E14146731 Nicole

word:press

prefix stem suffix POS meaning

1 press -ure n. 壓力

2 pressure -ize v. 加壓、施壓

3 de- pressurize v. 減壓

4 depressurize -ation n. 減壓程序

5 re- press v. 壓抑、鎮壓

6 repress -ive adj. 壓制性的

7 ex- press v.(n./adv./adj.) 表達/特快、快遞

8 express -ion n. 表情、詞語

9 express -ive adj. 表達生動的

10 im- press v. 給予深刻印象

11 impress -ion n. 印象

12 impression -ism n. 印象派

13 com- press v. 壓縮、壓緊

14 de- compress v. 解壓縮、減壓

15 decompress -ion n. 解壓縮過程

16 op- press v. 壓迫、欺壓

17 oppress -or n. 壓迫者

18 sup- press v. 抑制、封鎖

19 press -ing adj. 緊迫的

Meanings not immediately apparent:

● express (ex- "out" + press "squeeze"): Mentally stating thoughts / A direct,
high-speed service sent out for a special purpose.
● oppress (ob- "against" + press) : The abuse of power to restrict the freedom
and rights of others.
● suppress (sub- "under" + press) : Keep something down.
B24129013 Phoebe
word: graph

prefix stem suffix POS meaning

1 graph -ic adj. 圖解的，寫實的

2 auto- graph n. 親筆簽名，手稿

3 biograph -y n. 自傳

4 biograph -er n. 寫自傳的人

5 biograph -ic adj. 傳記的

6 photo- graph n. 照片

7 photograph -y n. 照相

8 photograph -er n. 攝影師

9 photograph -ic adj. 攝影的

10 para- graph n. 段落，節

11 paragraph -ia n. 書寫倒錯

12 mono- graph n. 專題論文

13 calligraph -y n. 書法

14 epi- graph n. 碑文，銘文

15 geograph -y n. 地理

16 lexicograph -y n. 辭典編纂

Meanings explanation:

● autograph (auto- "self" + graph "something written")

● biography (bio- "life" + graph "something written")
● photograph (photo- "light" + graph "something written")
● paragraph (para- "beside" + graph "something written")
● monograph (mono- "single" + graph "something written")
● calligraphy (calli- "beauty" + graph "something written")
● epigraph (epi- "on" + graph "something written")
● geography (geo- "earth" + graph "something written")
● lexicography (lexico- "words" + graph "something written")
 B24121293 Mia

word:struct

prefix stem suffix POS meaning

1 struct v. 建造

2 con- struct v. 建造；構成

3 construct -ion n. 建設；構想

4 de- struct v. 破壞

5 destruct -ion n. 破壞

6 in- struct v. 指示；教導

7 instruct -ion n. 指示；教學

8 ob- struct v. 阻礙

9 obstruct -ion n. 阻礙

10 re- struct v. 重建

11 restructure v. 重組；改造

12 restructure -ing n. 重組過程

13 infra- struct n. 基礎建設

14 super- struct n. 上層結構

15 structure n. 結構

16 structural adj. 結構性的

17 structure -less adj. 無結構的

18 un- structured adj. 非結構化的

19 mis- struct v. 錯誤建構

Struct(build)

● construct: (con- “together” + struct “to build”) → build together

● instruct: (in- “into” + struct “to build”) → build knowledge into someone’s mind
● destruct: (de- “down” + struct “to build”) → undo what was built
● obstruct: (ob- “against” + struct “to build”) → build against
● infrastructure: (infra- “below” + struct “to build”) → structures built underneath
● superstructure: (super- “above” + struct “to build”) → structures built on top
B24121269 Mandy

Word: dict

prefix stem suffix POS meaning

1 pre- dict v. 預測

2 pre- dict -tion n. 預測

3 contra- dict v. 反駁、否認

4 veri- dict n. 判決

5 dict -tate v. 口述、命令

6 dict -ator n. 獨裁者

7 dict -tion n. 措辭、用字

8 dict -tionary n. 字典

9 bene- dict -ion n. 祝福

10 male- dict -ion n. 詛咒、惡言

11 juris- dict -tion n. 司法權、管

轄權

12 dict -um n. 格言、名言

13 ab- dict -ion n. 放棄、正式

聲明

14 in- dic -ate v. 指出、表明

● contradict (contra- “against” + dict “say”)

● verdict (veri- “truth” + dict “say”)

● diction (dict “say” + -ion)

● indicate (in- “toward” + dic “say”)

● benediction (bene- “good” + dict “say”)

● jurisdiction (juris- “law” + dict “say”)

● abdication (ab- “away” + dict “say/declare”)
B24121227 Phoebe

Word: port

prefix stem suffix POS meaning

1 trans- port v. 運送

2 trans- port -ation n. 運輸

3 im- port v. 進口

4 ex- port v. 出口

5 port -able adj. 可攜帶的

6 port -er n. 搬運工

7 port -ion n. 一部分

8 de- port v. 驅逐出境

9 re- port v. 回報

10 re- port -er n. 記者

11 op- port -unity n. 機會

12 sup- port v. 支持

13 sup- port -er n. 支持者

14 com- port v. 表現

● transport (trans- “across” + port “carry”)

● import (im- “into” + port “carry”)
● export (ex- “out” + port “carry”)
● deport (de- “away” + port “carry”)
● report (re- “back” + port “carry”)
● opportunity (op- “toward” + port “carry” + -unity)
● support (sup- “from below” + port “carry”)
● comport (com- “together” + port “carry”)
 B24121057 Ruby

Word: spect

prefix stem suffix POS meaning

1 spect -acle n. 壯觀場面

2 re- spect v. 尊敬

3 in- spect v. 視察

5 ex- spect v. 期待、預期

6 pro- spect n. 前景、展望

7 intro- spect v. 內省、反省

8 retro- spect n./v. 回顧、追溯

9 a- spect n. 層面、方面

10 su- spect n./v. 懷疑、嫌疑

犯

11 spect -ator n. 觀眾、旁觀

者

● • inspect (in- "into" + spect "look")

● prospect (pro- "forward" + spect "look")
● retrospect (retro- "backwards" + spect "look")
● expect (ex- "out/forward" + spect "look")
● respect (re- "again" + spect "look")
● introspect (intro- "inward" + spect "look")
Section-1

B24129013 Phoebe

PIE root sta-(*stā-) , meaning “to stand, set down, make or be firm”

Frequency Root Form Sample Words Definitions

Most Common -sta- 1. statue (n.) figure of a person or
animal made in a solid
substance, of some size
and in the round
2. station (n.) a standing, standing firm;
a post, job, position;
military post; a watch,
guard, sentinel; anchorage,
port
3. static (adj.) to make to stand, set; to
place in the balance,
weigh
4. status (n.) legal standing of a person
Form 2 -stan 5. Pakistan (n.) country
meaning
“where one stands” 6. Afghanistan (n.) country

Form 3 -sist 7. resist (v.) to make a stand against,

meaning oppose; to stand back;
“take a stand, stand withstand
firm”
8. persist (v.) continue steadily and
firmly in some state or
course of action
 B24121269 Mandy
PIE root: -ked "to go, yield."

Frequency Root Form Sample Words Definitions

Most Common ced- precede (v.) 領先 To go before in time or
order.
recede (v.) 後退 To go or move back
concede (v.) 讓步 To yield or admit
something is true
intercede (v.) 調解 To go between two parties
to settle a disagreement

Form 2 cess- process (n.) 過程 A series of actions”going

forward”

access (n.) 入口/途徑 The means or opportunity

to “go toward” something

Form 3 ceed- proceed (v.)開始/繼續 To begin or continue a

course of action

exceed (v.) 超過 To go beyond a set limit

B24121293 Mia

PIE root *weid-, meaning “to see; to know; to perceive clearly”

Frequency Root Form Sample Words Definitions

Most Common -vis- 1. vision (n.) 視覺；視 the act or power of

力 seeing; sight

2. visa (n.) 簽證 verified paper; paper

that has been seen

3. visible (adj.) 看得 able to be seen;

見的 perceptible

4. visit (v./n.) 造訪；拜 to go to see someone

訪 or a place

Form 2 -view- 5. review (v.) 回顧；複 to look at again;

習 examine again

6. preview (v./n.) 預覽 to see beforehand

Form 3 -vise- 7. revise (v.) 修訂；修 to look at again in

改 order to improve

8. supervise (v.) 監督； to watch over

管理
E14146731 Nicole

PIE-Root: *sed- , meaning “to sit.”

Frequency Root Form Sample Words Definitions

Most Common -sed- [Link] (adj.) involving little
久坐的、不活動的 physical activity;
“sitting down” for a
long time.
[Link] (n.) matter that “sits” to
沉澱物 the bottom of a
liquid.
[Link] (n.) a drug used to make
鎮靜劑 someone feel calm or
"sit still”.
[Link] (v.) to replace something;
取代、廢棄 literally "to sit
above" it.
Form 2 -sid- [Link] (v.) to be in charge of a
主持、主席 meeting; literally "to
sit in front".
[Link] (v.) to live in a place; to
居住、定居 "sit down" and
settle.
Form 3 -sess- [Link] (n.) a period of time for
會議、期間 an activity where
people “sit
together”.
[Link] (n.) evaluation; literally
評估、估價 "sitting beside" to
judge value.
B24121057 Ruby

PIE root: *kap-, meaning to grasp

Frequency Root Form Sample Words Definitions

Most -cap- 1. capable (adj.) having the power or
Common ability to "take" or do
something
2. capacity (n.) the maximum amount
that something can
"hold"
3. capture (v.) to take by force; to
seize
4. caption (n.) a title or brief
explanation
(originally "the act of
taking")
Form 2 -cip- 5. recipient (n.) one who "takes back"
or receives
6. participate (v.) to "take a part" in
something
Form 3 -cept- 7. accept (v.) to take or receive
something offered
8. concept (n.) an abstract idea
("something taken
into the mind")
B24121227 Phoebe
PIE root: *bher-, meaning “to carry, bear, bring”

Frequency Root Form Sample Words Definitions

Most -fer- [Link] (v.) to carry across from one
Common place, person, or situation to
another

[Link] (v.) to carry back mentally; to

direct attention to something
[Link] (n.) a meeting where ideas are
brought together and
discussed
[Link] (adj.) able to bear or produce
abundantly, especially crops
or offspring
Form 2 -ber- [Link] (n.) something heavy that is
carried; a duty or
responsibility
[Link] (n.) a person who carries or
brings something
Form 3 -port- [Link] (v.) to carry people or goods
from one place to another
[Link] (v.) to carry goods out of a
country for trade
[Link] (adj.) able to be easily carried or
moved
[Link] (v.) to carry from below; to hold
up or sustain
Section-2

B24129013 Phoebe
● Question: According to the principles of morphological awareness, which
group of words contains roots that are orthographically different (spelled
differently) but share the same singleton morpheme core meaning?

(A) Tractable, Tractor, and Tract

(B) Component, Deposit, and Compound

(C) Captain, Capital, and Captive

(D) Humidity, Humidify, and Dehumidifier

● Answer Key: (B)

• Analysis: These words share the same core meaning (“to put/place”) but
appear in three different spelling forms: -pon-, -pos-, and -pound-

(A)They share the same root (-tract-) but are orthographically identical (the
spelling does not change).

(C )While they look similar, Captain and Capital come from the root for
“head”(kaput), whereas Captive comes from the root for “to take/grasp” (kap).
They are not the same singleton morpheme.

(D) They are derivatives of the same root (humid), but the root form remains
exactly the same in each word.
B24121269 Mandy

● Which of the following word does NOT share the same etymology root (-ked
"to go, yield.") as the others?
a) precede
b) exceed
c) conceal
d) process
Answer: C
Analysis:
A) Precede: (Prefix pre- "before" + -cede "to go").

• Literal meaning: To go before.

• Verdict: Matches the root.

B) Exceed: (Prefix ex- "out" + -ceed "to go").

• Literal meaning: To go beyond/out of bounds. Note the spelling change from -cede
to -ceed.

• Verdict: Matches the root.

D) Process: (Prefix pro- "forward" + -cess "to go").

• Literal meaning: The act of going forward. This uses the Latin past participle stem
cessus.

• Verdict: Matches the root.

C) Conceal (The Correct Answer):

• Etymology: This comes from the Latin con- (completely) + celare (to hide).

• The Trap: Students often mistake the -ceal in conceal for a variation of -cede because
they both contain the "ce" string and relate to abstract movement or positioning.
However, conceal is related to the root for "hiding" (cognate with cell or cellar), not
"going."
B24121293 Mia

● Question: Which of the following words does NOT share the same
etymological root (weid- “to see; to know”) as the others?

A. vital
B. wit
C. visit
D. evident

● Answer: A. vital
● Analysis:

A. vital comes from Latin vita meaning “life”, B. wit → “knowledge”

(from Proto-Germanic *wit-, to know), C. visit → from Latin
videre (“to see”), originally “to go see”, D. evident → from Latin
evidentem, meaning “clearly visible”
E14146731 Nicole
● Question: According to the principles of morphological awareness, which
group of words contains roots that are orthographically different (spelled
differently) but share the same "sitting" (*sed-) core meaning ?
(A) Process, Access, Recess
(B) Sediment, Reside, Possession
(C) Insist, Consistent, Assistant
(D) Design, Signature, Signal

● Answer Key: B

● Analysis:

Option (B) is Correct: It features three different spellings of the same

root: -sed-, -sid-, and -sess-. All share the core meaning "to sit."
(A): The words contain -cess-, which looks like -sess- but means "to go.”
(C): These words contain -sist-, which students often confuse with -sid-,
but it actually means "to stand."
(D) : These words share the core meaning "to speak", they use the exact
same spelling form.
B24121057 Ruby
● Question: Which of the following words does NOT share the same
etymological root (kap-, to grasp) as the others?
A. capture
B. caption
C. recipient
D. escape
● Answer: D
● Analysis:
Option (D) is Correct: Although the word "escape" contains "-cap-", its
etymological origin is different from the others. It comes from the Vulgar
Latin ex-cappa, where ex- means "out of" and cappa means "cloak" or
"cape". The literal meaning is "to get out of one's cloak"
(A) & (B): Both "capture" (to take by force) and "caption" (originally
"the act of taking") share the Latin root cap, which means "to grasp".
(C): "Recipient" features the root variant -cip-, which is an allomorphic
form of cap-.
B24121227 Phoebe

• Question: Which group of words contains roots that are orthographically

different (spelled differently) but share the same singleton morpheme core
meaning?

(A) Transfer, Refer, and Fertile

(B) Transport, Portable, and Support

(C) Bearer, Burden, and Birth

(D) Transfer, Transport, and Bearer

• Answer: (D)

• Analysis: These words share the same PIE root bher- meaning “to carry, bear,
bring,” but appear in three different spelling forms: -fer-, -port-, and bear-.

(A) These words share the same Latin form -fer-, so the spelling does not vary
orthographically.

(B) These words all contain the same form -port-, meaning “carry,” without
spelling variation.

(C) Birth developed semantically toward “to be born” rather than directly
preserving the “carry/bear” meaning in the same morphological pattern.
Therefore, they are not treated as the same singleton morpheme set.

(D) Transfer (-fer-), transport (-port-), and bearer (bear-) all derive from the
PIE root bher- but display different orthographic realizations while preserving
the shared core meaning “to carry/bear.”
 Group A: Tasting

1. The sense

Core Root Core Major Common Meaning Memory Link

/ Affix Meaning Spelling Medical /
of Root Variants Scientific
Term
Breakdown

gust- To taste No Gustation (n.) The sense of When you eat a

significat taste. delicious meal
variants with great
Gustatory Relating to the gusto, your
(adj.) sense of taste. tongue is fully
enjoying its
Disgust
A feeling of gust-atory
(n./v.)
revulsion. sense.

dis- (not/bad) +
gust (taste) =
"bad taste" →
leading to
revulsion)

-geusia Taste -guesia (n.) Aguesia Loss of taste When you drink
(State of functions. a glass of fresh
taste / juice, you need
Medical a- (without) + your geu-sia
condition) geusia (taste) sense to enjoy
the sweetness.
Dysgeusia Distortion of
the sense of (jui- sounds like
taste. geu-)

dys-
(abnormal)+
geusia (taste)

Hypergeusia Increased taste

sensitivity.

hyper-
(excessive)+
geusia (taste)
 -geusic Phantogeusic Relating to a
(adj.) phantom
taste;
perceiving a
taste when
there is no
food or
stimulus in the
mouth.

phanto-
(phantom/illusi
on) + -geusic
(taste)

sap- / sip- To taste, sap- Sapid (adj.) Having a When taking a

to have strong, small taste of
flavor pleasant flavor. hot soup or
coffee, you take
Homo Wise man a sip. When you
sapiens (n.) (Human sip, your tongue
species). is actively “sip-
/ sap- ing the
(sapiens comes flavor”.
from the same
root, meaning
"one who has
taste,
discernment,
or wisdom")

sip- Insipid (adj.) Lacking flavor;

tasteless.

in- (not) + sip

(flavor) =
flavorless
 2. The sense organ

Core Root Core Major Common Meaning Memory Link

/ Affix Meaning Spelling Medical /
of Root Variants Scientific
Term
Breakdown

palat- palatable Pleasant to

Palate (the no (adj.) taste; Imagine your
roof of the significant acceptable or tongue reaching
mouth, variants satisfactory. up to touch the
associated roof of your
with the palatability mouth, which is
sense of (n.) The property painted like a
taste or of being colorful artist's
discernme agreeable or palette.
nt) flavorful to the
taste buds.

palatalization
(n.) A phonetic
process where
the tongue
moves toward
the hard palate
(though this
shifts into
speech rather
than taste).

Lingu- Lingua- bilingual

Tongue (adj.) Speaking two Think of
(the languages LINGUINE
physical fluently. pasta. Picture
organ of yourself eating a
taste and bowl of linguine
linguistics
speech) The scientific pasta, but the
(n.)
study of noodles are
language shaped like long
tongues
 sublingual
(adj.) Placed or
administered
under the
tongue.

Lig- language (n.)

The method of
human
communication
, either spoken
or written,
originally
produced by
the physical
organ of the
tongue.

Gloss- tongue glot-/ glott-

glottis (n.) The part of the Think of Lip
larynx GLOSS or a
consisting of GLOSSARY.
the vocal cords
and the You put lip
opening gloss right next
between them. to your tongue.
Alternatively, a
glossary at the
polyglot (n.)
A person who back of a book
knows or uses defines words
several spoken by your
languages. tongue
(language).

glot-/ glott- hypoglossal

(adj.) Located under
the tongue,
such as the
hypoglossal
nerve.

3. The stimuli
Core Root Core Major Common Meaning Memory Link
/ Affix Meaning Spelling Medical /
of Root Variants Scientific Term
Breakdown

gluc- sweet No Glucophore (n.) carrier of Gluc- sounds

significat sweetness like Glucose,
variants Glucose tasted
Glycyrrhizin(n.) sweet root sweet.
extract

Hyperglycemia
(n.) hyper-
(excessive)
+glyc-
(sweet/sugar)
+ -emia
(blood
condition)

-oxy Sour / No Oxygeusia (n.) Oxal- comes

Acid significat An from oxalis
variants abnormally (wood sorrel), a
sharp or acute plant known for
sense of taste its sour taste
(especially to due to oxalic
sourness). acid.
oxy-
(sharp/sour) +
-geusia (taste)

Oxaluria (n.)
High amounts
of oxalic acid
in the urine.

oxal- (sour
plant/oxalate)
+ -uria (urine)

sal- / sali- salty/salt No Salimeter (n.) Sal- is the root

significat An instrument of salad
variants used to (originally
measure the salted veggies)
concentration
 of salt in a and salary
solution. (Roman soldiers
paid in salt).
Salt is the direct
stimulus for
salty taste.
sali- (salt) +
-meter
(measure)

Saluresis (n.)
The excretion
of sodium
(salt) in the
urine.

sal- (salt) +
-uresis (urine)