WELCOME TO THE COURSE

ON

Engineering Visualization
Course Code: MEBB162

BY
Dr. Ashok Kumar Dewangan
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NIT Delhi - 110040 INDIA
E-mail: ashokd@[Link]
Course Objectives
✓ To improve the visualization skills.
✓ To impart and inculcate proper understanding of the theory of projection.
✓ To enable the students with various concepts like dimensioning, conventions and
standards related to working drawings in order to become professionally efficient.
✓ To impart the knowledge on understanding and drawing of simple
residential/office buildings, any object etc.

Program Outcomes
✓ Students will be able to understand the theory of projection.
✓ Students will be able to know and understand the conventions and the methods of
engineering drawing.
✓ Students will be able to improve their visualization skills so that they can apply
these skills in developing new products.
✓ Students will be able to prepare simple layout of engineering objects.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi
 Course Assessment
Theory
60%

Continuous Mid End

Evaluation Semester Semester
25% 25% 50%
(Class attend. + Quiz
Theory : 60% + Assignment
Laboratory : 40%
-----------------------------------------------------
Total 100%
Laboratory
-----------------------------------------------------
40%

Continuous Other
Evaluation 50%
50%

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Topics to be covered…

▪ Introduction-Engineering Graphics Basics

▪ Drawing Instruments and their uses
▪ Sheet layout and freehand sketching
▪ Lines
▪ Lettering
▪ Dimensioning
▪ Geometrical Constructions

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 Introduction

1. Try to write a description of this object.

2. Test your written description by having
someone attempt to make a sketch from
your description.

You can easily understand that…

The word languages are inadequate for

describing the size, shape and features
completely as well as concisely.
Drawing: (A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about Cylinder
If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawing offers idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of any
object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time. Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi
 Freehand Drawing
Composition of Graphic Language The lines are sketched without using
instruments other than pencils and erasers.
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.
The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.
A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments
or computer methods
Instruments Drawing
are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely Computer methods
and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.

The drawings are usually

made by commercial
software such as
AutoCAD, solid works
etc.
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Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of
graphics language and word language.

Graphic Word
Language Language

Describe a shape Describe size, location

(mainly) and
specification of the
object

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Basic Knowledge for Drawing or Drafting
Projection
Method

Line Graphics Language Geometric

Type Construction

Word Language

Lettering

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Drawing Instruments and their uses

1. Drawing board 7. French curves

2. T-square 8. Drawing paper
3. Set-square- 45 degree and 30-60 degree 9. Drawing pencils
4. Drawing instrument box, Containing: 10. Sand Paper block
I. Large-size compass 11. Eraser (Rubber)
II. Lengthening bar 12. Drawing pins, clips or adhesive tapes
III. Small bow compass
13. Duster
IV. Large-size divider
V. Small bow divider 14. Drafting machine
VI. Small bow ink-pen 15. Roll-n-draw
VII. Inking pen
5. Scales
6. Protractor

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Last two sizes are normally used for
student drawing

Mini-drafter

Mini-drafter fixed on drawing board

DRAWING SHEET SIZE

Sheet Designation Trimmed Size (mm)

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DRAWING SHEET SIZE: A2

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DRAWING SHEET SIZE: TITLE BLOCK
Suggested for students class work

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

ROHAN ENGINEERING DRAWING
EEE

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How to begin your drawing?
✓ Clean the drawing board and all the drawing instruments using duster.
✓ Fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board.
✓ Fix the mini-drafter in a convenient position.
✓ Draw border lines using HB pencil..
✓ Complete the title box using HB pencil .
✓ Plan spacing of drawings b/n two problems/views beforehand.
✓ Print the problem number on the left top and then commence the drawing
work.

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Keeping the drawing clean is a must
✓ Never sharpen pencils over drawing.
✓ Clean pencil point with a soft cloth after sharpening.
✓ Keep drawing instruments clean.
✓ Rest hands on drawing instruments as much as possible – to avoid smearing
the graphite on the drawing.
✓ When darkening lines – try to work from the top of the drawing to the
bottom, and from left to the right across the drawing.
✓ Use brush to remove eraser particles. Never use hands.
✓ Always use appropriate drawing pencils.
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DRAWING SHEET SIZE: SCALE

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Lines

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Basic Lines
Line Description General Applications Pencil
Continuous thick or
Continuous wide Visible outlines, visible edges H or HB
(Object Line)

Continuous thin or Dimensioning, Extension,

(Straight or curved) projection, leader, reference 2H
lines, hatching
Dashed thin (narrow) Hidden outlines, hidden H
edges
Chain thin Centre line, lines of
Long-dashed dotted symmetry, trajectories, pitch 2H
(narrow) circle of holes and gears

Note: More details about the Lines are available on page no. 34, ND BHATT: Engineering Drawing Book

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 Lettering
The Indian standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi

Lettering
The Indian standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609

Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales and

other details on a drawing

✓ Essential features of lettering – Clarity, legibility, uniformity, ease,

rapidity,
✓ No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
✓ Plain letters and numerals which are clearly distinguishable from
each other in order to avoid any confusion even in case of slight
mutilations

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi

Lettering
The Indian standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609

Lettering types
• Lettering A
Height of the capital
letter is divided into 14
equal parts
• Lettering B
– Height of the capital
letter is divided into 10
equal parts
d=e e=b b=d

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Size of the Character

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 Lettering
The Indian standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609

Specifications of A -Type Lettering

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi

Lettering
The Indian standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609

Single stroke lettering for use in engineering drawing

▪ Width of the stem of the letters and numerals will be uniformly thick equal
to thickness of lines produced by the tip of the pencil.

Single stroke does not mean – entire letter written without lifting
the pencil/pen

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi

 Lettering
The Indian standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609

Heights of Letters and

Numerals
✓ Height of the capital
letters is equal to the
height of the numerals
used in dimensioning
✓ Height of letters and
numerals – different for
different purposes

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Standards and Conventions

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Standards and Conventions
Drawing standards
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
ANSI Y14.1 1980 (R1987) – Drawing sheet size
and format
ANSI Y 14.2M-1979 (R1987) – Line conventions
and lettering
ANSI Y14.5M-1982(R1988) – Dimensioning and
tolerances
ANSI Y 14.3-1975(R1987) – Multi view and sectional view drawings

ISO – International Standards Organization

JIS – Japanese Standards
BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards
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Standards and Conventions
Units of Measure
✓ International systems of units (SI) – which is based on the meter.
✓ Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of measure on engineering drawing.
✓ Individual identification of linear units is not required if all dimensions on a
drawing are in the same unit (mm).
✓ The drawing shall however contain a note:

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM. (Bottom left corner outside the title box)

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Standards and Conventions
Conventions – commonly accepted practices, rules,
or methods.
Dashed lines are used to
represent hidden
features of an engineering
drawing..

Hidden lines – location of

drilled hole’s diameter, in
a view where the hole
cannot be directly seen.

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Dimensioning

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 Dimensioning
Providing information on a drawing about

❑Distances (size or functional dimensions)

❑Sizes and positions (location or datum dimensions) of holes, grooves and other
features.
❑Details relating to manufacture etc.
Manufacturing detail
Roughness 0.5
15

Location 15
30 Size,
functional

Hole 15 Size specification,  – symbol for

diameter
Arrowheads and dimension line positioning
• A dimension line is placed at least 6-8 mm away from an outline and from each other
• An extension line extends ~3mm beyond a dimension line
• Arrowhead – Placed at each end of a dimension line, its pointed end touches an outline, extension line or a
centerline. It is also placed at the end of a leader line
45o

Open Closed Closed and Oblique

w
filled stroke
Size of the arrowhead should be proportional to the
length of the dimension line
3w

~6-8mm
~3mm 50
Arrowhead
 Systems of Dimensioning
Aligned System: In the aligned system, dimensions are aligned with the entity being
measured. They are placed perpendicular to the dimension line such that they may be read
from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are placed at the
middle and on top of the dimension lines.

Readable from bottom and right edge of sheet

Unidirectional System: In the unidirectional system, dimensions are placed in such a way
that they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are inserted
by breaking the dimension lines at the middle.

Visible from bottom edge

Dimensioning

• Two concepts when specifying dimensions

❖ Size
❖ Location
• Basic dimensioning practice
❖ Dimension lines
•Provide information on the size of the object
❖ Extension lines
•Lines that extend from the points to which the dimension or
location is to be specified
•Lines are drawn parallel to each other with dimension line
placed between them

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Dimensioning

leader

centerline

dimension line extension line

Basics of dimensioning practice

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Dimensioning

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Dimensioning
conventions used for dimensioning angles

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Dimensioning
Showing the specification of dimension lines

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TO CONSTRUCT REGULAR POLYGONS
Problem 5.26: To construct a regular polygon, given the length of its side
✓ Let the number of sides of the polygon be seven (i.e. heptagon)
Method I:
I. Draw a line AB equal to the given length
II. With centre A and radius AB, draw a semi-circle BP
III. With a divider, divide the semi-circle into seven equal parts
(same as the number of sides)
IV. Number the division-points as 1, 2, etc. starting from P.
V. Draw a line joining A with the second division-point 2
(a) Inscribed circle method
I. Draw perpendicular bisectors of A2 and AB intersecting each
other at O
II. With centre O and radius OA, describe a circle
III. With radius AB and starting from B, cut the circle at points, C,
D….2
IV. Draw lines BC etc. thus completing the required [Link] of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi
TO CONSTRUCT REGULAR POLYGONS
Problem 5.26: To construct a regular polygon, given the length of its side

✓ Let the number of sides of the polygon be

seven (i.e. heptagon)
(a) Arc method
I. With centre B and radius AB, draw an arc
cutting the lineA6-produced at C,
II. With centre C and the same radius, draw an
arc cutting the line A5- produced at D
III. Find points E and F in the same manner
IV. Draw lines BC, CD etc. and complete the
heptagon

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 TO CONSTRUCT REGULAR POLYGONS
Method II: General method for drawing any polygon
I. Draw a line AB equal to the given length
II. At B, draw a line BP perpendicular and equal to AB
III. Draw a line joining A with P
IV. With centre B and radius AB, draw the quadrant AP
V. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB to intersect the straight line AP in 4 and the arc AP in 6
a) A square of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle drawn with centre 4 and radius A4
b) A regular hexagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle drawn with centre 6 and
radius A6
c) The mid point 5 of the line 4-6 is the centre of the circle of the radius A5 in which a regular
pentagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed
d) To locate centre 7 for the regular heptagon of side AB, step-off a division6-7 equal to division 5-6
i. With centre 7 and radius equal to A7, draw a circle
ii. Starting from B, cut it in seven equal divisions with radius equal to AB
iii. Draw lines BC, CD etc. and compete the heptagon.

Regular polygons of any number of sides can be drawn by

Department thisEngineering,
of Mechanical method NIT Delhi
 TO CONSTRUCT REGULAR POLYGONS
Method II: General method for drawing any polygon
I. Draw a line AB equal to the given length
II. At B, draw a line BP perpendicular and equal to AB
III. Draw a line joining A with P
IV. With centre B and radius AB, draw the quadrant AP
V. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB to intersect
the straight line AP in 4 and the arc AP in 6
a) To locate centre 7 for the regular heptagon of side
AB, step-off a division 6-7 equal to division 5-6
i. With centre 7 and radius equal to A7, draw a circle
ii. Starting from B, cut it in seven equal divisions with
radius equal to AB
iii. Draw lines BC, CD etc. and compete the heptagon.

Regular polygons of any number of sides can be drawn by

Department thisEngineering,
of Mechanical method NIT Delhi
Thank you

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Delhi