HND REVISION GUIDE IN TECHNOLOGY
PART 1: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. State and explain two preliminary site works (2mark)
1. -Site clearance: It is the removal of the top vegetable soil, stumps and other debris on the
construction site ( 1mark)
–Leveling: this is the cutting and carrying away, refilling of earth by compacting on the
designated site for construction works to begin (1mark)
2. What are the purposes of soil investigation ( 2marks)
2. – To determine the stability of the site for the proposed project
- To determine an adequate foundation design
- To determine the difficulties that may arise during the construction period (2marks )
- To determine the occurrence and cause of all changes in sub soil condition
3. What do you understand by temporal exclusion? ( 1mark)
3. Temporal exclusion is the process of lowering the water table to a suitable economic depth
usually 1.5- 2meters ( 1mark)
4. Defined setting out (0.5mark)
[Link] out is the process of marking out the geometrical outlines of buildings as seen on the plan (
0.5mark)
5. List three methods of setting out and in each case give its instruments (1.5marks)
5.– The 3 4 5 or Pythagoras method (plumb board)
– The optical square or theodolite method (theodolite) (1.5 marks)
–The builder square method (builder line)
PART 2: PROCESS AND TECHNIQUE OF REALISATION
1. What is a foundation? Give four examples ( 1.5 marks)
1. A foundation is the lowermost part of a building that transmits all the loads to the sub soil.
Four examples of foundations are; raft, strip, pad and pile foundation. (1.5 marks)
2. Give four parameters involved when determining the choice of a foundation ( 2
marks)
2. – The type of soil below it
– The hydraulic condition
– The type of structure to stand upon it (2marks)
– The deformation
3. Differentiate between a diaphragm wall and a retaining wall ( 1mark)
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3. A diaphragm wall is a vertical wall with thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1.2m with depth of
approximately 6m and above used mainly for foundations and basement walls and also for
improving water tightness in damps meanwhile a retaining wall is a structure that retains ( holds
back) any material usually earth and prevent it from collapsing( sliding or eroding away) (1mark)
4. Name three aspects put in place when designing a retaining wall ( 0.75 mark)
4.– Overturning should not occur when designing
–the soil on which the wall rest should not be over loaded (0.75 mark)
–shrinkage should not occur
5. What are trenches? Give two examples ( 0.75 mark)
4 Trenches are deep excavations in which materials are removed forming an opening in the
ground. Examples are; single slot, two-sided stepped, multistepped, one sided sloped
(0.75mark)
PART 3: DESIGN AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
1. With the aid of examples in each case, distinguish between painting and plastering ( 2
marks)
1. Painting is the application of liquid pigment on surfaces of objects. Example metal objects,
wooden objects and masonry structures meanwhile plastering is the application of mortar on
building structures such as walls, gates. ( 2marks)
2. List two major types of roofs and their inclinations ( 1mark)
2.– Flat roofs with inclinations of 10% or less than 10% – pitch roofs with inclinations of 15% or
more than 15% (1 mark)
3. State and explain two types of pavements ( 1 mark)
3.– Rigid pavements: these are reinforced or unreinforced in-situ concrete slabs laid over a base
course of crushed stones and blinded to receive a polythene sheet membrane.
– Flexible pavement: these are pavements that transmit wheel load stresses to the lower layers
by grain –grain transfer through the point of contact in the granular structure. (1mark)
PART 4: BUILDING EQUIPMENTS
1. State and explain three ways of heat transfer ( 1.5 marks)
1. – Convection: this is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of
fluid.
– Conduction: this is the process by which the vibrating molecules comes in contact with a
colder molecule, set them vibrating faster thus becoming hotter (1.5marks)
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– Radiation: this is when heat passes from one point to another without raising the
temperature of the medium through which it travels.
2. What do you understand by sound insulation? Name two ways by which sound is
transferred through buildings ( 1 mark)
2. Sound insulation is the barrier to the flow of sound into the building.
The two ways by which sound is transferred into the building are; through solid materials
usually in direct contact with the sound source or from an impact on that material ( 1mark)
3. Give two effects of noise on occupants ( 0.5 mark)
3. – Noise causes annoyance
– Disturbance of sleep
– Damage hearing (0.5mark)
– interfere conversation
SECTION TWO
PART 1: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (7 marks)
1. Defined setting out and give the various instruments used during setting out (1mark)
1. Setting out is the process of marking out the geometrical outlines of buildings as seen on the plan.
The various instruments used are; plumb board, builder square, builder line, and theodolite.
(1mark)
2. List three methods of setting out and in each case give its instruments (1.5marks)
2– The 3 4 5 or Pythagoras method (plumb board)
– The optical square or theodolite method (theodolite) (1.5 marks)
–The builder square method (builder line)
3. What are the purposes of soil investigation ( 2marks)
3- To determine the stability of the site for the proposed project
- To determine an adequate foundation design
- To determine the difficulties that may arise during the construction period (2marks )
- To determine the occurrence and cause of all changes in sub soil condition
4. What is a foundation? Give four examples ( 1.5 marks)
4. A foundation is the lowermost part of a building that transmits all the loads to the sub soil.
Four examples of foundations are; raft, strip, pad and pile foundation. (1.5 marks)
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5. Give four parameters involved when determining the choice of a foundation ( 1mark)
5. _The type of soil below it
– The hydraulic condition
– The type of structure to stand upon it (1mark)
– The deformation
PART 2: PROCESS AND TECHNIQUES OF REALISATION (6marks)
1. Give three sequences in the construction of a diaphragm wall (1.5 marks)
1. -The wall is been divided into bay
– Construction of the sub trench with a dwarf wall
– Placing of the reinforcement cage if any is present or needed (1.5marks)
2. Name four aspects taken into consideration by an expert when designing a retaining
wall (1mark)
2. – Overturning should not occur when designing
–the soil on which the wall rest should not be over loaded (1mark)
–shrinkage should not occur
-The material used for construction should not be over loaded or stressed
3. Differentiate between cofferdams and caissons (1mark)
3. Caissons are permanent box-like structures which can be sunk through the ground or water to
install foundations or similar structures meanwhile cofferdams are temporary box-like
structures sunk into the ground to retain or protect water. (1mark)
4. What is a foundation? Give two examples (1mark)
4.A foundation is the lowermost part of a building that transmits all the loads to the sub soil.
Two examples of foundations are; shallow and deep foundation. (1mark)
5. With the aid of examples defined finishing (1.5marks)
[Link] is a final polish given to the surface of wood, steel or concrete structures. Examples
of finishing are; painting, plastering, tiling. (1.5marks)
PART 3: DESIGN AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY (4marks)
1. With the aid of examples defined the term roof (1.25marks)
1. A roof is the top covering of the building which protects that building from sun, rain and
extreme temperature. Examples of roofs are; pitch and flat roofs. (1.25marks)
2. List three types of floors (0.75mark)
[Link] three types of floors are; suspended timber floor, ground floor construction, reinforce
concrete floors. (0.75mark)
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3. What are Curtin walls (0.5mark)
[Link] walls are sheath cladding which encloses the entire structure or are techniques of filling
the space between frame structures within panels.(0.5mark)
4. What are external walls ( 0.5mark)
[Link] walls are the outer skins of the wall which are basically panels constructed within
columns and beams (0.5mark)
5. List four materials used in wall construction and their functions ( 1mark)
5– Bricks
-Blocks
-Mortar (1mark)
-Sand
-Stone
PART 4: BUILDING EQUIPMENTS (3marks)
1. Differentiate between a septic tank and a soak away pit (0.5mark)
1. A septic tank is a tank in which sewage is broken down by anaerobic bacteria and
held temporarily before being discharged in to soak away pit meanwhile a soak
away pit are holes dug in permeable grounds and filled with rubble or similar
material to enable treated sewage to infiltrate into the surrounding soil
(0.5mark)
2. Give three principles of a good drainage (0.75mark)
2. -Every part of the drain should be accessible for the purpose of cleansing and
maintenance.
-Drains should be laid in straight runs as far as possible (0.75mark)
- Drains should be laid to a gradient which will render them self- cleansing
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3. Below is a typical example of a manhole. Draw and name the various parts
(1.75marks
3.
Cover and frame
Brick leveling course
Masonry concrete
Benching
One brick wall
Branch drain
Mass concrete
Main drainage or invert
GOOD LUCK!!!!
MR.Jerry6