1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech.

Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

1BESC204D - INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODULE – 2 – ENGINES

ENGINE:
A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The
combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, and diesel generate heat. This heat is supplied to a working
substance at high temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable machines, heat energy
is converted into useful work.

CLASSIFICATION OF I C ENGINES:
According to the type of fuel used:
• Petrol engine - If the fuel used is petrol, the engine is called as petrol engine.
• Diesel engine - If the fuel used is diesel, the engine is called as diesel engine.
• Gas engine - gaseous fuels like bio-gas, natural gas, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), etc., are
used as fuels.
• Bi-fuel (Bio-fuel) engine - these engines use a mixture of more than one fuel. For example,
mixture of diesel and natural gas, mixture of diesel and neem oil, etc.

According to the number of strokes per cycle:

• 4-stroke engine - if the engine completes its working cycle in four different strokes of the piston,
or two revolutions of the crankshaft, it is called as 4-stroke engine.
• 2-stroke engine - if the engine completes its working cycle in two different strokes of the piston,
or one revolution of the crankshaft, it is called as 2-stroke engine.

According to the method of ignition:

• Spark Ignition (SI) engine - If the fuel is ignited by an electric spark generated by a spark plug,
the engine is called as spark ignition engine.
• Compression Ignition (CI) engine - In these engines, the fuel ignites when it comes in contact
with the hot compressed air.

According to the number of cylinders used:

• Single cylinder engine - If the engine consists of only one cylinder, then it is called as single
cylinder engine.
• Multi-cylinder engine - If the engine consists of more than one cylinder, then it is called as multi-
cylinder engine.

According to the arrangement of cylinders:

• Vertical engine - If the cylinder is arranged in a vertical position, the engine is called vertical
cylinder engine.
• Horizontal engine - cylinder is arranged in horizontal position.
• Inline engine - cylinders are arranged in a line. Most trucks are of inline configuration.
• Radial engine - cylinders are arranged along the circumference of a circle.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 1

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

• V-engine - It is a combination of two inline engines equally set at an angle. Passenger vehicles
have V-type configuration.
• Opposed type engine - cylinders are arranged opposite to each other.

According to the method of cooling:

• Air cooled engine - If the heated cylinder walls (due to combustion of fuel) are cooled by
circulating air, the engine is called air cooled engine
• Water cooled engine - water is circulated through the jacket surrounding the healed cylinder
walls.

PARTS OF AN IC ENGINE:
The following are the main parts of an internal combustion engine.
• Cylinder
• Piston
• Piston rings
• Connecting rod
• Crank
• Crankshaft
• Crankcase
• Fly wheel
• Valves

• TOP DEAD CENTRE (TDC) OR COVER END: The extreme position of the piston near to the
cylinder head is called top dead centre. Briefly abbreviated as TDC. In horizontal engines, like
the opposed type engine, the term top dead centre becomes irrelevant, and hence the term
cover end is used in-place of top dead centre.

• BOTTOM DEAD CENTRE (BDC) OR CRANK END: The extreme position of the piston near to
the crankshaft is called bottom dead centre. Briefly abbreviated as BDC. In horizontal engines,
like the opposed type engine, the term bottom dead centre becomes irrelevant, and hence
substituted by the term crank end.

• BORE: The inner diameter of the cylinder is called bore. It is denoted by d.

• Stroke or Stroke length: The linear distance travelled by the piston when it moves from top dead
centre to bottom dead centre is called stroke or stroke length. It is denoted by L.

• STROKE VOLUME OR SWEPT VOLUME OR PISTON DISPLACEMENT: The volume swept by

the piston when it moves from the top dead centre to bottom dead centre is called stroke
volume or swept volume or piston displacement. It is denoted by Vs.

• CLEARANCE VOLUME: The volume of the cylinder above the top of the piston when the piston
is at the top dead centre is called clearance volume. It is denoted by Vc.

FOUR STROKE

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 2

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

A four-stroke cycle engine is an internal combustion engine that utilizes four distinct piston
strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) to complete one operating cycle.

The piston make two complete passes in the cylinder to complete one operating cycle. An
operating cycle requires two revolutions (720°) of the crankshaft.

The four-stroke cycle engine is the most common type of small engine. A four-stroke cycle
engine completes five Strokes in one operating cycle, including intake, compression, ignition, power,
and exhaust Strokes.

FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE (4-S-P-E):-

A four-stroke petrol engine works on Otto cycle. Hence it is also called Otto cycle engine.

The charge used in a 4-Stroke petrol engine is a mixture of air and petrol, and is supplied by the
carburettor in suitable proportions. The charge is ignited by the spark generated by a spark plug, and
for this reason, petrol engines are also called Spark Ignition (SI) engines.

WORKING:

In a 4-Stroke petrol engine, the working cycle is completed in four different strokes of the piston.

Suction stroke: At the beginning of the suction stroke, the piston is at the top dead centre (TDC), and
is about to move towards the bottom dead centre (BDC). At this instance, the inlet valve is opened and
the exhaust valve is closed. The downward movement of the piston produces suction (partial vacuum)
in the cylinder, due to which fresh charge of air and petrol mixture is drawn into the cylinder through
the inlet valve.

When the piston reaches the BDC, the suction stroke ends and the inlet valve is closed. With this
stroke, the crankshaft rotates through 180° or half-revolution.

The energy required for the piston movement is taken from a battery. The suction of air takes place at
atmospheric pressure, and is represented by the line AB on p-v diagram.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 3

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Compression stroke: During the compression stroke, the piston moves from BDC to TDC. Both the
inlet and exhaust valves remain closed. As the piston moves upwards, the air- petrol mixture in the
cylinder gets compressed (squeezed), due to which the pressure and temperature of the mixture
increases.

The compression process is adiabatic [Adiabatic - It is a process in which there is no heat transfer from
the system to the surroundings or vice-versa.] in nature and is shown by the curve BC on p-v diagram.
When the piston is about to reach the TDC, the spark plug initiates a spark that ignites the air-petrol
mixture. Combustion of fuel takes place at constant volume as shown by the line CD on p-v diagram.

Since combustion of fuel takes place at constant volume, 4-Stroke petrol engines are also called as
constant volume cycle engines. With this stroke, the crankshaft rotates by another 180° or half
revolution. The energy required for the piston movement is taken from a battery.

Power stroke (Expansion stroke or Working stroke): During this stroke, both the valves will
remain closed. As the combustion of fuel takes place, the burnt gases expand and exert a large force
on the piston causing it to move rapidly from the TDC to BDC. The force (or power) is transmitted to the
crankshaft through the connecting rod.

As a result, the crankshaft rotates at high speeds. The crankshaft then transmits the power through
clutches, gears, chains, etc... To turn the wheels of the vehicle and cause it to move. The expansion of
gases is adiabatic in nature and is shown by the curve DE on p-v diagram.

Since the actual power or work is produced by the engine in this stroke, it is also called as power stroke
or working stroke. Also, expansion of gases occurs during this stroke, and hence the name expansion
stroke.

Exhaust stroke: Towards the end of the expansion stroke, the exhaust valve opens, while the inlet
valve remains closed. A part of the burnt gases due to their own expansion escapes out of the cylinder
through the exhaust valve.

This drop in pressure at constant volume inside the cylinder is represented by the line EB on p-v
diagram. The exhaust stroke begins when the piston starts moving from the BDC to TDC. The energy for
this stroke is supplied by the flywheel, which it had absorbed in the previous stroke. As the piston
moves upwards, it forces the remaining burnt gases to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve.

PV DIAGRAM – PETROL ENGINE

FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 4

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Diesel engines may be designed as either two stroke or four stroke [Link] four stroke Diesel engine
is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning
a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.
Therefore, each stroke does not correspond to single thermodynamic process given in chapter Diesel
Cycle – Processes.

Suction stroke – The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) and the
cycle passes points 0 → 1. In this stroke the intake valve is open while the piston pulls air (without a
fuel) into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion.

Compression stroke – The piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)
and the cycle passes points 1 → 2 . In this stroke both the intake and exhaust valves are closed,
resulting in adiabatic air compression (i.e. without heat transfer to or from the environment). During
this compression, the volume is reduced, the pressure and temperature both rise. At the end of this
stroke fuel is injected and burns in the compressed hot air. At the end of this stroke the crankshaft has
completed a full 360-degree revolution.

Power stroke – The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) and the
cycle passes points 2 → 3 → 4. In this stroke both the intake and exhaust valves are closed. At the
beginning of the power stroke, a near isobaric combustion occur between 2 and 3. In this interval the
pressure remains constant since the piston descends, and the volume increases. At 3 fuel injection and
combustion are complete, and the cylinder contains gas at a higher temperature than at 2. Between 3
and 4 this hot gas expands, again approximately adiabatically. In this stroke the piston is driven
towards the crankshaft, the volume in increased, and the work is done by the gas on the piston.

Exhaust stroke. The piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) and the
cycle passes points 4 → 1 → 0. In this stroke the exhaust valve is open while the piston pulls an
exhaust gases out of the chamber. At the end of this stroke the crankshaft has completed a second full
360 degree revolution.

PV DIAGRAM – DIESEL ENGINE

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 5

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Difference Between 4 Stroke and 2 Stroke Engine

Difference Between Petrol and Diesel Engine

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 6

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Applications of IC Engines:

1. Road Vehicles

IC engines power scooters, motorcycles, cars, and buses by converting fuel energy into
mechanical power to move the vehicle. They are preferred for their high performance, easy refueling,
and reliability.

2. Aircraft

Small airplanes and drones use IC engines to spin propellers and generate thrust. These engines
are lightweight and efficient, making them suitable for flight at various altitudes.

3. Locomotives

Trains use large diesel IC engines, often in a diesel-electric setup. The engine powers a
generator, which drives electric motors connected to the wheels, providing strong pulling force over
long distances.

4. Construction (Civil Engineering Equipment)

Heavy machines like bulldozers, scrapers, and power shovels use IC engines to operate
hydraulics and move equipment. These engines provide high torque needed for lifting and digging.

5. Pump Sets

In rural and agricultural areas, small IC engines are used to run water pumps for irrigation. They
are easy to transport and operate where electricity is unavailable.

6. Hospitals

Hospitals use IC engine-powered generators as a backup during power failures. These engines
ensure uninterrupted power supply to critical systems and life-saving equipment.

7. Industrial Applications

IC engines drive industrial machines like generators, compressors, and forklifts. They provide
portable and reliable power in factories, warehouses, and construction sites.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 7

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

8. Agriculture

IC engines are widely used in tractors, harvesters, and sprayers. They help in plowing,
harvesting, and irrigation, increasing productivity and reducing manual labor.

9. Marine

Boats and small ships use IC engines to drive propellers. They are compact, fuel-efficient, and
provide steady power for navigating rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.

INSIGHT INTO FUTURE MOBILITY TECHNOLOGY:

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 8

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLE:

An electric vehicle (EV) is a type of automobile that utilizes one or more electric motors for
propulsion, as opposed to the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) found in conventional
vehicles. Electric vehicles are powered by electricity stored in on-board batteries, which are
rechargeable and provide the energy needed to operate the vehicle's motor(s). EVs offer several
advantages over traditional gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles, including environmental benefits,
reduced operating costs, and potential for improved performance. Here's an introduction to electric
vehicles

Types of Electric Vehicles:

There are several types of electric vehicles, each with its own unique characteristics and
purposes:

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): These are purely electric vehicles that run entirely on electricity.
They are equipped with a large battery pack to store energy, which powers an electric motor to drive
the vehicle. BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions and are considered one of the most environmentally
friendly transportation options.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): PHEVs combine an electric motor with an internal
combustion engine. They can be plugged in to charge the battery and can also use gasoline or another
fuel source. PHEVs offer some all-electric driving range before switching to the internal combustion
engine.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): HEVs use a combination of an internal combustion engine and an
electric motor. The electric motor assists the engine to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions,
but HEVs cannot be plugged in to charge the battery; instead, the battery is charged through
regenerative braking and engine operation.

COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Electric vehicles (EVs) consist of several key components that work together to provide
propulsion, energy storage, and various functions. These components are essential for the operation
and performance of an electric vehicle.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 9

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Here are the main components of an electric vehicle:

 Electric Motor: The electric motor is the heart of an EV. It converts electrical energy from the
battery into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle's wheels. There are different types of electric
motors used in EVs, such as AC induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and synchronous
motors.

 Battery Pack: The battery pack stores electrical energy and provides power to the electric
motor. It is usually composed of numerous individual battery cells connected in series and
parallel configurations. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used due to their high energy
density and rechargeability

 Power Electronics: Power electronics control the flow of electrical energy between the battery
and the electric motor. They include components like inverters, converters, and controllers that
manage the voltage, current, and frequency of the electric power.

 Charging System: The charging system allows the EV's battery to be recharged from an
external power source, such as a charging station or a home charger. It includes charging
cables, connectors, and charging control modules.

 On-Board Charger: The on-board charger converts the AC power from the charging station into
DC power that can be stored in the battery. It manages the charging process, including voltage
regulation and safety features.

 Thermal Management System: This system regulates the temperature of the battery, electric
motor, and other components to optimize their performance and extend their lifespan. Proper
thermal management is crucial for efficient operation and safety.

 DC-DC Converter: The DC-DC converter transforms high-voltage DC power from the battery to
lower- voltage DC power, which is used to operate the vehicle's auxiliary systems and charge
the 12-volt battery that powers lights, instruments, and other accessories.

 Regenerative Braking System: Regenerative braking captures and converts kinetic energy
into electrical energy during braking or deceleration. This energy is then stored in the battery
for later use, improving energy efficiency and extending driving range.

 Transmission: Many electric vehicles use a single-speed transmission because electric motors
provide a wide range of torque and speed without the need for complex gear-shifting

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 10

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

mechanisms.

 Wiring and Connectors: EVs have a complex network of wiring, connectors, and sensors that
interconnect various components, allowing them to communicate and work together seamlessly.

These components work together to create a functional, efficient, and environmentally friendly
mode of transportation in electric vehicles. As technology advances, ongoing research and
development aim to improve the efficiency, performance, and affordability of these components,
driving the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention as a promising alternative to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). They come with several advantages and disadvantages, which are
important to consider when evaluating their overall impact and suitability for different users and
scenarios.

Advantages of Electric Vehicles:

 Environmental Benefits: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps reduce air pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions. This contributes to improved air quality and mitigates climate
change.
 Lower Operating Costs: Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline or diesel fuel on a per-
mile basis. EVs also have fewer moving parts, leading to reduced maintenance and repair costs.
 Quiet and Smooth Operation: Electric motors are quieter and provide instant torque,
resulting in smooth and responsive acceleration.
 Energy Efficiency: EVs are more energy-efficient compared to internal combustion engine
vehicles, as they convert a higher percentage of energy from the grid to power at the wheels.
 Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels: EVs help decrease reliance on fossil fuels, promoting
energy diversity and potentially reducing geopolitical and economic concerns related to oil
dependency.

Disadvantages of Electric Vehicles:

 Limited Driving Range - Many EVs have a shorter driving range compared to ICEVs, requiring
more frequent charging and potentially limiting their suitability for long-distance travel.

 Charging Infrastructure - The availability and accessibility of charging stations vary widely,
which can lead to concerns about "range anxiety" and inconvenience for some users.

 Long Charging Times - EVs generally take longer to recharge compared to refueling ICEVs,
especially when using standard household outlets. Although fast-charging options exist, they
may not be as widespread.

 Upfront Costs - The initial purchase price of EVs is often higher than that of comparable ICEVs,
although this gap is decreasing as technology advances and incentives are offered.

 Battery Degradation and Disposal - Over time, the capacity of EV batteries can degrade,

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 11

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

reducing the vehicle's range and overall performance. Proper disposal and recycling of lithium-
ion batteries are also environmental concerns.

 Energy Source - The environmental benefits of EVs depend on the source of electricity used for
charging. If the electricity comes from fossil fuels, the overall emissions reduction may be
limited.

 Infrastructure and Grid Strain - A widespread shift to EVs could strain electricity grids,
necessitating infrastructure upgrades to accommodate increased demand.

Introduction to Hybrid Vehicle

A hybrid vehicle is an automobile that utilizes two or more distinct power sources to provide
propulsion. Typically, hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine (usually gasoline-
powered) with an electric motor and a battery pack. The integration of these power sources allows for
improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and sometimes enhanced performance compared to
traditional, solely gasoline-powered vehicles.

There are several types of hybrid systems, each with varying levels of reliance on the internal
combustion engine and the electric motor. Here are the most common types:

 Parallel Hybrid: In a parallel hybrid system, both the internal combustion engine and the
electric motor can provide power to the wheels simultaneously. The vehicle can operate on
either power source independently or in combination, depending on driving conditions and
power demand.
 Series Hybrid: In a series hybrid system, the internal combustion engine does not directly
drive the wheels. Instead, it charges the electric motor's batteries, which then powers the
vehicle. The internal combustion engine operates solely as a generator to produce electricity,

increasing overall efficiency.

 Series-Parallel Hybrid (Power-Split Hybrid): This type combines features of both parallel
and series hybrid systems. It allows the vehicle to operate in various modes, such as using the
internal combustion engine, the electric motor, or both in combination
 Mild Hybrid: Mild hybrids incorporate an electric motor that assists the internal combustion
engine, usually during acceleration or low-speed driving. However, the electric motor cannot
propel the vehicle on its own, and the system is designed to improve fuel efficiency rather than

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 12

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

offer full electric drive capabilities.

Hybrid vehicles offer several benefits, including:

 Improved Fuel Efficiency: Hybrids consume less gasoline compared to traditional

vehicles due to the electric motor's assistance and regenerative braking, which converts
kinetic energy back into stored electric energy.
 Reduced Emissions: Hybrids emit fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants because the
electric motor produces little to no tailpipe emissions, particularly during low-speed and
stop-and-go driving.
 Regenerative Braking: Hybrid vehicles often use regenerative braking to capture and
store energy during braking, converting it into electric energy to charge the battery.
 Potential Cost Savings: Although hybrid vehicles may have a higher initial cost, the
savings on fuel expenses over time can help offset this.
 Enhanced Performance: In some cases, hybrid systems can provide a boost in
acceleration and overall performance by combining the power of the internal combustion
engine and the electric motor.

Components of Hybrid Vehicle

Hybrid vehicles consist of various components that work together to combine the benefits of both
internal combustion engines and electric motors. These components can vary based on the type of
hybrid system and the specific vehicle model, but here are the key components commonly found in
hybrid vehicles:

 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): The traditional gasoline or diesel engine that provides
power to the vehicle. In hybrid vehicles, the ICE is often smaller and more efficient than in

conventional vehicles, as it works in conjunction with the electric motor.

 Electric Motor: An electric motor converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical
energy to propel the vehicle. It can also function as a generator during braking, converting
kinetic energy back into electrical energy for storage in the battery (regenerative braking).

 Battery Pack: The battery pack stores electrical energy to power the electric motor. It is
typically a high- voltage lithium-ion battery, and its capacity determines the electric-only driving
range and overall hybrid system performance.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 13

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

 Power Electronics: This component manages the flow of electrical energy between the
battery, the electric motor, and the internal combustion engine. It includes components like
inverters and converters that control voltage and current.

 Transmission: Hybrid vehicles may have specialized transmissions, such as a continuously

variable transmission (CVT) or a power-split transmission. These transmissions optimize power
distribution between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for optimal
efficiency and performance.

 Regenerative Braking System: This system captures and converts kinetic energy produced
during braking into electrical energy. The electric motor acts as a generator during braking,
helping to recharge the battery.

 Hybrid Control Unit (HCU): The HCU manages the coordination between the internal
combustion engine, electric motor, and other hybrid components. It decides when to switch
between power sources and adjusts power distribution based on driving conditions and driver
inputs.

 Powertrain Components: Various components, such as clutches and couplers, allow for
seamless switching between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor, depending
on the driving mode.

 On-Board Charger: In plug-in hybrid vehicles, an on-board charger converts AC power from an
electrical outlet into DC power for charging the battery.

 Charging Port: Present in plug-in hybrid vehicles, this port allows the vehicle to be charged
externally using standard electrical outlet or a dedicated charging station.

 Drive Modes: Hybrid vehicles often offer different driving modes, such as "EV mode" (electric-
only), "Hybrid mode" (combining both power sources), and potentially other modes optimized for
performance or fuel efficiency.

Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles:

 Fuel Efficiency: Hybrids generally have better fuel efficiency than traditional ICE vehicles,
especially in city driving and stop-and-go traffic. The electric motor's assistance and
regenerative braking contribute to lower fuel consumption.
 Reduced Emissions: Hybrid vehicles produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants
compared to conventional ICE vehicles. The electric motor's operation produces little to no
tailpipe emissions, particularly in low-speed driving conditions.
 Improved City Driving: Hybrids excel in city driving due to their ability to operate in electric-
only mode at low speeds, reducing fuel consumption and emissions in urban environments.
 Regenerative Braking: The regenerative braking system captures energy during braking and
converts it into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery. This technology improves
overall energy efficiency and reduces wear on the brake system.
 Potential Cost Savings: While hybrid vehicles may have a higher initial purchase price,
savings on fuel costs over time can help offset this expense. Additionally, some governments

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 14

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

offer incentives or tax credits for purchasing hybrid vehicles.

 Enhanced Performance: Hybrid systems can provide a boost in acceleration and performance
by combining the power of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. This can
result in a smoother and more responsive driving experience.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Vehicles:

 Higher Initial Cost: Hybrid vehicles often have a higher upfront cost compared to traditional
ICE vehicles. This can make them less accessible to some consumers, despite potential long-
term fuel savings.

 Limited Electric-Only Range: Most hybrid vehicles have a limited electric- only driving
range, often only a few miles. This limitation may restrict the benefits of electric-only driving to
short distances.

 Dependency on Charging Infrastructure: Plug-in hybrid vehicles rely on charging

infrastructure to take full advantage of their electric capabilities. Limited charging options can
limit their effectiveness.

 Battery Degradation: Over time, hybrid battery performance can degrade, reducing the
vehicle's overall efficiency and potentially requiring costly battery replacement

 Complicated Maintenance: The presence of both an internal combustion engine and an

electric motor can lead to more complex maintenance and repair procedures. Specialized
training and equipment may be required for servicing hybrid components.

 Less Fuel Efficiency on Highways: Hybrids may not achieve significantly higher fuel
efficiency on highways, as the electric motor's benefits are more pronounced in city driving
conditions.

POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTIONS TO GEAR DRIVES

The transmission of power or motion from one shaft to another by means of is called gear die
Gears are toothed wheels mounted on shafts. The gear mounted on the shaft to which power source a
connected is called driver gear, while the gear which is driven by the driver gear, is called driven gear
Apart from transmitting power from one shaft to another, gears and also used for one of the four
reasons stated below:
 To reverse the direction of rotation
 To increase or decrease the speed of rotation
 To move rotational motion to a different axis
 To keep the rotation of two axes synchronized

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 15

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

TYPES OF GEARS
Gears are commonly classified based on the position of the axis of the shaft on which the gear is
mounted. The most commonly used gears are briefed as follows

GEARS TYPES

NON PARALLEL – NON

PARALLEL AXES GEARS
• Spur Gear INTERSECTING
• Helical gear • Worm and Worm
• Herringbone gears Wheel.
• Rack and Pinion • Spiral Gears

INTERSECTING AXES
GEARS
• Straight Bevel Gears
• Spiral Bevel Gears

SPUR GEAR:
Spur gears are the simplest and the most commonly used cars Driver designed to transmit
motion between two parallel shafts. The axis of the two shafts, the driving shaft and the driven shaft
are parallel to each other. The teeth are cut straight on the periphery (circumference) of the wheel and
they are parallel to the axis of the wheel. Spur gears are used in machine tools, gearboxes, precision
measuring instruments, etc. Spur gears are not widely used in automobiles, because each time a gear
tooth engages a tooth on the other gear, the teeth collides and this impact makes a noise. It also
increases the stress on the gear teeth

BEVEL GEAR

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 16

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Bevel gears are used for transmitting power between two intersecting shafts. They are usually
mounted shifts that are 90 apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well. The teeth are cut
on the outside of the conical surface and wary in cross-section throughout their length. Since the
diameter of the cone is greatest at it base, the will be thicker at the base.
The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or hypoid. Straight bevel gear teeth actually
have the same problem as might spur gear teeth; as each tooth engages, it impacts the corresponding
tooth all at once. The solution to this problem is to curve the gear teeth and such gears are called spiral
bevel gears. In these gears, the contact starts at med of the gear and progressively spreads across the
whole tooth.

HELICAL GEARS
Helical gears are used to transmit power or motion between two parallel or non-parallel, but
non-intersecting shafts. In helical gears, the teeth are curved, and helical in shape, hence the name
helical gears. When two teeth on a helical gear engage, the contact starts at one end of the teeth and
gradually spreads as the gears rotate, until the two teeth are in full engagement. This gradual
engagement makes helical gears run much more smoothly and quietly than spur gears. Helical gears
are mostly used in automobile power transmission where smooth and quiet running is necessary at
higher speeds.

WORM GEARS

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 17

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

Warm gears are used to transmit power or motion between two shafts having their axis at right
angles and non-intersecting. Worm gear is a type of screw gearing that consists of a screw meshing
with a helical gear, or spur gear. The screw is called worm and the gear wheel meshing with the screw
is called worm gear or worm wheel. Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. It is
common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1 and even upto 300:1 or greater.

RACK & PINION

Rack is a gear, having teeth cut along a straight line, while a pinion is a gear with teeth cut
along its periphery, the rack and pinion. With the help of rack and pinion, rotary motion can be
converted into linear motion.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GEAR DRIVES

ADVANTAGES
 Can be used to transmit power or motion between parallel, non-parallel, intersecting & non-
intersecting shafts.
 Gear drives are preferred to other drives (belt, rope, etc.), when the center distance between
the two shafts is small.
 Power can be to transmitted with a constant speed ratio.
 Gear drives have higher power transmission efficiency.
 They can be used for low, medium or high power transmission.

DISADVANTAGES

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 18

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

 Gear drives are not suitable when the center distance between the two shafts is large.
 Since the teeth of driver & driven gears come in contact with each other, they always require
some kind of lubrication.
 Cost for production of gears is high
 Noise and vibration is a major problem when they rotate at higher speeds.
 Damage to single teeth affects the whole arrangement.

SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN:

The simple gear train is an arrangement of gears in which each gear is mounted on its own
shaft. Such an arrangement is used to when it is required to transmit power between the driver and the
driven shaft that are at larger distances. The gear 2 and 3 are called as the intermediate gears or idler
gears. The idler gears do not affect the velocity ratio of the gear drive, instead serve to fill gap between
the driver and the driven shaft. They also help in achieving the desired direction of rotation for the
driven shaft.

COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN:

A Compound gear train is an arrangement in which two gears are mounted on a common shaft.
Such an arrangement is used whenever the distance between two shaft is large and at the same time,
higher or much lesser speed is desired.
In the gear train, gear 1 and 4 are mounted on separate shaft (shaft A 7 C), but gear 2 and gear
3 are mounted on a single shaft B. Hence, gear 2 and 3 are called compound gears and these two gears
keyed to same spindle, they rotate at same speed.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 19

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

 An automatic transmission is a type of transmission system used in vehicles that automatically

changes the gear ratios as the vehicle moves, without requiring the driver to manually shift
gears.

 Unlike manual transmission, the driver does not need to operate a clutch pedal or gear lever
because the system automatically selects the appropriate gear based on vehicle speed and
engine load.

 Automatic transmission mainly consists of components such as the torque converter, planetary
gear set, hydraulic system, transmission fluid, and control unit.

 The torque converter replaces the clutch and allows smooth power transfer from the engine to
the transmission.

 The planetary gear system provides different gear ratios needed for vehicle operation. The
hydraulic system controls gear shifting by using pressurized transmission fluid, while modern
vehicles use electronic control units (ECU) and sensors to manage gear changes efficiently.

 When the driver accelerates, the transmission system automatically shifts from lower gears to
higher gears to maintain optimal engine performance and fuel efficiency.

 Automatic transmissions are widely used in cars, buses, and modern vehicles because they
provide smooth driving, reduced driver fatigue, easier operation in traffic conditions, and
improved comfort.

 However, they are generally more complex, more expensive to manufacture and maintain, and
may consume slightly more fuel compared to manual transmission systems.

CONTINOUS VARIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 20

1BESC204D – Intro. to Mechanical Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg, SSCE, Anekal Module - I

 A Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is a type of automatic transmission that can change
seamlessly through an infinite number of effective gear ratios, unlike conventional transmissions
that use a fixed number of gears.

 CVT mainly works using two variable-diameter pulleys connected by a belt or chain, where one
pulley is connected to the engine and the other to the wheels.

 As the vehicle speed changes, the diameter of these pulleys automatically adjust, allowing the
transmission to provide the most efficient gear ratio for the driving condition.

 This continuous adjustment ensures that the engine operates at its most efficient speed,
improving fuel economy and providing smooth acceleration without noticeable gear shifts.

 The main components of a CVT include the driving pulley (primary pulley), driven pulley
(secondary pulley), belt or chain, hydraulic or electronic control system, and transmission fluid.

 When the driver accelerates, the system automatically changes the pulley sizes to increase or
decrease the speed ratio between the engine and wheels.

 CVT transmissions are widely used in modern cars, scooters, and hybrid vehicles because they
provide smooth driving, better fuel efficiency, improved engine performance, and reduced
mechanical complexity compared to traditional gear systems.

 However, CVTs may have some disadvantages such as limited torque capacity, higher
maintenance cost, and a different driving feel compared to conventional automatic
transmissions.

Prof. Rajesh, / Asst. Prof – Mech. Engg. SSRCE – Anekal Page | 21