TOTAL NUMBER OF
EXPERIMENTS TO BE
WRITTEN IN SEPARATE
PHYSICS FILE: 05
EXPERIMENT NO. 01
Aim: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the image of a
distant object.
Apparatus: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
A concave mirror, white screen or a white sheet of paper, a meter scale.
Theory: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
1. A distant object which is many time the focal length of the mirror is
regarded as an object at infinity.
2. Rays coming from the object form a set of parallel rays.
3. Parallel rays coming from the object after reflection meet in the focal plane of
the mirror and forms a real, inverted and diminished image.
DIAGRAM: (DRAW ON PLAIN SIDE)
PROCEDURE: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
1. Hold the concave mirror in your hand and select any object at a far distant
outside the classroom. The object (say tree or house) at a far distance should be
visible to our naked eyes.
2. Then adjust the distance of your concave mirror with the white screen or
paper so that a clear image can be formed,
3. Measure the distance between concave mirror and the white screen using
meter scale.
4. Repeat the experiment three times.
Observation: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
1. f1 = cm
2. f2 = cm
Average focal length (𝑓) = cm
Result: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
The focal length of the given concave mirror =_____________cm
Precautions: (WRITE ON RULE SIDE)
1. The distant object should be clearly visible.
2. A clear image of the object should be obtained on the white screen.
3. While measuring the distance between the mirror and the image, the meter
scale should be kept horizontally and parallel to the horizontal ground.
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM: (ON RULE SIDE)
To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image of a
distant object.
Apparatus: (ON RULE SIDE)
A convex lens, white sheet/ cardboard, meter scale.
Theory: (ON RULE SIDE)
1. An object is at many times the focal length ‘f’ of the lens. It is regarded as an
object at infinity.
2. Rays coming from the object form a set of parallel rays
3. Parallel beam of rays often refracted through convex lens, it converges at one
point in the focal plane.
DIAGRAM: (ON PLAIN SIDE)
Procedure: (ON RULE SIDE)
1. Hold the convex lens in your hand and select any object at a far distant
outside the classroom.
2. The image of an object is obtained clearly on a white sheet/ cardboard
which is inverted.
3. Measure the distance between the convex lens and the white sheet/
cardboard using a meter scale.
Observation: (ON RULE SIDE)
1. f1= cm
2. f2= cm
Average focal length (𝑓) = ______cm
Result: (ON RULE SIDE)
The focal length of the given convex lens = cm
Precautions: (ON RULE SIDE)
1. The object should be clearly visible.
2. Lens should be held properly and firmly so that it faces parallel to the screen.
3. While measuring the distance between the optical centre and the focal plane,
the meter scale should be kept parallel to the principal axis.
EXPERIMENT NO. 03
Aim: (ON RULE SIDE)
To study the dependence of current (I) on the potential difference
(V) across a resistor and to determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between
V and I.
Apparatus: (ON RULE SIDE)
A D.C. voltmeter of 1.5 V range, given resistor (i.e. a resistance wire, say
constant wire of unknown resistance), an ammeter (1.5 ampere range), a
rheostat (of about 10 ohm), plug key, dry cell or an accumulator and connecting
wires.
THEORY: (ON RULE SIDE)
According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference V developed across the ends of
a conductor is directly proportional to the current I flowing through it.
Symbolically,
V ∝ I
OR
V = RI …… (1)
Where R is the constant of proportionality and is known as the resistance of the
conductor.
When V is measured in volt, I in ampere then resistance R is expressed in Ohm
(Ω).
To study the dependence of current on potential difference (p.d.), different
values of potential difference V are applied across the ends of the conductor.
The corresponding values of current I are recorded using an ammeter. The ratio
of V/I is determined in each case. It will be found that the ratio V/I is found to be
the same in each set of observation. The mean value of V/I gives the resistance
R of the conductor. The variations of V vs I are represented by plotting V along X-
axis and I along Y-axis. The graph will be found to be a straight line.
Procedure: (ON RULE SIDE) ------ DIAGRAM (ON PLAIN SIDE)
1. Draw a neat circuit diagram on your notebook as shown in the Figure.
2. Arrange the apparatus on the working table in the laboratory and make the
circuit connections as shown in the figure. Ammeter is connected in series with
the given resistor and voltmeter is connected in parallel, i.e. across it. Record
the zero errors in ammeter and voltmeter, if any.
3. Insert the plug-key, K and adjust the rheostat (Rh) to pass a small current
through the given resistor. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Increase the current step-by step by adjusting the slider of the rheostat and
take about 5 or 6 sets of
5. Draw a graph (ON PLAIN SIDE) by plotting ammeter readings (I) along y-axis
and the corresponding voltmeter readings (V) along x-axis as shown in the figure
Observations and calculations (ON PLAIN SIDE)
Least count of the ammeter = .......... amp
Least count of the voltmeter = .......... volt
Range of the ammeter = .......... amp
Zero error of the ammeter = .......... amp
Range of the voltmeter = .......... volt
Zero error of the voltmeter = .......... volt
Note (ON RULE SIDE)
If the zero error of the instrument is negative, then it must be added to the
observed value to get the corrected value and vice versa.
Table 6.1 (ON PLAIN SIDE)
Ammeter readings (I) Voltmeter readings (V)
V/I
Obs. No Observed Corrected Observed Corrected
(amp) (amp) (amp) (amp)
(Ohm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
The plot of V and I is a straight line passing through the origin. To determine the
resistance R from the graph, read the current value, in amperes corresponding
to a given voltmeter reading and take the ratio V/I. Thus, the resistance of the
conductor AB is determined in ohms.
Result: (ON RULE SIDE)
1. The straight-line graph between I and V shows that the potential difference
developed across ends of a conductor (or resistor) is directly proportional to the
current flowing through the conductor.
2. The resistance of the given resistor is_ _ _ _ _ _ Ω.
Precautions: (ON RULE SIDE)
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections and get it checked
by the teacher.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires by sand paper and then make neat,
clean and tight connections.
3. Get your circuit connections checked by the teacher before passing the
current.
4. Close the key only when you are taking readings.
5. Take care that the cell is not short-circuited because by doing so, a heavy
current is suddenly drawn from the cell due to which the plates of the cell may
be damaged.
6. Note the zero errors and the ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter.
7. Positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to the
positive pole of the cell and the higher potential terminal of the resistor AB
respectively.
8. A low resistance rheostat should be used in order to change the current
smoothly.
9. The voltmeter must be of high resistance.
10. Excessive current should not be passed in the resistor otherwise due to large
heating its temperature may increase. Due to increase in temperature the ratio
V/I may not remain constant.
EXPERIMENT NO. 04
Aim: (ON RULE SIDE)
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in series.
Apparatus: (ON RULE SIDE)
Two given resistors of unknown resistances, an ammeter, a voltmeter of suitable
range, rheostat of about 10 Ω resistance, an accumulator or a dry cell, a plug
key, connecting wires, sand paper etc.
Theory: (ON RULE SIDE)
Two resistors are said to be connected in series if they are connected end as
shown in the figure. The equivalent resistance of the series combination, i,e, R is
given as R = r1 + r2
Where r and r are the individual resistances of the resistors connected in series
as shown in the Figure
Fig 11.1. r1 and r2 are connected in series.
Procedure (on RULE SIDE)
1. Determine the individual r1 and r2 of the given resistors by following the circuit
diagram and procedural steps of Experiment No. 4.
2. Study the following circuit diagram for series combination of r1 and r2 as given
in the Figure. Make the connections of various pieces of apparatus as shown in
arrangement diagram given in the Figure.
(DRAW ON PLAIN SIDE)
Fig 11.2. Circuit diagram to determine the equivalent resistance of two
resistors connected in series.
(DRAW ON PLAIN SIDE)
Fig. 11.3 Arrangement diagram for series combination of the given two
resistors.
3. Insert the key (K) and adjust the rheostat (Rh) for a small current as
indicated by ammeter A. Record the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Increase the current by adjusting the position of slider of the rheostat
and note down the corresponding readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
Thus take three sets of observations and determine mean value of the
equivalent resistance R of the series combination.
5. Record the observations as detailed below:
Observations (ON RULE SIDE)
Zero error of voltmeter = ……. volt
Zero error of ammeter = ……. amp
Least count of the voltmeter = ……. volt
Least count of the ammeter = … … amp
Range of ammeter = …………amp
Range of voltmeter =…………volt
Note (ON RULE SIDE)
If the zero error of the instrument is negative then it must be added to
the observed value to obtain the corrected value and vice versa.
Table 11.1 (ON RULE SIDE)
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading (I) Resistance Mean
Resistance Obs. (V) = V/I resistance
(Ohm) No. Observed Correct Observed Corrected (ohm) (ohm)
(volt) (volt) (amp) (amp)
1
r1 2
3
r2 1
2
3
1
R 2
3
Calculations (ON RULE SIDE)
Resultant resistance of the resistors in Series
(i) By experiment, R = ……. ohm
(ii) By calculations, R = r1 + r2 = ……ohm
Result (ON RULE SIDE)
Within the limits of experimental error, the experimental value of F is
equal to its calculated value. Thus, the relation R = r1 + r2 for series
combination is verified.
Precautions (ON RULE SIDE)
1. Draw a circuit diagram as given in the book and get it checked by your
teacher.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires by sand paper and then make
neat, clean and tight connections.
3. Get your circuit connections checked by your teacher before
passing current.
4. Close the key (K) only when you are taking readings.
5. Take care that the source of current, i.e. dry cell is not short
circuited.
6. not the zero errors and the ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter.
7. Positive terminals of ammeter should be connected to the positive
pole of the cell.
8. The positive terminal of the voltmeter should be connected to the
higher potential ends of the resistors r1 and r2 in series combination.
9. A suitable rheostat of about 10 Ω should be used to change the
current smoothly.
10. Excessive current should not be passed, otherwise due to excessive
heating, temperature increases. With increase in temperature the
resistance of the resistor changes.
EXPERIMENT NO. 05
Aim: (ON RULE SIDE)
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in
parallel.
Apparatus (ON RULE SIDE)
Two given resistors of unknown resistances, an ammeter, a voltmeter of
suitable range, rheostat of about 10 Ω resistance, an accumulator or dry
cell, a plug key, connecting wires, sand paper etc.
Theory (ON RULE SIDE)
Two resistors are said to be connected in parallel if one end of each
resistor is connected to one common point A and the other end of each
resistor is connected to another common point B as shown in the
Figure.
Fig. 12.1 Parallel combination of resistors r1 and r2
The equivalent resistance F of the parallel combination is given by the
relation
1/ R = 1/r1 + 1/r2
Procedure (ON RULE SIDE)
1. Determine the individual resistances r1 and r2 of the given resistors following
the procedural steps and circuit diagram of the experiment No.4.
2. Study the circuit diagram for parallel combination of r1 and r2 as given in the
Figure. Make the connections of various pieces of apparatus as shown in
arrangement diagram given in the next Figure.
3. Insert the key (K) and adjust the rheostat (Rh) for a small current as indicated by
ammeter A. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
(DRAW ON PLAIN SIDE)
Fig 12.2 Circuit diagram for parallel combination of r1 and r2
(DRAW ON PLAIN SIDE)
Fig 12.3 Arrangement diagram for parallel combination of r1 and r2.
4. Increase the current by adjusting the position of the slider of the rheostat
suitably. Record the corresponding readings of ammeter and voltmeter. Take
three sets of observations and determine the mean value of the equivalent
resistance R of the parallel combination.
5. Record your observations as given below:
Observations (ON RULE SIDE)
Zero error of the voltmeter = …volt
Least count of the voltmeter = …. volt
Zero error of the ammeter = …amp
Least count of the ammeter = …amp
Note (ON RULE SIDE)
If the zero error of the instrument is negative, then it must be added to the
observed value to get the corrected value and vice versa.
Table 12.1 (ON RULE SIDE)
Voltmeter Reading (V) Ammeter Reading (I) Resistance Mean
Resistance Obs. V/I Resistance
(Ohm) No. Observed Corrected Observed Corrected (Ohm) (Ohm)
(Volt) (Volt) (amp) (amp)
1
r1 2
3
1
r2 2
3
1
R
2
3
Calculations: (ON RULE SIDE)
Resultant Resistance of Resistors in Parallel
(i) By experiment, R = …. ohm
(ii) By calculations, 1/R = 1/r1 + 1/r2
Result (ON RULE SIDE)
Within the limits of experimental error, the experimental value of R equals the
calculated value of R.
Precautions. (ON RULE SIDE)
1. Draw a circuit diagram as given in the book and get it checked by your teacher.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires by sand paper and then make neat,
clean and tight connections.
3. Get your circuit connections checked by your teacher before passing
current.
4. Close the key (K) only when you are taking readings.
5. Take care that the source of current, i.e. dry cell is not short circuited.
6. Note the zero errors and the ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter.
7. Positive terminals of ammeter should be connected to the positive pole of the
cell.
8. The positive terminal of the voltmeter should be connected to the higher
potential ends of the resistors r1 and r2 in series combination.
9. A suitable rheostat of about 10 Ω should be used to change the current
smoothly.
10. Excessive current should not be passed, otherwise due to excessive heating,
temperature increases. With increase in temperature the resistance of the
resistor changes.