 6: 9 × 6 = 54 Þ 50x + 80x = 520
For breadth 8: 9 × 8 = 72 Þ 130x = 520
Þx=4
So, patterns forms: 36, 54, 72, ...
(i) So, chocolate bars (x) = 4
Therefore assertion is true. (ii) Ice cream cups = 4x = 16
Since, Reason correctly state the formula for reactangle.
5. (i) Given: Initialy books in library = 120 books and books
Hence, both assertion and reason are true, and Reason added monthly = 75 books.
explains Assertion. So, after 5 months books will be: 1200 + 75(5) = 1200 + 375
6. (b) Forming the linear equation from given conditions: = 1575
210 = 5a + b ...(i) (ii) Therefore Linear expression: 1200 + 75n
330 = 9a + b ...(ii) 6. Volume of cuboid = l × b × h
Subtracting (i) from (ii): 120 = 4a (i) When height = 7 cm:
⇒ a = 30
Volume of cuboid = 10 × 6 × 7 = 420 cm3
(ii) Linear pattern for volume of cuboid when height is h cm
Assertion is true.
Volume = l × b × h = 60h
The reason is also true according to the standard definition.
7. (i) Initial savings = `2000
Hence, both A and R are true, but R is not the correct Monthly increase = `250
explanation of A.
After 8 months: 2000 + 250(8)

29 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 Þ 2000 + 2000 = 4000 Now plot these points on graph.
Hence, the linear expression for Priya’s savings after m
months: S = 2000 + 250m
(ii) Initial value of bicycle = `15000
Yearly decrease in value of bicycle = `1200 10 y = 4x
After 5 years value of bicycle: 15000 – 1200(5) (1, 7)
= 15000 – 6000 = 9000
5
Hence, linear decay expression for bicycle value after y (1, 4)
(0, 3)
years V = 15000 – 1200y y = 4x – 5
8. Let the total cost be y = ax + b (0, 0)
–5 0 5
where a is the cost per session and b is the fixed fee (1, –1)
(i) For 8 sessions
y = 4x + 3 –5
950 = 8a + b  ...(i) (0, –5)
For 14 sessions
1400 = 14a + b  ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii):
1400 – 950 = 14a – 8a
⇒ 450 = 6a
⇒ a = 75 In slope-intercept form:
So, cost per session = `75. y = ax + b
(ii) Substitute a = 75 in: 950 = 8(75) + b where a is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
⇒ 950 = 600 + b (i) Slope of each line
⇒ b = 350 For y = 4x: slope = 4
So, fixed registration fee = `350.
For y = 4x + 3: slope = 4
9. The number of lamps forms the pattern: 4, 9, 14, ... For y = 4x – 5: slope = 4
The difference between consecutive terms is:
All three lines have the same slope = 4.
9 – 4 = 5, 14 – 9 – 5
(ii) Y-intercepts of the three lines
So, this is a linear pattern with common difference = 5,
For y = 4x: b = 0
(i) Number of lamps in Stage 4: 14 + 5 = 19
\ Y-intercept = (0, 0)
Hence, stage 4 will have 19 lamps.
(ii) Linear expression for Stage n For y = 4x + 3: b = 3
\ Number of lamps at Stage n = 5n – 1 \ Y-intercept (0, 3)
(iii) Stage at which 39 lamps are installed For y = 4x – 5: b = – 5
Put, 5n – 1 = 39 \ Y-intercept (0, –5)
⇒ 5n = 40 (iii) Since all three lines have the same slope, they rise at the
⇒n=8 same rate. Different y-intercepts mean they start from
Hence, the officers will install 39 lamps at stage 8. different points on the y-axis.
10. Let us find the coordinates of given equations: Hence, The three metro track lines are parallel lines
y = 4x, because they have the same slope but have different
x 0 1 y-intercepts.
y 0 4 11. Let the tens digit be x and the units digit be y.
y = 4x + 3, So, the original two-digit code = 10x + y
x 0 1 Reversed code = 10y + x
y 3 7 Given, Digits differ by 4: x – y = 4 ...(i)
y = 4x – 5 And
x 0 1 Sum of original and reversed codes is 110
y –5 –1 (10x + y) + (10y + x) = 110

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 11x + 11y = 110 13. Given linear polynomial m(x) = ax + b
x + y = 10 ...(ii) Since Route m(x) passes through (1, 2) and (5, 10)
Adding both equations (i) and (ii) : 2x = 14 ⇒ x = 7 \ 2 = a + b...(i)
Substitute the value of x in (ii)
and 10 = 5a + b...(ii)
7 + y = 10 ⇒ y = 3
From eqn (i): b = 2 – a
So, the code is 10x + y = 10 × 7 + 3 = 73.
Substitute into the eqn (ii):
Reversed code = 10y + x = 10 × 3 + 7 = 37.
Hence, The two possible access codes are 73 and 37. 10 = 5a + (2 – a)
⇒ 10 = 4a + 2
12. Let the linear polynomial be: p(x) = ax + b
Q p(x) = y ⇒ 8 = 4a
Since the graph passes through (2, 2); ⇒a=2
\ 2 = 2a + b...(i) Put a = 2 in b = 2 – a:
Since the graph also passes through (4, 6) : Now, b = 2 – 2 = 0
\ 6 = 4a + b...(ii) So, linear polynomial m(x) = 2x
From the first equation:
For Route n(x): n(x) = cx + d
b = 2 – 2a
Since Route n(x) is parallel to Route m(x), slopes are equal:
Substitute this value of b into the second equation:
Therefore, c = 2
\ 6 = 4a + (2 – 2a)
⇒ 6 = 2a + 2 ⇒ 4 = 2a ⇒ a = 2 Thus, n(x) = 2x + d
Now substitute a = 2 in: b = 2 – 2a Given it passes through (3, 2): 2 = 2(3) + d
⇒b=2–4⇒b=–2 ⇒ 2 = 6 + d ⇒ d = –4
So, the linear polynomial is: p(x) = 2x – 2 So, n(x) = 2x – 4
For Y-intercept: put x = 0 X-axis Intercepts
\ y = 2(0) – 2 = – 2 For m(x) = 2x:
\ Point = (0, – 2)
2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
For X-intercept: put y = 0
\ Point = (0, 0)
\ 2x – 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1
And for n(x) = 2x – 4:
\ Point = (1, 0)
⇒ 2x – 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
8
\ Point = (2, 0)

6 14. Given equation: y = 3x – 6

(4, 6)
(a) For x = 2:
4 y = 3(2) – 6 = 6 – 6 = 0

\ Point = (2, 0)

(2, 2)
2 For x = 4:
y = 3(4) – 6 = 12 – 6 = 6

(1, 0)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 \ Point = (4, 6)

For x = 6
–2 (0, –2) y = 3(6) – 6 = 18 – 6 = 12

\ Point (6, 12)

–4

–6

31 Introduction to Linear Polynomials P

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 (b) Table Completion
For x = 0:
p(0) = 120(0) + 400 = 400

15 For x =1:
p(1) = 120(1) + 400 = 520

(6, 12)
For x = 2:
10
p(2) = 120(2) + 400 = 640

For x = 3:
(4, 6)
5 p(3) = 120(3) + 400 = 760

For x = 4:
p(4) = 120(4) + 400 = 880

(2, 0)
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 Weeks (x) 0 1 2 3 4
Amount `(y) 400 520 640 760 880
(i) Total amount after 8 weeks
–5
\ p(8) = 120(8) + 400

= 960 + 400 = 1360

–10 Hence, after 8 weeks, the total amount paid is `1360.

(c) Y-intercept (ii) Number of weeks when total payment becomes `1600

At x = 0: \ 120x + 400 = 1600

y = 3(0) – 6 = – 6
⇒ 120x = 1200

Point = (0, –6) ⇒ x = 10

Hence, the total payment becomes `1600 after 10 weeks.
\ Y-intercept (0, –6)

(d) The coefficient of x is +3, which is positive.
Hence, The pattern shows linear growth. Case Based Questions
(e) Verify point (5, 9)
Case Based-I:
Substitute x = 5
( ) Decoration Committee Polynomial
⇒ y = 3(5) – 6

D(x) = 15x6 – 9x4 + 7x2 – 10
⇒ y = 15 – 6 = 9
Highest power = 6
Since the value matches, the point lies on the line. Degree = 6
Yes, (5, 9) lies on the line. Leading coefficient: coefficient of x6 = 15
(f) When y = 0 ( i) (a) Food Committee polynomial:
So, 3x – 6 = 0 F(y) = 11y5 – 6y3 + 8y – 12
⇒ 3x = 6
Highest power = 5
Degree of Food Committee = 5
⇒x=2

and Degree of Decoration Committee = 6
\ Point = (2, 0)

Difference: 6 – 5 = 1
The line meets the x-axis at (2,0).
OR
15. The library charges:
(b) Food Committee leading coefficient = 11
One-time membership fee = `400
Games Committee polynomial:
And weekly charge = `120
G(z) = 8z4 + 13x3 – 17z + 9
So, total amount after x weeks is: Leading coefficient = 8
p(x) = 120x + 400
Difference: 11 – 8 = 3

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 (iii) Committee with lowest degree (ii) (a) Bacteria population after t hours: B = 480 + 37.5t
Decoration Committee polynomial, degree = 6 Radioactive mass:
Food Committee polynomial, degree = 5  3 hr = 180 mg.
Games Committee polynomial, degree = 4 \ 1 hr = 60 mg.
Lowest degree = 4 (Games Committee) Radioactive mass after t hours: R = 3500 – 60t
Highest power term in Games polynomial = 8z4 According to the condition: B + R = 3600
Coefficient = 8 Þ (480 + 37.5t) + (3500 – 60t) = 3600
 ence, The Games Committee has the lowest degree
H Þ 3980 – 22.5t = 3600
polynomial, and the coefficient of its highest power term Þ 3980 – 3600 = 22.5t
is 8. Þ 380 = 22.5t
380
Case Based-II: t=
22.5
(i) (a) Registration Fund after 4 weeks: Þ t ≈ 16.89
2500 + 300(4) = 2500 + 1200 = 3700  ence, the sum of the bacteria count and radioactive mass
H
Equipment Fund after 4 weeks: will become 3600 after approximately 17 hours.
1800 + 150(4) = 1800 + 600 = 2400 OR
Combined total: (b) B = 480 + 37.5t
3700 + 2400 = 6100 R = 3500 – 60t
OR Given, the difference is 1145

(b) Snack expenses after 5 weeks: Þ (3500 – 60t) – (480 + 37.5t) = 1145
2200-200(5) = 2200 – 1000 = 1200 Þ 3020 – 97.5t = 1145
Transport expenses after 5 weeks: Þ 875 = 97.5t
1600 – 120(5) = 1600 – 600 = 1000 Þ t ≈ 19.23
Combined expenses: 1200 + 1000 = 2200  ence, the difference between bacteria count and radioactive
H
mass becomes 1145 after approximately 19 hours.
(ii) Registration Fund after n weeks:
(iii) R = 3500 – 60(15) = 3500 – 900 = 2600 mg
2500 + 300 n
Equipment Fund after n weeks: Case Based-IV:
1800 + 150 n (i) For 6 activities: 780 = 6a + b...(i)
Total combined funds: For 11 activities: 1180 = 11a + b...(ii)
(2500 + 300 n) + (1800 + 150 n) = 4300 + 450 n (ii) (a) Subtract (i) from (ii)
(iii) Snack expenses after n weeks: 2200 – 200n 1180 – 780 = 11a – 6a
Transport expenses after n weeks. 1600 – 120 n ⇒ 400 = 5a ⇒ a = 80
Difference = (2200 – 200 n) – (1600 – 120 n) \ Cost per activity is `80
= 2200 – 200 n – 1600 + 120 n = 600 – 80 n OR
(b) From (i): 780 = 6(80) + b ( a = 80)
Case Based-III:
⇒ 780 = 480 + b ⇒ b = 300
(i) Growth in 2 hours = 75
\ Cost of fixed entry fee is `300
75
Growth in 1 hour = = 37.5 (iii) y = 80(15) + 300
2
B = 480 + 37.5(10) = 480 + 375 = 855 ⇒ y = 1200 + 300 ⇒ y = 1500
\ 855 bacteria cells Hence total bill for 15 activities is `1500.

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