22

Definite Integrals

Module 2

Application of
Definite
Integrals

Introduction
As noted in the first section of Module 1, there are two
kinds of integrals and to this point we’ve looked at indefinite
integrals. It is now time to start thinking about the second
kind of integral : Definite Integrals. However, before we do
that we’re going to take a look at the Area Problem. The area
problem is where we apply definite integrals in the same way
as tangent and rate of change problems are applications of
derivatives.
23

As you journey through this lesson, you are

expected to:

Learning
Evaluate definite integrals and
solve problems involving area Outcome
using integration.

1. Estimate a given area

2. Explain the concept of a
Reimann Sum
3. Define definite integrals
4. State the properties of
Learning definite integrals
Objectives 5. State and explain the
Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus

Content
24

Lesson 2.1 Area Problem

The area problem will give us one of the interpretations of a definite

integral and it will lead us to the definition of the definite integral.

To start off we are going to assume that we’ve got a function f(x) that is
positive on some interval [a,b]. What we want to do is determine the
area of the region between the function and the x-axis.

It’s probably easiest to see how we do this with an example. So, let’s
determine the area between f(x)=x2 +1 on [0,2]. In other words, we want
to determine the area of the shaded region below.

Now, at this point, we can’t do this exactly. However, we can estimate

the area. We will estimate the area by dividing up the interval
into n subintervals each of width,

b−a
Δx = n

Then in each interval we can form a rectangle whose height is given by

the function value at a specific point in the interval. We can then find the
area of each of these rectangles, add them up and this will be an
estimate of the area. It’s probably easier to see this with a sketch of the
situation. So, let’s divide up the interval into 4 subintervals and use the
25

function value at the right endpoint of each interval to define the height
of the rectangle. This gives,

Note that by choosing the height as we did each of the rectangles will
overestimate the area since each rectangle takes in more area than the
graph each time. Now let’s estimate the area. First, the width of each of
1
the rectangles is 2 . The height of each rectangle is determined by the
function value at the right endpoint and so the height of each rectangle
is nothing more that the function value at the right endpoint.

Here is the estimated area.

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
Ar = 2 f( 2 ) + 2 f(1)+ 2 f( 2 ) )+ 2 f( 2 ¿+ 2 f(2 ¿

1 5
() 1
( )
1 13
= 2 4 + )+ 2 (2)+ 2 4 + 2 (5)
1

= 5.75

Of course, taking the rectangle heights to be the function value at the

right endpoint is not our only option. We could have taken the rectangle
heights to be the function value at the left endpoint. Using the left
endpoints as the heights of the rectangles will give the following graph
and estimated area.
26

1 1 1 1 1 3
Al = f (0) + f ( )+ f ( 1 ) + f( 2 )
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 5 1 1 13
= 2 ( 1 )+ )+ 2 ( 4 )+ 2 ( 2 )+ 2 ( 4 )

= 3.75

In this case we can see that the estimation will be an underestimation

since each rectangle misses some of the area each time.

There is one more common point for getting the heights of the
rectangles that is often more accurate. Instead of using the right or left
endpoints of each sub interval we could take the midpoint of each
subinterval as the height of each rectangle. The graph for this case is
27

So, it looks like each rectangle will over and under estimate the area.
This means that the approximation this time should be much better than
the previous two choices of points. Here is the estimation for this case.

1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7
Am = 2 f ( 4 ) + 2 f ( 4 )+ 2 f ( 4 )+ 2 f ( 4 )

( )
1 17 1 25 1 41
( )
= 2 16 + 2 ( 16 )+ 2 16 + 2 ( 16 )
1 65

= 4.625

We’ve now got three estimates. For comparison’s sake the exact area is

14
A = 3 = 4.666

So, both the right and left endpoint estimation did not do all that great of
a job at the estimation. The midpoint estimation however did quite well.

Be careful not to draw any conclusion about how choosing each of the
points will affect our estimation. In this case, because we are working
with an increasing function, choosing the right endpoints will
overestimate and choosing left endpoint will underestimate.

The easiest way to get a better approximation is to take more rectangles

(i.e. increase n). Let’s double the number of rectangles that we used
and see what happens. Here are the graphs showing the eight
rectangles and the estimations for each of the three choices for
rectangle heights that we used above.
28

Here are the area estimations for each of these cases.

Ar=5.1875 Al=4.1875
Am=4.65625

So, increasing the number of rectangles did improve the accuracy of the
estimation as we’d guessed that it would.

Let’s work a slightly more complicated example.

29

Example 1 Estimate the area between f(x)=x3 − 5x2 + 6x + 5 and the x-

axis on [0,4] using n=5 subintervals and all three cases above for the
heights of each rectangle.

Solution

First, let’s get the graph to make sure that the function is positive.

So, the graph is positive and the width of each subinterval will be,

4
Δx = 5 = 0.8

This means that the endpoints of the subintervals are,

0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, 4

Let’s first look at using the right endpoints for the function height. Here
is the graph for this case.
30

The area estimation using the left endpoints of each interval for the
rectangle height is,

Al = 0.8f(0) + 0.8f(0.8) + 0.8f(1.6) + 0.8f(2.4) +

0.8f(3.2)
=22.56

Finally, let’s take a look at the midpoints for the heights of each
rectangle. Here is the graph,
31

The area estimation using the midpoint is then,

Am = 0.8f(0.4) + 0.8f(1.2) + 0.8f(2) + 0.8f(2.8) +

0.8f(3.6)
=25.12

For comparison purposes the exact area is,

76
A = 3 =25.333

So, again the midpoint did a better job than the other two. While this will
be the case more often than not, it won’t always be the case and so
don’t expect this to always happen.

Now, let’s move on to the general case. Let’s start out with f(x)≥0
on [a,b] and we’ll divide the interval into n subintervals each of length,

b−a
Δx = n

Note that the subintervals don’t have to be equal length, but it will make
our work significantly easier. The endpoints of each subinterval are,

x0 =a

x1 = a + Δx

x2 = a + 2Δx

xi = a + iΔx

xn−1 = a + (n−1)Δx

xn = a + nΔx =b
32

Next in each interval,

[x0,x1],[x1,x2],…,[xi-1,xi],…,[xn-1,xn]
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
we choose a point x 1 , x 2,…, x i ,… x n. These points will define the height of
the rectangle in each subinterval. Note as well that these points do not
have to occur at the same point in each subinterval. However, they are
usually the left end point of the interval, right end point of the interval or
the midpoint of the interval.

Here is a sketch of this situation.

The area under the curve on the given interval is then approximately,
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
A ≈ f( x 1)Δx+f( x 2)Δx+⋯+f( x i )Δx+⋯+f( x n)Δx

We will use summation notation or sigma notation at this point to

simplify up our notation a little.

Using summation notation the area estimation is,

n

A ≈ ∑ f ¿ ¿)Δx
i=1
33

The summation in the above equation is called a Riemann Sum.

To get a better estimation we will take n larger and larger. In fact, if we

let n go out to infinity we will get the exact area. In other words,
n
A = lim ∑ f ( x i )Δx
¿

n → ∞ i=1

Before leaving this section let’s address one more issue. To this point
we’ve required the function to be positive. Many functions are not
positive however. Consider the case of f(x)=x2 − 4 on [0,2]. If we
use n = 8 and the midpoints for the rectangle height we get the
following graph,

In this case let’s notice that the function lies completely below the x-axis
and hence is always negative. If we ignore the fact that the function is
always negative and use the same ideas above to estimate the area
between the graph and the x-axis we get,

1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 13 1
Am = f( )+ 4 f( 8 )+ 4 f( 8 )+ 4 f( 8 )+ 4 f( 8 )+ 4 f( 8 )+ 4 f( 8 )+ 4
4 8
15
f( 8 )

=−5.34375
34

Our answer is negative as we might have expected given that all the
function evaluations are negative.

So, using the technique in this section it looks like if the function is
above the x-axis we will get a positive area and if the function is below
the x-axis we will get a negative area. Now, what about a function that is
both positive and negative in the interval? For example, f(x) = x2 −2 on
[0,2]. Using n=8 and midpoints the graph is,

Some of the rectangles are below the x-axis and so will give negative
areas while some are above the x-axis and will give positive areas.
Since more rectangles are below the x-axis than above it looks like we
should probably get a negative area estimation for this case. In fact that
is correct. Here the area estimation for this case.

1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 13
Am = f(
4 8
)+ 4
f( 8
)+ f(
4 8
)+ 4
f( 8
)+ f(
4 8
)+ 4
f( 8
)+ f( )+
4 8
1 15
f( )
4 8

= −1.34375

In cases where the function is both above and below the x-axis the
technique given in the section will give the net area between the
function and the x-axis with areas below the x-axis negative and areas
above the x-axis positive. So, if the net area is negative then there is
35

more area under the x-axis than above while a positive net area will
mean that more of the area is above the x-axis.

Lesson 2.2 Definition of Definite Integrals

In this section we will formally define the definite integral and discuss its
properties. Let’s start off with the definition of a definite integral.

Definite Integral

Given a function f(x) that is continuous on the interval [a,b] we divide

the interval into n subintervals of equal width, Δx, and from each interval
¿
choose a point, x i . Then the definite integral of f(x) from a to b is
b n

∫ f (x )dx = nlim
→∞
∑ ¿
f ( x i )Δx
a i=1

The definite integral is defined to be exactly the limit and summation

that we looked at in the last section to find the net area between a
function and the x-axis. Also note that the notation for the definite
integral is very similar to the notation for an indefinite integral.

There are also some terminologies that might be familiar to us here. The
number “a” that is at the bottom of the integral sign is called the lower
limit of the integral and the number “b” at the top of the integral sign is
called the upper limit of the integral. Also, despite the fact
that a and b were given as an interval the lower limit does not
necessarily need to be smaller than the upper limit. Collectively we’ll
often call a and b the interval of integration.
36

Now, let’s start taking a look at some of the properties of the definite
integral.

Properties
b a

1. ∫ f (x )dx = - ∫ f (x )dx
a b

We can interchange the limits on any definite integral, all that

we need to do is put a minus sign onto the integral when we do.
a

2. ∫ f (x )dx = 0
a

If the upper and lower limits are the same then there is no work
to do, the integral is zero.
b b

3. ∫ cf (x)dx = c ∫ f (x )dx, where c is any number

a a

So, as with limits, derivatives, and indefinite integrals we can

factor out a constant.
b b b

4. ∫ f (x )± g ( x ) dx = ∫ f (x )dx ± ∫ g (x)dx
a a a

We can break up definite integrals across a sum or difference.

b c b

5. ∫ f (x )dx = ∫ f (x )dx + ∫ g (x)dx, where c is any number

a a c

One of the main uses of this property is to tell us how we can

integrate a function over the adjacent intervals, [a,c] and ][c,b]. Note
however that c doesn’t need to be between a and b.

Computing Definite Integrals

Let us now concentrate on how we actually evaluate definite integrals in

practice. To do this we will need the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
37

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Suppose f(x) is a continuous function on [a,b] and also suppose
that F(x) is any anti-derivative for f(x). Then,

|ba= F(b)−F(a)
b

∫ f (x )dx = F(x)
a

Recall that when we talk about an anti-derivative for a function, we are

really talking about the indefinite integral for the function. So, to evaluate
a definite integral, the first thing that we’re going to do is evaluate the
indefinite integral for the function. This should explain the similarity in
the notations for the indefinite and definite integrals.

Also notice that we require the function to be continuous in the interval

of integration. This is also a requirement in the definition of the definite
integral.

Next let’s address the fact that we can use any anti-derivative of f(x) in
the evaluation. Let’s take a final look at the following integral.
2

∫ x 2 +1 dx
0

Both of the following are anti-derivatives of the integrand.

1 1 18
F(x) = 3 x3 + x and F(x) = 3 x3 +x − 31

Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate this integral

with the first anti-derivatives gives,

∫ x 2 +1 dx = ( 3 x 3 + x− 31 ) 20 |
2
1 18
0

1 3 18
(1 3 18
= 3 ( 2 ) + 2 - 31 - 3 ( 0 ) + 0− 31 )
14 18 18
= 3 - 31 + 31
38

14
= 3

Before we proceed to further computations of definite integrals let us

first go back to its properties to see a clearer application. Note that
knowledge of the application of these properties will be useful in the
evaluation of definite integrals.

Example 2 Using the properties of definite integrals compute

∫ x 2 +1 dx
2

Solution

In this case the only difference between the two is that the limits have
interchanged. So, using the first property gives,
0 2
14
∫ x +1 dx = - ∫ x 2 +1 dx
2
=- 3
2 0

Example 3 Using the properties of definite integrals compute

∫ 10 x 2 +10 dx
0

Solution

For this part notice that we can factor a 10 out of both terms and then
out of the integral using the third property.
2 2

∫ 10 x +10 dx = ∫ 10 (x¿ ¿2+1)¿ dx

2

0 0

= 10 ∫ (x ¿¿ 2+ 1) ¿ dx
0

14
= 10 ( 3 )
39

140
= 3

Example 4 Evaluate the following definite integral

130

∫ 10 x 2 +10 dx
130

Solution

There’s nothing for us to do with this integral once we notice that the
limits are the same. Using the second property this is,
130

∫ 10 x 2 +10 dx = 0
130

Example 5 Using property #5 of definite integrals compute

∫ x 2 +1 dx
0

Solution

So, by property #5, the given integral can be expressed as

2 1 2

∫ x +1 dx = ∫ x +1 dx + ∫ x 2 +1 dx
2 2

0 0 1

1
= 3 x3 + x 0 |1 +
1 3
3
x +x |21
1 1 1 1
= 3 ( 1 )3 + 1 –( 3 ( 0 )3 + 0) + 3 ( 2 )3 + 2 –( 3 ( 1 )3
+ 1)
14
= 3
40

Let’s now have more examples designed to make a couple of quick

points that are very important.

Example 6 Evaluate ∫ y 2 + y −2 dy
1

Solution

Recall from our first example above that all we need here is any anti-
derivative of the integrand.

Here’s the integral,

|
2
1 1 2
∫ y 2 + y −2 dy = ( 3 y3 − )
y 1
1

1 1 1
= 3 (2)3 − 2 −( 3 (1)3 −1)

8 1 1
= 3−2 −3 + 1

=176
π
3
Example 7 Evaluate ∫ 2 sinθ−5 cosθdθ.
0

Solution

Be careful with signs with this one. Recall from the indefinite integral
sections that it’s easy to mess up the signs when integrating sine and
cosine.

|
π
3
π
∫ 2 sinθ−5 cosθdθ = (−2 cosθ−5 sinθ ) 30
0

= - 2 cos ( π3 ) – 5 sin ( π3 ) - (−2 cos 0−5 sin 0)

41

5 √3
= -1 - +2
2

5 √3
=1-
2
−1
3 1
Example 8 Evaluate ∫ e
−z
− dz.
3z
−20

Solution

In order to do this one will need to rewrite both of the terms in the
integral a little as follows,
−1 −1
3 1
∫ e
−z
− dz =
3z
∫ 3 e z− 13 1z dz
−20 −20

For the first term recall we used the following fact about exponents.

1 1
x-a = a −a = x
a
x x

In the second term, taking the 3 out of the denominator will just make
integrating that term easier.

Now the integral.

( )|
−1
3 1 1
∫ − dz = 3 e − ln |z| −1
z

−20 e
−z
3z 3 −20

= 3e−1 -
1
3 ( 1
)
ln |−1| - 3 e−20− ln|−20|
3

+1
= 3e−1 – 3 e−20 ln |20|
3

Just leave the answer like this. It’s messy, but it’s also exact.

Note that the absolute value bars on the logarithm are required here.
Without them we couldn’t have done the evaluation.
42

Even and Odd Functions

First, recall that an even function is any function which satisfies,

f(−x) = f(x)

Typical examples of even functions are,

f(x) = x2 f(x) = cos(x)

An odd function is any function which satisfies,

f(−x) = −f(x)

The typical examples of odd functions are,

f(x) = x3 f(x) = sin(x)

A couple of things about integrating even and odd functions over the
interval [−a,a] are:

If f(x) is an even function then,

a a

∫ f ( x) dx = 2∫ f (x ) dx
−a 0

Likewise, if f(x) is an odd function then,

a

∫ f ( x) dx = 0
−a

Example 9 Evaluate ∫ x 5−7 x 3 dx using the properties of

−2

integrals with even and odd functions.

Solution
43

The integrand in the given integral is an odd function simply because if we let
f(x)= x 5−7 x 3 then

f(-x) = (−x )5−7 (−x )3

= −x 5−7 (−x 3)

= −x 5 +7 x 3

f(-x) = - ( x 5−7 x 3)

But, f(x) = x 5−7 x 3 hence

f(-x) = -f(x), which implies that f(x) = x 5−7 x 3 is an odd

function.
2

Therefore, ∫ x 5−7 x 3 dx = 0.
−2

Example 10 Evaluate ∫ 6 y 2−5 y 4 dy using the properties of

−1

integrals with even and odd functions.

Solution

The integrand in the given integral is an even function simply because if we let
f(y)= 6 y 5−5 y 4 then

f(-y) = (− y )2−5 (− y )4

= y 2−5 (− y 4 )

= y 2 +5 y 4

But, f(y) = y 2 +5 y 4 hence, (-y) = f(y), which implies that f(y) = y 2 +5 y 4 is

an even function.
1 1

Therefore, ∫ 6 y −5 y dy = 2∫ 6 y −5 y dy
2 4 2 4

−1 0
44

5 1
= 2 (2 y − y ) 0
3
|
= 2 ( 2 ( 1 )3−( 1 )5 ) - 2( 2 ( 0 )3 −( 0 )5 )

=2

Lesson 2.3 Areas Between Two Curves

In this section we are going to look at finding the area between two
curves. There are actually two cases that we are going to be looking at.

In the first case we want to determine the area

between y=f(x) and y=g(x) on the interval [a,b]. We are also going to
assume that f(x)≥g(x). Take a look at the following sketch to get an idea
of what we’re initially going to look at.

The formula for finding the area in this case is

b

A= ∫ f (x )−g(x )dx → (1)

a
45

The second case is almost identical to the first case. Here, we are going
to determine the area between x=f(y) and x=g(y) on the
interval [c,d] with f(y)≥g(y).

In this case the formula is,

d

A= ∫ f ( y )−g( y) dy → (2)
c

Now (1) and (2) are perfectly serviceable formulas, however, it is

sometimes easy to forget that these always require the first function to
be the larger of the two functions. So, instead of these formulas we will
instead use the following “word” formulas to make sure that we
remember that the area is always the “larger” function minus the
“smaller” function.

In the first case we will use,

A = ∫ ( upper )−( lower )dx , a ≤ x ≤ b→(3)

a function function
46

In the second case we will use,

d
¿ )−(¿ function)dy
A = ∫ ( function , c ≤ y ≤ d→(4)
c

Using these formulas will make us think about what is going on with
each problem and to make sure that we’ve identified correctly the right
function and the left function.

Let’s work an example.

Example 11 Determine the area of the region enclosed by y = x2 and

y = √ x.

Solution

First of all, just what do we mean by “area enclosed by”? This means
that the region we’re interested in must have one of the two curves on
every boundary of the region. So, here is a graph of the two functions
with the enclosed region shaded.

Note that we don’t take any part of the region to the right of the
intersection point of these two graphs. In this region there is no
boundary on the right side and so is not part of the enclosed area.
47

Remember that one of the given functions must be on each boundary of

the enclosed region.

Also, from this graph it’s clear that the upper function will be dependent
on the range of x’s that we use. Because of this, you should always
draw a sketch of the region. Without a sketch it’s often easy to mistake
which of the two functions is the larger. In this case most would
probably say that y=x2 is the upper function and they would be right for
the vast majority of the x’s. However, in this case it is the lower of the
two functions.

The limits of integration for this will be the intersection points of the two
curves. In this case it’s easy to see that they will intersect at x = 0 and x
= 1 so these are the limits of integration.

So, the integral that we’ll need to compute to find the area is,
b
upper lower
A= ∫ ( function )−(
function
)dx
a

= ∫ √ x−x 2 dx
0

1 1

= ∫x 2 2
−¿ x ¿ dx
0

2 3
= 3 x2 - 3 x 0
1 3
|1
2 3 1 3 2 32 1 3
= 3 ( 1) - 3 ( 1) - ( 0 ) − (0)
2
3 3 ( )
1
= 3 sq. unit

Example 12 Determine the area of the region bounded by y = 2x2 +10

and y=4x+16.

Solution
48

In this case the intersection points (which we’ll need eventually) are not
going to be easily identified from the graph so we need to find them.
Note that for most of these problems you’ll not be able to accurately
identify the intersection points from the graph and so you’ll need to be
able to determine them by hand. In this case we can get the intersection
points by setting the two equations equal.

2x2 +10 = 4x+16

2x2 −4x−6=0
2(x+1)(x−3)=0

So, the two curves will intersect at x=−1 and x=3. If we need them we
can get the y values corresponding to each of these by plugging the
values back into either of the equations. We’ll leave it to you to verify
that the coordinates of the two intersection points on the graph
are (−1,12) and (3,28).

Note as well that if you aren’t good at graphing knowing the intersection
points can help in at least getting the graph started. Here is a graph of
the region.

With the graph, we can now identify the upper and lower function and so
we can now find the enclosed area.
49

b
upper lower
A= ∫ ( function )−(
function
)dx
a

= ∫ 4 x+16−(2 x 2 +10)dx
−1

= ∫ −2 x 2+ 4 x +6 dx
−1

2 3
= - 3 x + 2 x 2 + 6x −1 |3
64
= 3 sq. units

Be careful with parenthesis in these problems. One of the most common

mistakes students make with these problems is to neglect parenthesis
on the second term.

Example 13 Determine the area of the region enclosed

π
by y=sinx, y=cosx, x = 2 , and the y-axis.

Solution

First let’s sketch graph of the region.

50

So, we have another situation here where we will need to do two

integrals to get the area. The intersection point will be where

sin x = cos x

π
in the interval. We’ll leave it to you to verify that this will be x = 4 . The
area is then,
π
π
2
4
A= ∫ cos x−¿ sin x ¿ dx + ∫π sin x−cos x dx
0
4

| |
π
π
2
= (sin x + cos x) 4 + (- cos x - sin x) π
0
4

= √2 – 1 + √2 – 1

= 2√ 2 – 2 = 0.828427

Let’s take a look at one more example to make sure that we can deal
with functions in this form.
51

Example 14 Determine the area of the region bounded by

x=−y2 + 10 and x=(y−2)2.

Solution

First, we will need intersection points.

−y2 +10=(y−2)2

−y2 +10=y2 −4y+40

2y2 −4y−60 = 2(y+1)(y−3)

The intersection points are y=−1 and y=3. Here is a sketch of the
region.

This is definitely a region where the second area formula will be easier.
If we used the first formula there would be three different regions that
we’d have to look at.

The area in this case is,

52

d
¿ )−(¿ function)dy
A= ∫ ( function
c

= ∫ − y 2 +10− ( y−2 )2 dy
−1

= ∫ −2 y 2+ 4 y +6 dy
−1

2 3
|3
= - 3 y + 2 y 2 + 6y −1 = 3
64

Assessment Tasks 2

Problem Set 2.1

Estimate the area of the region between the function f(x)=x3 − 2x2+ 4
and the x-axis on [1,4] using n=6 and using,

a. the right end points of the subintervals for the height of the
rectangles,

b. the left end points of the subintervals for the height of the
rectangles and,

c. the midpoints of the subintervals for the height of the rectangles.

Problem Set 2.2

53

Use the properties of integrals with odd and even functions to evaluate
the following integrals:
2 1

1. ∫ x ( 9−x ) d x
2 2

−2

2. ∫ ( y ¿¿ 6+1)(3 y 2+1) dy ¿
−1

Problem Set 2.3

1. Determine the area below f(x)=3+2x−x2 and above the x-axis.

2. Determine the area to the left of g(y)=3−y2 and to the right of x=−1.

3. Determine the area of the region bounded by y=x2 + 2, y = sin x,

x= -1 and x=2.

References
Love and Rainville. Differential and Integral Calculus 6th Ed. Copyright
1962. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc
Ayres and [Link] and Problems of Differential Calculus 3rd ed,
Peterson. Calculus with Analytic Geometry
Smith, R.T. & Minton, R.B. Calculus 3rd ed. Copyright 2007. McGraw-Hill
Co., Inc.
54

Tan, J. & Reyes, F. Elements of Differential and Integral Calculus.

Copyright 1997. UST Publishing House

Prepared by :

Sharon M. Galicha, LPT, MS MATH EDUC

Asst Professor 4