Answers

Answers
Prior knowledge 1 b The sample will have proportional representation of
1 a Mean 5.89 (2 d.p.); Median 6; Mode 4; Range 10 the members who play the different sports.
b Mean 18.38 (2 d.p.); Median 18.5; Mode 20; Range 9 c Cricket: 10, Hockey: 12, Squash: 8
2 ANY TWO FROM: Overlapping categories; No option for
> 4 hours; Question doesn’t specify a period of time. Exercise 1C
How much TV do you watch each day? 1 a i Divide the population into groups according to
0–1 hours 2–3 hours 4 hours or more given characteristics. The size of each group
3 a 29 b 35 c 38 d 95 determines the proportion of the sample that
should have that characteristic. The interviewer
Exercise 1A assesses which group people fall into as part of
1 a A census observes or measures every member of a the interview. Once a quota has been filled, no
population. more people in that group are interviewed.
b Advantage: will give a completely accurate result. ii Opportunity sampling consists of taking the
Disadvantage: ANY ONE FROM: time consuming, sample from the people who are available at
expensive. the time the study is carried out, e.g. the first 40
2 a The testing process will destroy the harness, so a shoppers who are available to be interviewed.
census would destroy all the harnesses. b Quota sampling.
b 250 kg is the median load at which the harnesses 2 Similarities: The population is divided according
in the sample break. This means that half of the to the characteristics of the whole population (into
harnesses will break at a load less than 250 kg. strata for stratified sampling, and groups for quota
c Test a larger number of harnesses. sampling)
3 a ANY ONE FROM: Differences: Stratified sampling uses random sampling
It would be expensive. whereas quota sampling does not.
It would be time consuming. 3 a Opportunity sampling
It would be difficult. b Sample is likely to be biased towards people who
b A list of residents. c A resident. eat fish and chips on a Friday.
4 a The testing process will destroy the microswitches, c Survey people at different times of day. Survey
so a census would destroy all the switches. people in other parts of the town, not outside the
b The mean is less than the stated average but one of fish and chip shop.
the switches lasted a significantly lower number of 4 a 5.4 hours
operations which suggests the median might be a b Opportunity sampling; unlikely to provide a
better average to take − not affected by outliers. The representative sample of the town as a whole
data supports the company claim. c Increase the number of people asked. Ask people at
c Test a larger number of microswitches. different times/in different locations.
5 a All the mechanics in the garage. 5 a Quota sampling.
b Everyone’s views will be known. b ANY ONE FROM: no sampling frame required,
quick, easy, inexpensive, allows for comparison
Exercise 1B between male and female deer.
1 a Year 1: 8, Year 2: 12, Year 3: 16 c Males are on average heavier and have a greater
b ANY ONE FROM: sample accurately reflects the spread.
population structure of the school; guarantees d Increase the sample size. Catch deer at random
proportional representation of different year groups times during the day.
in the sample. 6 a Student’s opportunity sample: For example, first
2 a Patterns in the sample data might occur when five values
taking every 20th person. b 1.9, 2.0, 2.6, 2.3, 2.0
b A simple random sample using the alphabetical list c 1.96 m, 2.16 m
as the sampling frame. d Systematic sample − is random and likely to be
3 a No: A systematic sample requires the first selected more representative. Opportunity sample might get
person to be chosen at random. all the small values, for example.
b Take a simple random sample using the list of
members as the sampling frame. Exercise 1D
4 a Stratified sampling.
1 a Quantitative b Qualitative
b Male Y12: 10, Male Y13: 7, Female Y12: 12,
c Quantitative d Quantitative
Female Y13: 11
e Qualitative
480
5 k = ____
​ ​= 16 2 a Discrete b Continuous
30
Randomly select a number between 1 and 16. Starting c Discrete d Continuous
with the worker with this clocking-in number, select e Continuous f Continuous
the workers that have every 16th clocking-in number 3 a It is descriptive rather than numerical.
after this. b It is quantitative because it is numerical. It is
6 a Any method in which every member of the discrete because its value must be an integer; you
population has an equal chance of being selected, cannot have fractions of a pupil.
e.g. lottery. Disadvantage: the sample may not c It is quantitative because it is numerical. It is
accurately reflect the proportions of members at the continuous because weight can take any value in a
club who play each sport. given range.

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Answers

4 a 1.4 kg and 1.5 kg b 1.35 kg iii

c 0.1 kg 40

30

Frequency
Exercise 1E
1 a Leuchars 20
b Perth
c ANY ONE FROM: Leeming, Heathrow, Beijing 10
d ANY ONE FROM: Leuchars, Hurn, Camborne,
Jacksonville, Perth
0
e ANY ONE FROM: Beijing, Jacksonville, Perth 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2 Continuous − it can take any value in the range 0 to 100 Daily maximum temperature (°C)
3 a i 10.14 hours ii 7.6 hours
b i 9.5 hours ii 12.8 hours 2 Students’ own answer.
c The mean of the daily total sunshine in Leeming
is higher than that in Heathrow. Leeming is north
of Heathrow, so these data do not support Supraj’s
Mixed exercise 1
conclusion. 1 a 13.66°C
4 0.14 mm, treat tr. as 0 in numerical calculations. b Sampling frame: first 15 days in May 1987
5 a i Covers several months ii Small sample size Allocate each date a number from 1 to 15
b Two consecutive days chosen all the time − not Use the random number function on calculator to
random, possibly have similar weather. generate 5 numbers between 1 and 15
c Number the days and choose a simple random d 15.55°C
sample. 2 a i Advantage: very accurate; disadvantage:
6 a Perth is in the southern hemisphere so August is a expensive (time consuming).
winter month ii Advantage: easier data collection (quick, cheap);
b The lowest temperatures in the UK are at coastal disadvantage: possible bias.
locations (Camborne and Leuchars). The highest b Assign unique 3-digit identifiers 000, 001, ..., 499
temperature is at an inland location (Beijing). There to each member of the population. Work along
is some evidence to support this conclusion. rows of random number tables generating 3-digit
c Data for Camborne is maximum daily temperatures, numbers. If these correspond to an identifier then
whereas data for Perth is mean daily temperatures include the corresponding member in the sample;
d Average temperatures in Beijing in August 2015 ignore repeats and numbers greater than 499.
were higher than those in Heathrow. On any given Repeat this process until the sample contains 100
day, maximum temperatures must be higher than members.
mean temperatures, so the difference is actually 3 a i Collection of individual items.
more extreme than shown in the table. ii List of sampling units.
7 Oktas measure the cloud coverage in eighths. The b i List of registered owners from DVLC.
highest value is 8 which represents full cloud coverage. ii List of people visiting a doctor’s clinic in Oxford
8 a She needs to select days at regular intervals in an in July 1996.
ordered list. Put the days into date order. Select 4 a Advantage − the results are the most representative
every sixth day (184 ÷ 30 = 6.13). of the population since the structure of the sample
b Some of the data values might not be available reflects the structure of the population.
(n/a). Disadvantage − you need to know the structure
of the population before you can take a stratified
sample.
Large data set b Advantage − quick and cheap.
1 a 1020 hPa Disadvantage − can introduce bias (e.g. if the
b 0.0 mm sample, by chance, only includes very tall people in
c i Temperature, t (°C) Frequency an investigation into heights of students).
5 a People not in office not represented.
15 < t , 20 8
b i Get a list of the 300 workers at the factory.
20 < t , 25 39 300
____
​ ​= 10 so choose one of the first ten workers
30
25 < t , 30 13 on the list at random and every subsequent 10th
30 < t , 40 2 worker on the list, e.g. if person 7 is chosen, then
the sample includes workers 7, 17, 27, ..., 297.
ii ii The population contains 100 office workers
8 (​ _13 ​of population) and 200 shop floor workers
Frequency density

6 (​ _23 ​of population).
The sample should contain _​ 13 ​ × 30 = 10 office
4 workers and _​ 23 ​ × 30 = 20 shop floor workers.
The 10 office workers in the sample should
2 be a simple random sample of the 100 office
workers. The 20 shop floor workers should be
0 a simple random sample of the 200 shop floor
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 workers.
Daily maximum temperature (°C)

210 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

iii Decide the categories e.g. age, gender, office/ 3 a May: 23 355 m, June: 21 067 m
non office and set a quota for each in proportion b 22 230 m
to their numbers in the population. Interview 4 a 8 minutes b 10.2 minutes c 8.5 minutes
workers until quotas are full. d The median would be best. The mean is affected by
6 a Allocate a number between 1 and 120 to each pupil. the extreme value 26.
Use random number tables, computer or calculator 5 a 2 b 1 c 1.47 d the median
to select 15 different numbers between 1 and 120 6 6.31 petals
(or equivalent). 7 1
Pupils corresponding to these numbers become the
sample.
b Allocate numbers 1–64 to girls and 65–120 to boys.
Exercise 2B
64 1 a £351 to £400 b £345 c £351 to £400
Select ____​ ​× 15 = 8 different random numbers 2 a 82.3 decibels
120
between 1 and 64 for girls. b The mean is an estimate as we don’t know the
Select 7 different random numbers between 65 and exact noise levels recorded.
120 for boys. Include the corresponding boys and 3 a 13 < t , 15
girls in the sample. b 15.0 °C
7 a Stratified sampling. 4 Store B (mean 51 years) employs older workers than
b Uses naturally occurring (strata) groupings. The store A (mean 50 years).
results are more likely to represent the views of the
population since the sample reflects its structure.
Exercise 2C
8 a Opportunity sampling.
1 a 1020 hPa b Q1 = 1017 hPa, Q3 = 1024.5 hPa
b ANY ONE FROM: Easy to carry out, Inexpensive.
2 Median 37, Q1 = 37, Q3 = 38
c Continuous − weight can take any value.
3 1.08
d 76 kg
4 a 432 kg b 389  kg c 480  kg
e 79.6 kg
d Three-quarters of the cows weigh 480 kg or less.
f The second conservationist is likely to have a more
5 a 44.0 minutes b 48.8 minutes
reliable estimate as opportunity sampling is unlikely
c 90th percentile = 57.8 minutes so 10% of customers
to provide a representative sample.
have to wait longer 57.8 minutes, not 56 minutes as
g Select more springboks at each location.
stated by the firm.
9 a Not random − the dates are selected at regular
6 a 2.84 m. 80% of condors have a wingspan of less
intervals so it is a systematic sample.
than 2.84 m.
b Select the first date at random and then the same
b The 90th percentile is in the 3.0 < w class. There
date each month − systematic sample. Advantage:
is no upper boundary for this class, so it is not
each month covered; Disadvantage: may be
possible to estimate the 90th percentile.
patterns in the sample data. Select the six days
at random − simple random sample. Advantage:
avoids likelihood of patterns; Disadvantage: May Exercise 2D
not cover the full range of months. 1 a 71 b 24.6 c 193.1 mm d 7
c Continuous − rainfall can take any value. 2 a £81.87 b 22
d 8.2 mm 3 a 6.2 minutes b 54
e This estimate is unlikely to be reliable as it does not 4 a Median 14.35 °C, Q1 = 13.1 °C, Q3 = 15.9 °C,
include the winter months. IQR = 2.8 °C
Large data set b On average, the temperature was higher in May
a Student’s own answer. than in June (higher median). However, the
b Simple and quick to use. temperature was more variable in May than June
c Student’s own answer. (higher IQR).
d The sampling frame is not random (it is in date order) c 24 days
so systematic sampling could introduce bias. Could
improve the estimate by using a random sample. Exercise 2E
1 a 3 b 0.75 c 0.866
CHAPTER 2 2 3.11  kg
3 a 178  cm b 59.9  cm2 c 7.74  cm
Prior knowledge 2
4 Mean 5.44, standard deviation 2.35
1 a Qualitative b Quantitative
5 a Mean £10.22, standard deviation £1.35
c Qualitative d Quantitative
b 18
2 a Discrete b Continuous
6 1.23 days
c Continuous d Discrete
7 Mean 16.1 hours, standard deviation 4.69 hours
e Continuous
One standard deviation below mean 11.41 hours.
3 Mean: 5.33, Median: 6, Mode: 6, Range: 4
41 parts tested (82%) lasted longer than one
standard deviation below the mean. According to the
Exercise 2A manufacturers, this should be 45 parts (90%), so the
1 a 700  g b 600  g c 700  g claim is false.
d The mean will increase; the mode will remain 8 a Mean 8.1 kn, standard deviation 3.41 kn
unchanged; the median will decrease. b 12 days
2 a 42.7 c The windspeeds are equally distributed throughout
b The mean will increase. the range.

211
Answers

Exercise 2F 3 a 11.5 kg
1 a 11, 9, 5, 8, 3, 7, 6 b 7 c 70 b Smallest 2.0 kg, largest 10.2 kg
2 a 7, 10, 4, 10, 5, 11, 2, 3 b 6.5 c 48.5 4 a Mean 10.2, standard deviation 7.36
3 365 b It is an outlier as it is more than 2 standard
4 2.34 deviations above the mean.
5 a 1.2 hours b 25.1 hours c 1.76 hours c e.g. It could be the age of a parent at the party.
6 22.9 d Mean 7.75, standard deviation 2.44
7 416 mm
m + 12
8 a t = ​0 . 8(m + 12)​or t = ​_______​ Exercise 3B
1.25 1 Marks in a test
b Mean 54, standard deviation 0.64
9 Mean 1020 hPa, standard deviation 6.28 hPa

Mixed exercise 2
1 69.2
2 a 10, 12, 9, 2, 2.5, 9.5 b 7.5 c 607 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
3 £18  720 Mark
4 a Group A 63.4, group B 60.2 2 a 47, 32 b 38 c 15 d 64
b The method used for group A may be better. 3 a The male turtles have a higher median mass,
5 a 21 to 25 hours b 21.6 hours a greater interquartile range and a greater total
c 20.6 hours d 20.8 hours range.
6 37.5 b It is more likely to have been female. Very few of
7 a 20.5 b 34.7 c 14.2 the male turtles had a mass this low, but more than
8 a 13.1 a quarter of the female turtles had a mass of more
b Variance 102, standard deviation 10.1 minutes than this.
9 a 98.75 mm b 104 mm c 5.58 mm d 4.47 mm c 500  g
10 a Mean 16.3, standard deviation 1.21 4 a Q1 = 22 knots, Q2 26 knots, Q3 = 30 knots
b 3.4 °C c 5 days b IQR = 8
11 a Mean 3.42, standard deviation 1.61 1.5 × IQR above Q3 = 42
b Mean 9.84 knots, standard deviation 3.22 knots 46 > 42 and 78 > 42, so 46 and 78 are outliers.
12  a Mean 15.8 cm, standard deviation 2.06 cm
b The mean wingspan will decrease. c
Maximum daily gust in Camborne, September 1987
c Mean 57 cm, standard deviation 3 cm
Challenge
Mean 3.145 cm, standard deviation 1.39 cm

CHAPTER 3
Prior knowledge 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
1 a Maximum daily gust (knots)
30
25 Exercise 3C
Frequency

20 1 a
15 140
Cumulative frequency

10 120
5 100
0
0 1 2 3 4 80
Number of siblings
60
b 4 0 40
3 1 20
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
2
Mass, m (kg)
b < 1.6 kg
2 11 c IQR < 0.3, 10th to 90th interpercentile
3 Mean 28.5, standard deviation 7.02 range < 0.65

Exercise 3A
1 a 7 is an outlier b 88 is not an outlier
c 105 is an outlier
2 a No outliers b 170  g and 440  g
c 760  g

212 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

d Masses of Coulter pine cones 4 a

80 Key:
70 Male

Cumulative frequency
60 Female

50
40
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Mass, m (kg) 30
2 a 20
80 10
70 0
Cumulative frequency

60 2 3 4 5 6
Mass, w (kg)
50
b Male c Female
40
30 Exercise 3D
1
20
5

Frequency density
10
4
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 3
Length, l (cm) 2
b Median < 7.6, Q1 < 7.1, Q3 < 8 1
c i <8 ii < 24 0
d Length of earthworms 10 15 20 25 30 35
Mass, m (pounds)
2 a The quantity (time) is continuous.
b 150 c 369 d 699
3 a The quantity (distance) is continuous.
b 310 c 75 d 95 e 65
4 a 32 lambs is represented by 100 small squares,
5 6 7 8 9 10 therefore 25 small squares represents 8 lambs.
Length, l (cm) b 32 c 168 d 88
5 a i Time, t (min) Frequency
3 a
90 Key: 0 < t < 20 4
80 Men 20 < t < 30 10
Women
Cumulative frequency

70 30 < t < 35 15
60 35 < t < 40 25
50 40 < t < 50 7
40 50 < t < 70 6
30
ii
20
5
Frequency density

10
4
0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3
Time, t (mins) 2
b Women
c Men 1
d Men < 24, women < 28 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time, t (min)
b 35
6 a 12.5 and 14.5
b i 6 cm ii 3 cm
7 a Width 0.5 cm, height 18 cm
b Mean 15.1, standard deviation 3.1
c 16.6 °C d 2 days

213
Answers

Exercise 3E b < 66 cm
1 The median speed is higher on motorway A than on c < 6.5 cm
motorway B. The spread of speeds for motorway B d The distributions have very similar medians and
is greater than the spread of speeds for motorway A quartiles. Maximum length of the European badgers
(comparing IQRs). is greater than the maximum length of the honey
2 Class 2B: mean 32.5, standard deviation 6.6 badgers.
Class 2F: mean 27.2, standard deviation 11.4 e Do not have exact data values so cannot compare
The mean time for Class 2B is higher than the mean the median, quartiles or range accurately.
time for Class 2F. The standard deviation for Class 2F 4 a 26
is bigger than for Class 2B, showing that the times b 17
were more spread out. 5 a width = 1.5 cm, height = 2.6  cm
3 The median height for boys (163 cm) is higher than the b width = 7.5 cm, height = 0.28  cm
median height for girls (158 cm). The spread of heights 6 a
for boys is greater than the spread of heights for girls 125
(comparing IQRs).
4 a Leuchars: median 100, Q1 = 98, Q3 = 100
Camborne: median 98, Q1 = 92, Q3 = 100
b The median humidity in Leuchars is higher than 100
the median humidity in Camborne. The spread of
humidities for Camborne is greater than the spread

Frequency density
of humidities for Leuchars.
75
Large data set
1 a 1987: 6.6 kn, 2015: 7.7 kn
b 1987: 4 kn, 2015: 7 kn
c 1987: 3.0 kn, 2015: 2.8 kn 50
2 The mean windspeeds were higher in 2015 than in
1987. The spread of the speeds was greater in 1987
than in 2015 (higher standard deviation).
25

Mixed exercise 3
1 a Q1 5 178, Q2 5 185, Q3 5 196
b 226 0
c 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Distance travelled each day
Mass, m (kg)
b Mean 19.8  kg, standard deviation 0.963  kg
c 20.1  kg
7 a 22.3
b Median 20; quartiles 13, 31
c No outliers.
d Bags of potato crisps sold each day
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23

Distance (km)
2 a 45 minutes b 60 minutes
c This represents an outlier.
d Irt has a higher median than Esk.
The interquartile ranges were about the same.
e Esk had the fastest runners.
f Advantages: easy to compare quartiles, median and 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
spread. Disadvantages: cannot compare mean or Number of bags of potato crisps sold
mode. 8 a The maximum gust is continuous data and the data
3 a is given in a grouped frequency table.
70 b 1 cm wide and 13.5 cm tall
Cumulative frequency

c Mean 23.4, standard deviation 7.32

60
d 44 days
50 9 a 1987: 16.2 °C, 2015: 16.3 °C
40 b The mean temperature was slightly higher in
2015 than in 1987. The standard deviation of
30 temperatures was higher in 1987 (2.26 °C) than in
20 2015 showing that the temperatures were more
spread out.
10 c 12 days assuming that the temperatures are equally
0 distributed throughout the range.
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Challenge:
Length, x (cm) 0.6 cm

214 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

CHAPTER 4 b i There is no reason to believe that the data

collected by the Met Office is incorrect.
Prior knowledge 4 ii 21.7 is an outlier so may not be representative of
1 the typical rainfall.
c
10
12
8
Physics

10
6 8

s (hours)
4 6

2 4
4 6 8 10 12
2
Maths
2 a −3.21 0
b 0.34 4 6 8 0 2
r (mm)
Exercise 4A d Weak negative correlation.
1 a Positive correlation. e For example, there could be a causal relationship as
b The longer the treatment, the greater the loss of days with more rainfall will have more clouds, and
weight. therefore less sunshine.
2 a No correlation.
b The scatter graph does not support the statement Exercise 4B
that hotter cities have less rainfall. 1 a, b
3 a
Production costs, p (£1000s) 120

30 100
Weight touching (g)

80
25
60

40
20
20
15 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Number of items, n (1000s)
10
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 c If the number of items produced per month is zero,
the production costs will be approximately £21 000.
Weight not touching (g) If the number of items per month increases by
b There is positive correlation. If a student guessed a 1000 items, the production costs increase by
greater weight before touching the bag, they were approximately £980.
more likely to guess a greater weight after touching d The prediction for 74 000 is within the range of the
it. data (interpolation) so is more likely to be accurate.
4 a The prediction for 95 000 is outside the range of the
data (extrapolation) so is less likely to be accurate.
House value (£1000s)

350 2 a
12
300
10
Protection (years)

250
8
200
6
150 4
5 10 15 20 0
Time taken (s) 2
b Weak negative correlation.
0
c For example, there may be a third variable 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
that influences both house value and internet Coats of paint
connection, such as distance from built up areas.
5 a Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 4.85 + 7.125 = 11.975
21.7 > 11.975, therefore is an outlier.

215
Answers

b A gradient of 1.45 means that for every extra 4 (1) 3500 is outside the range of the data (extrapolation).
coat of paint, the protection will increase by 1.45 (2) The regression equation should only be used to
years, therefore if 10 coats of paint are applied, the predict a value of GNP (y) given energy consumption (x).
protection will be 14.5 years longer than if zero 5 a Mean + 2SD = 15.2 + 2 × 11.4 = 38; 50 > 38
coats of paint were applied. After 10 coats of paint, b The outlier should be omitted as it is very unlikely
the protection will last 2.93 + 14.5 = 17.43 years. that the average temperature was 50 °C.
3 a c If the temperature increases by approximately 1 °C,
the number of pairs of gloves sold each month
Number of eggs, n

20
decreases by 1.8.
15 6 a 44 is the length in centimetres of the spring with no
mass attached. If a mass of 1 g is attached, the spring
10 would increase in length by approximately 0.2 cm.
b i Outside the range of the data (extrapolation)
5 ii The regression equation should only be used to
predict a value of s given m
0 7 a&b
25 50 75 100 125 150
0
Age, a (months) 140
b The scatter diagram shows negative correlation, 120
therefore the gradient in the regression equation
100
should be negative.

y (pence)
4 This is not sensible as there are unlikely to be any 80
houses with no bedrooms.
60
5 a For each percent increase in daily maximum
relative humidity there is a decrease of 106 m in 40
daily mean visibility.
20
b High levels of relative humidity cause mist or fog
which will decrease visibility. Hence there is likely 0
to be a causal relationship. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
c i The prediction for 100% is outside the range x (% cocoa)
of the data (extrapolation) so is less likely to be
c Brand D is overpriced, since it is a long way above
accurate.
the line.
ii The regression equation should only be used to
d The regression equation should be used to predict a
predict a value for v given h.
value for y given x so the student’s method is valid.
d Data is only useful for analysing the first two
weeks of September. Random values throughout
Large data set
September should be used and analysis made of
1 a
the whole month. The sample size could also be
increased across multiple months as data between 50
May and October is available.
Daily maximum gust (0100-2400) (kn)

45

Mixed exercise 4 40
1 The data shows that the number of serious road
accidents in a week strongly correlates with the 35
number of fast food restaurants. However, it does not
30
show whether the relationship is causal. Both variables
could correlate with a third variable, e.g. the number 25
of roads coming into a town.
2 a 20
1 15
0.8 10
t (°C)

0.6 5

0.4 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0.2 Daily mean windspeed (0100-2400) (kn)
0 b Moderate positive correlation.
340 360 380 400 420 c The relationship is causal as the maximum gust is
c (ppm) related to the mean windspeed.
b Strong positive correlation. d i 6.05    ii 15.7    iii 30.8    iv 91.0
c As mean CO2 concentration in the atmosphere e Parts ii and iii are within the range of the data
increases, mean global temperatures also increase. (interpolation) so are more likely to be accurate.
3 a Strong positive correlation. Parts i and iv are outside the range of the data
b If the number of items increases by 1, the time (extrapolation) so are less likely to be accurate.
taken increases by approximately 2.64 minutes. f w = 0.053 + 0.35g; 10.6 knots

216 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

2 a Regression equation: s = 15.1 − 1.8c 2 a

G B
Estimated missing values: 1.8, 8.5, 6.3, 11.6, 3.0, 7.1,
12.2, 14.4, 9.5, 6.3, 2.0, 3.9, 7.2, 3.1, 3.7, 3.9, 0.9 10
7 10
b The relationship is causal because daily sunshine is
related to daily mean cloud cover. 15
11 5
CHAPTER 5 13 54
Prior knowledge 5 C
​2 ​
1 a __ 4​
b ​__ 2​
c ​__ d 0
9 9 3 b i __
3
​25 ​   ii __
2
​25 ​   iii __
2
​25 ​   iv ___
54
​125 ​
2 HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
25 3 a i G P
3 a ​____ ​
216
b ​11 ​
___
20 64 15
36
125
c ​____ ​ 1
216
29 9

Exercise 5A 35 102
​1 ​
1 __
2
D
2 a
Second roll
b i ___
89
​275 ​   ii ___
​103
275
​   iii __
​14
55
​   iv ___
​102
275
​
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 a 0.17
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 b 0.18
c 0.55
2 2 4 6 8 10 12
5 a 0.3
First roll

3 3 6 9 12 15 18 b 0.3
6 a 0.15
4 4 8 12 16 20 24
b 0.15
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 7 p = 0.13, q = 0.25
6 6 12 18 24 30 36
Challenge
1​ 3
b i ​__ ​2 ​
ii __ iii ​__ ​ p = 0.115, q = 0.365, r = 0.12
18 9 4
3 a 2​
​__
5
b 5
​__
7
​ Exercise 5C
c Less likely; frequency uniformly distributed 1 a
A B
throughout the class.
19
4 a ​__ ​ ​109 ​
b ___ ​71 ​
c ___
40 240 240 0.2 0.5
d ​2 ​; distribution of lengths of koalas between 70 and
__
15
75 cm is uniform. 0.3
​16 ​
5 a __ b 0.7 c 0.3
35
2 P(sum of 4) + P(same number) ≠ P(sum of 4 or same
​32 ​
b __ number), so the events are not mutually exclusive.
35
3 0.15
Challenge:
4 0.3
5, 7 or 9
5 a Bricks and trains; their curves do not overlap.
b Not independent.
Exercise 5B 6 a 0.25 b Not independent
1 a 7 a P(S and T) = 0.3 − 0.18 = 0.12
F G P(S) × P(T) = 0.3 × 0.4 = 0.12 = P(S and T)
So S and T are independent.
b i 0.12    ii 0.42
8 6 10 8 P(W) × P(X) = 0.5 × 0.45 = 0.225
P(W and X) = 0.25, so W and X are not independent.
9 a x = 0.15, y = 0.3
1 b P(F and R) = 0.15 ≠ P(F) × P(R) = 0.45 × 0.4 = 0.18
i ​__
14
​   ii __6
​25 ​   iii __
8
​25 ​   iv __
1
​25 ​ 10 p = 0.14 and q = 0.33 or p = 0.33 and q = 0.14
25

Challenge
a Set P(A) = p and P(B) = q, then P(A and B) = pq
P(A and not B) = P(A) − P(A and B) = p − pq
P(not B) = 1 − q
⇒ P(A) × P(not B) = p(1 − q) = p − pq = P(A and not B)

217
Answers

b P(not A and not B) = 1 − P(A or B) Mixed exercise 5

= 1 − P(A) − P(B) + P(A and B)
= 1 − p − q + pq = (1 − p)(1 − q) 1 a ​____
392
3375
​ b __
​14
75
​
But P(not A) = 1 − p and P(not B) = 1 − q, so 2 a 0.0397 b 0.286 c 0.714
P(not A and not B) = P(not A) × P(not B) ___
3 a ​64 ​
125

Exercise 5D b ​__
8
25
​
1 a Bead 1 Bead 2 c ___
33
​250 ​
3
8 Red
d ​___
74
​, using interpolation and assuming uniform
3 Red 125
8 5 Blue distribution of scores
8
4 a __
​44
50
​ b ___
77
​100 ​
3
8 Red 5 a
5
8 Blue T P
5 Blue
8
18 5 35
b __
25
​64 ​ c _
​85 ​
4
2 a 1 8 10
2 Odd
5 Odd
9 40 30
1 Even
2
S
5
8 Odd
4 b i 0.2 ii 0.82
9 Even
6 a
3 Even A B
8
b _
​16 ​ c _
​95 ​
3 a 0.2 Late b 0.26 1 1 1
4 12 6
Bus
0.4
0.8 On time 1
2
0.3 Late
0.6 Walk b P(A) = _
​31 ​, P(B) = _
​14 ​, P(A and B) = __1
​12 ​
0.7 On time P(A) × P(B) = P(A and B), so A and B are
independent.
4 a 0.8 Par or under 7 a Cricket and swimming
Par or under b Not independent
0.7
0.2 Over par 8 a S
J K
0.4 Par or under
0.3 Over par
0.25 0.05 0.2
0.6 Over par
b Not independent c 0.26
5 a 1 0.5
3 Heads
1 Heads b P(J) = 0.3, P(K) = 0.25, P(J and K) = 0.05
3 2 Tails P(J) × P(K) = 0.075 ≠ P(J and K), so J and K are not
3
Heads independent.
1
1 3 Heads 9 a 0.5
2
3 Tails b
3 S
2 Tails P M
3
1
3 Heads
0.35 0.5 0.1
2 1 Heads
3
3 2 Tails
3
Tails 1
3 Heads 0.05
2
3 Tails c 0.35
2 Tails d No. P(P) = 0.85 and P(M) = 0.6, so
3
P(P) × P(M) = 0.51 ≠ P(P and M)
b __
​1 ​ c _
​4 ​ d __
​1 ​
27 9 9 10 Not independent
6 a ​__
26
5
​ b __
​4 ​
11
c ___
36
​143 ​

218 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

11 a 1 7 a 0.3
2 D3
b
2 D2 x 22 21 0 1 2
3 1 D39 P(X = x) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2
2
D1
1 c 0.7
4 2 D3 8 0.25
1
5 D29
3 9 a 0.02 b 0.46 c 0.56
1 D39 10 a 0.625 b 0.375 c 0
2
11 a
1 s 1 2 3 4
2 D3
P(S = s) ​_23 ​ _
​2 ​ __
​2 ​ __
​1 ​
1 2 D2 9 27 27
3
5 1 D39
2 b ​_19 ​
D19
1 12 a
2 D3 x P(X = x)
1
3 D29 0 0.07776
1 D39
2 1 0.2592
b i ​__
4
​ ii __7
​30 ​
15 2 0.3456
c __
​11
15
​ 3 0.2304
12 a 0.04 D 4 0.0768
A
5 0.01024
0.96 D9
0.16
b y P(X = y)
0.03 D
0.5 0 0.32768
B
0.97 D9 1 0.4096
2 0.2048
0.34 0.07 D
3 0.0512
C
D9 4 0.0064
0.93
b i 0.015 ii 0.0452 5 0.00032

Challenge c z P(X = z)
0.2016
1 0.4
2 0.24
CHAPTER 6 3 0.144
Prior knowledge 6 4 0.0864
1 a __
​18 ​ b __
​18 ​ c _
​38 ​ d __
​12 ​
5 0.1296
2 a __
4
​36 ​ b __
​18
36
​ c __
​18
36
​ d __
​12
36
​ e __
​15
36
​
13 a The sum of the probabilities is not 1.
Exercise 6A b 2 __
​22
61
​
1 a This is not a discrete random variable, since height
is continuous quantity. Challenge
b This is a discrete random variable, since it is always 0.625
a whole number and it can vary.
c This is not a discrete random variable, since the Exercise 6B
number of days in a given week is always 7. 1 a 0.273 b 0.0683 c 0.195
2 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 2 a 0.00670 b 0.214 c 0.00178
3 a (2, 2) (2, 3) (3, 2) (3, 3) 3 a X ~ B (20, 0.01), n 5 20, p 5 0.01
b i Assume bolts being defective are independent of
x 4 5 6
each other.
P(X = x) 0.25 0.5 0.25 b X ~ B (6, 0.52), n 5 6, p 5 0.52
Assume the lights operate independently and the
{
ii ​     
0.25, x = 4, 6 time lights are on/off is constant.
P(X = x) =  ​   ​
0.5, x = 5   c X ~ B (30, ​ _18 ​), n 5 30, p 5​ _18 ​
4 __
1
​12 ​ Assume serves are independent and probability of
5 k 1 2k 1 3k 1 4k 5 1, an ace is constant.
4 a X ~ B (14, 0.15) is OK if we assume the children in
so 10k 5 1, so k 5 __1
​10 ​.
the class being Rh2 is independent from child to
6 a 0.125 b 0.875 child (so no siblings/twins).

219
Answers

b This is not binomial since the number of tosses is 5 a 15

not fixed. The probability of a head at each toss is b
y 1 2 3 4 5
constant ( p 5 0.5) but there is no value of n.
c Assuming the colours of the cars are independent P(X = y) ​__
15
1
​ __
​2 ​
15
__
​3 ​
15
__
​4 ​
15
__
​5 ​
15
(which should be reasonable).
c __9
​15 ​or __
​35 ​
X 5 number of red cars out of 15
X ~ B (15, 0.12) 6 a
t 0 1 2 3 4
5 a 0.358 b 0.189
6 a The random variable can take two values, faulty or P(T = t) 0.316 0.422 0.211 0.0469 0.00391
not faulty.
There are a fixed number of trials, 10, and fixed b 0.949
probability of success: 0.08. c s 1 2 3 4 5
Assuming each member in the sample is
independent, a suitable model is X ~ B(10, 0.08) P(S = s) 0.25 0.188 0.141 0.105 0.316
b 0.00522 d 0.562
7 a Assumptions: There is a fixed sample size, there are 7 a 0.114 b 0.0005799
only two outcomes for the genetic marker (i.e. fully c 0.9373
present or not present), there is a fixed probability 8 a 0.0439 or ___
32
​ 729 ​ b 0.273
of people having the marker. 9 a 0.014 (3 d.p.) b 0.747 (3 d.p.)
b 0.0108 10 a 1 There are n independent trials.
8 a The random variable can take two values, 6 or not 2 n is a fixed number.
6. There are a fixed number of trials (15) and a 3 The outcome of each trial is success or failure.
fixed probability of success (0.3), Each roll of the 4 The probability of success at each trial is constant.
dice is independent. A suitable distribution is 5 The outcome of any trial is independant of any
X ~ B(15, 0.3) other trial.
b 0.219 c 0.127 b 0.0861 c n 5 90
11 a 0.000977 b 0.0547
Exercise 6C 12 a 0.0531 b 0.243
13 a X ~ B (10, 0.15)
1 a
0.9804 b 0.7382 c 0.5638 d 0.3020
b 0.0099 c 0.2759
2 a
0.9468 b 0.5834 c 0.1272 d 0.5989 14 a 0.8692 b 0.0727
3 a
0.5888 b 0.7662 c 0.1442 d 0.2302 15 a 0.8725 b 0.01027 c 0.0002407
4 a
0.8882 b 0.7992 c 0.0599 d 0.1258
Challenge
5 a
0.0039 b 0.9648 c 0.3633 0.001244
6 a
0.2252 b 0.4613 c 0.7073
7 k 5 13
a b r 5 28 CHAPTER 7
8 k51
a b r59 c 0.9801
9 X ~ B (10, 0.30) Assumptions: The random variable
a Prior knowledge 7
can take two values (listen or don’t listen), there are 1 a 0.075 b 0.117
a fixed number of trials (10) and a fixed probability c 0.0036 d 0.00000504
of success (0.3), each member in the sample is 2 a X ~ B(8, _
​16 ​) b i 0.260 ii 0.0307
independent.
b 0.1503 c s58 Exercise 7A
10 a 0.2794 b 0.0378 c d55 1 a A hypothesis is a statement made about the value
of a population parameter. A hypothesis test uses a
sample or an experiment to determine whether or
Mixed exercise 6 not to reject the hypothesis.
1 a x P(X = x) b ​__
12
21
​ b The null hypothesis (H0) is what we assume to be
1 __
​1 ​ correct and the alternative hypothesis (H1) tells us
21
about the parameter if our assumption is shown to
2 __
​2 ​
21 be wrong.
__ c The test statistic is used to test the hypothesis. It
3 ​3 ​
21 could be the result of the experiment or statistics
4 __
​4 ​ calculated from a sample.
21
__ 2 a One-tailed test
5 ​5 ​
21 b Two-tailed test
6 __
​6 ​ c One-tailed test
21
3 a The test statistic is N 2 the number of sixes.
2 a 0.2 b 0.7 b H0: p 5​ _16 ​ c H1: p .​ _16 ​
3 a
x 1 2 3 4 4 a Shell is describing what her experiment wants to
test rather than the test statistic. The test statistic is
P(X = x) 0.0769 0.1923 0.3077 0.4231 the proportion of times you get a head.
__ b H0: p 5​ _12 ​ c H1: p ≠​ _12 ​
b ​19 ​
26
5 a A suitable test statistic is p 2 the proportion of
4 a The probabilities must be the same.
faulty articles in a batch.
b i 0.0625 ii 0.375 iii 0.5

220 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

b H0: p 5 0.1, H1: p , 0.1 8 a Distribution B(n, 0.68).

c If the probability of the proportion being 0.08 or Fixed number of trials.
less is 5% or less the null hypothesis is rejected. Outcomes of trials are independent.
6 a A suitable test statistic is p − the proportion of There are two outcomes success and failure.
people that support the candidate. The probability of success is constant.
b H0: p = 0.55, H1: p < 0.55 b P(X < 3) = 0.0155 < 0.05. There is sufficient
c If the probability of the proportion being __ 7
​20 ​is 2% or evidence to reject the null hypothesis so p < 0.68.
more, the null hypothesis is accepted The treatment is not as effective as claimed.
9 a Critical region is X > 13
b 14 lies in the critical region, so we can reject the
Exercise 7B
null hypothesis. There is evidence that the new
1 a The critical value is the first value to fall inside of
technique has improved the number of plants that
the critical region.
germinate.
b A critical region is a region of the probability
10 a The number of people who support the candidate.
distribution which, if the test statistic falls within it,
H0: p = 0.35, H1: p > 0.35
would cause you to reject the null hypothesis.
c The acceptance region is the area in which we b Critical region is X > 24
accept the null hypothesis. c 28 lies in the critical region, so we can reject
the null hypothesis. There is evidence that the
2 The critical value is x 5 5 and the critical region is candidate’s level of popularity has increased.
X > 5 since P(X > 5) 5 0.0328 , 0.05.
3 The critical value is x 5 0 and the critical region is
X 5 0. Exercise 7D
4 a The critical region is X > 13 and X < 3. 1 P(X < 10) = (0.0494 . 0.025 (two-tailed)
b 0.037 = 3.7% There is insufficient evidence to reject H0 so there is no
5 The critical value is x 5 0. The critical region is X 5 0. reason to doubt p 5 0.5
6 a The critical region is X 5 0 and 7 < X < 10. 2 P(X > 10) = 0.189 > 0.05 (two tailed)
b 0.085 There is insufficient evidence to reject H0 so there is no
7 a The number of times the sample fails. reason to doubt p = 0.3
b H0: p = 0.3, H1: p < 0.3
3 (X > 9) = 0.244 > 0.025 (two-tailed)
c The critical value is x = 10 and the critical region is There is insufficient evidence to reject H0 so there is no
X > 10
reason to doubt p = 0.75
d 4.8%
8 a The number of seedlings that survive. 4 P(X < 1) = 0.00000034 < 0.005 (two-tailed)
H0: p = _​13 ​, H1: p > _
​13 ​ X = 1 lies within the critical region, so we can reject
b The critical value is x = 17 and the critical region is the null hypothesis.
X > 17 5 P(X > 4) = 0.0178 > 0.01 (two-tailed)
c 5.84% There is insufficient evidence to reject H0 so there is no
9 a H0: p = 0.2, H1: p ≠ 0.2 reason to doubt p = 0.02
b The critical region is X < 1 and X > 10 6 P(X < 6) = 0.0577 > 0.025 (two-tailed)
c 4.47% X = 6 does not lie in the critical region, so there is no
reason to think that the coin is biased.
Challenge
a The critical region is X < 29 and X > 41 7 a Critical region X = 0 and X > 8
b Chance of one observation falling within critical b 4.36%
region = 8.8%. c H0: p = 0.2, H1: p ≠ 0.2
Chance of two observations falling within critical X = 8 is in the critical region. There is enough
region = 0.77%. evidence to reject H0. The hospital’s proportion of
complications differs from the national figure.
8 Test statistic: the number of cracked bowls.
Exercise 7C H0: p = 0.1, H1: p ≠ 0.1
1 0.0781 . 0.05 P(X < 1) = 0.3917 = 39.17%
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. 39.17% > 5% (two-tailed) so there is not enough
2 0.0464 , 0.05 evidence to reject H0. The proportion of cracked bowls
There is sufficient evidence to reject H0 so p , 0.04. has not changed.
3 0.0480 , 0.05 9 Test statistic: the number of carrots longer than 7 cm
There is sufficient evidence to reject H0 so p . 0.30. H0: p = 0.25, H1: p ≠ 0.25
4 0.0049 , 0.01 P(X > 13) = 1 − P(X < 12) = 0.0216 = 2.16%
There is sufficient evidence to reject H0 so p , 0.45. 2.16% < 2.5% (two-tailed) so there is enough evidence
5 0.0526 . 0.05 to reject the null hypothesis. The probability of a carrot
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0 so there is no being longer than 7 cm has increased.
reason to doubt p 5 0.28. 10 Test statistic: the number of patients correctly
6 0.0020 , 0.05 diagnosed.
There is sufficient evidence to reject H0 so p . 0.32. H0: p = 0.96, H1: p ≠ 0.96
7 0.3813 . 0.05 P(X < 63) = 0.0000417 < 0.05 (two-tailed) so there is
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0 (not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The new
significant). test does not have the same probability of success as
There is no evidence that the probability is less than _​ 16 ​. the old test.
There is no evidence that the dice is biased.

221
Answers

Mixed exercise 7 Review exercise 1

1 H0: p = 0.2, H1: p > 0.2, P(X > 3) = 0.3222 . 0.05 1 a A census observes every member of a population.
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. Disadvantage it would be time-consuming to get
There is no evidence that the trains are late more opinions from all the employees.
often. b Opportunity sampling
2 H0: p = 0.5, H1: p > 0.5, P(X > 4) = 0.1875 . 0.05 c Only cleaners – no managers i.e. not all types.
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. Not a random sample – 1st 50 may be in same
There is insufficient evidence that the manufacturer’s shift/group/share same views.
claim is true. d i Label employees (1–550) or obtain an ordered
3 a Fixed number; independent trials; two outcomes list. Select first person using random numbers
(pass or fail); p constant for each car. (from 1–11). Then select every 11th person
b 0.16807 from the list e.g. If person 8 is selected then the
c 0.3828 . 0.05 sample is 8, 19, 30, 41, …
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. ii Label managers (1–55) and cleaners (1–495).
There is no evidence that the garage fails fewer Use random numbers to select 5 managers and
than the national average. 45 cleaners.
4 a Critical region X < 1 and X > 10. 2 a Opportunity sampling is using a sample that is
b 0.0583 available at the time the study is carried out. It is
c H0: p = 0.1, H1: p > 0.1, P(X > 4) = 0.133 . 0.1. unlikely to provide a representative sample of the
Accept H0. There is no evidence that the proportion weather in May.
of defective articles has increased. b 87.4%
5 H0: p = 0.5, H1: p ≠ 0.5, P(X < 8) = 0.252 . 0.025 (two- c Relative humidity above 95% gives rise to misty
tailed) conditions. 4 out of 5 observations are not misty
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. days, so she may be right. However, 5 days is not a
There is no evidence that the claim is wrong. representative sample for the whole of May.
6 a Critical region is X  4 and X  16 3 a Median 26.7 miles
b 0.0493 b Mean 30.1 miles, standard deviation 16.6 miles
c There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. 4 Mean 3.06 hours, standard deviation 3.32 hours
There is no evidence to suggest that the proportion 5 a i 37 minutes
of people buying that certain make of computer ii upper quartile, third quartile, 75 percentile
differs from 0.2. b Outliers – values that are much greater than or
7 a i 
The theory, methods, and practice of testing much less than the other values and need to be
a hypothesis by comparing it with the null treated with caution.
hypothesis. c
School B
ii  The critical value is the first value to fall inside
of the critical region.
iii  The acceptance region is the region where we
accept the null hypothesis.
b Critical region X = 0 and X > 8
c 4.36% 10 30 40 20 50 60
d As 7 does not lie in the critical region, H0 is not Time (minutes)
rejected. Therefore, the proportion of times that
Johan is late for school has not changed. d The children from school A generally took less time
8 P(X > 21) = 0.021 < 0.05. Therefore there is sufficient than those from school B. The median for B is less
evidence to support Poppy’s claim that the likelihood of than the median for A. A has outliers, but B does
a rain-free day has increased. not. The interquartile range for A is less than the
9 a Critical region X < 5 and X > 16 interquartile range for B. The total range for A is
b 5.34% greater than the total range for B.
c X = 4 is in the critical region so there is enough 6 a Missing frequencies: 35, 15; Missing frequency
evidence to reject H0. densities: 4, 6
b 0.4 c 18.9 minutes
10 a X ~ B(20, 0.85)
d 7.26 minutes e 18 minutes
b 0.1821
7 0.82
c Test statistic is proportion of patients who recover.
8 a 4.9
H0: p = 0.85, H1: p < 0.85
b
P(X < 20) = 0.00966
30
Cumulative frequency

0.00966 < 0.05 so there is enough evidence to reject

H0. The percentage of patients who recover after 25
treatment with the new ointment is lower than 85%.
20
Large data set 15
1 a The critical region is X > 4
b Students’ answers 10
c Students’ answers 5
2 Students’ answers
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Temperature (°C)

222 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

c Interpolation likely to be more accurate. 17 a x P(X = x)

d 25 days
9 a 1 0.0278
Evaporation loss (y ml)

100 2 0.0833
80 3 0.1389
60 4 0.1944
40 5 0.2500
20 6 0.3056
0 b 0.5833
0 5 10 15 18 a P(X = x) = 0.2
Time (x weeks) b y 1 2 3 4
b The points lie close to a straight line.
c 3.90 ml of the chemicals evaporate each week. P(Y = y) 0.6 0.24 0.096 0.064
d The estimate for 19 weeks is reasonably reliable, c 0.16
since it is just outside the range of the data. 19 a 0.101 b 0.448 c 0.929 d 0.339
The estimate for 35 weeks is unreliable, since it is 20 a 0 < X < 5 and 19 < X < 40
far outside the range of the data. b 0.0234
10 a 15.3 + 2 × 10.2 = 35.7 so 45 is an outlier 21 a X < B(10, 0.75)
b A temperature of 45 °C is very high so it is likely where X is the random variable ‘number of patients
this value was recorded incorrectly. who recover when treated’.
c When the temperature increases by 1 °C, the b 0.146
number of ice creams sold per month increases by c H0: p = 0.75 H1: p < 0.75. 0.1124 > 0.05 so there is
2810. insufficient evidence to reject H0.
d Outside the range of the data (extrapolation) d 9
11 a 8 22 a H0: p = 0.3, H1: p > 0.3
11 Blue
b 18 < X < 40
9 Blue c 3.2%
12
3 Red d Reject the null hypothesis. Dhiriti’s claim is
11
supported.
9
11 Blue
3
12 Red Challenge
1 x = 4, y = 6, z = 14
2 Red
11 2 a X < 16 (probability = 0.1263)
b 0.25 c 0.409 b 0.0160
12 a
A B
CHAPTER 8
Prior knowledge 8
0.32 0.22 0.11 1 a x = 4 or x = _
​15 ​ b x=_
​32 ​or x = ​− _
​73 ​
c x = 2.26 or x = −0.591 d x = ​±_
​32 ​
2 a x = 10.3, y = 61.0° b x = 14.8, y = 8.7
0.35
3 a 833 cm s−1 b 5000 kg m−3
b P(A) = 0.54, P(B) = 0.33 4 a 7.65 × 106 b 3.806 × 10−3
c They are not independent.
13 a 0.03 Faulty Exercise 8A
Goodbuy 1 a i h=0 ii h = 6 m
0.85
0.97 Not faulty b h = −48 m.
c Model is not valid when x = 200 as height would be
0.06 Faulty 48 m below ground level.
0.15 2 a 90 m b i h = 90 m   ii h = 40 m
Amart
c h = −1610 m
0.94 Not faulty d Model is not valid when t = 20 as height would be
b 0.9655 1610 m below sea level.
14 a C and T 3 a x = 2.30 m or 8.70 m b k = 10 m
b P(C and B) = 0.34; P(C   ) × P(B) = 0.32 so the events c When k = 10 seconds the ball passes through the
are not independent net so model not valid for k > 10
15 a 0.375 4 a 1320 m
b 0.125 b Model is valid for 0 < t < 10
c 0.125 5 0 < x < 120
16 a 0.0278 6 0<t<6
b 0.8929
c 0.0140

223
Answers

Exercise 8B Model the yo-yo as smooth – assume there is no

1 a Ignore the rotational effect of any external friction between the yo-yo and the string.
forces that are acting on it, and the effects of air 4 a 41.7 m s−1
resistance. b 6000 kg m−2
b Ignore the frictional effects on the football due to air c 1.2 × 106 kg m−3
resistance. 5 a Model ball as a particle. Assume the floor is smooth.
2 a Ignore the rotational effect of any external b i  Positive – the positive direction is defined as the
forces that are acting on it, and the effects of air direction in which the ball is travelling.
resistance. ii Negative – the ball will be slowing down.
b Ignore any friction between the ice puck and the ice 6 a Velocity is positive, displacement is positive
surface. b Velocity is negative, displacement is positive
3 Parachute jumper and parachute should be considered c Velocity is negative, displacement is negative
together as one particle as they move together. 7 a 0.158 ms−2 b 108.4°
4 a If modelled as a light rod, the fishing rod is 8 a 4.3 ms−1 b 125.5°
considered to have no thickness and is rigid. 9 a 158.1 m b 186.4 m c 51.3°
b If the fishing rod had no thickness and was rigid it
would be unsuitable for fishing.
5 a Model golf ball as a particle, ignore the effects of air
resistance.
CHAPTER 9
b Model child on sledge as a particle, consider the hill Prior knowledge 9
as smooth. 1 a i 3 ii 73.5
c Model objects as particles, string as light and b i 2 ii 150
inextensible, pulley as smooth. c i −1.5 ii 26.25
d Model suitcase and handle as a particle, path as 2 26.25 miles
smooth, ignore friction.
3 a x = 2, y = −1.5 b x = 1.27 or x = −2.77

Exercise 8C Exercise 9A
1 a 18.1 m s−1 b 150 kg m−2 c 5 × 10−3 m s−1 1 a A 80 km h−1, B 40 km h−1, C 0 km h−1, D km h−1,
d 0.024 kg m−3 e 45 kg m−3 f 63 kg m−2 E −66.7 km h−1
2 a A: Normal reaction, B: Forward thrust, C: Weight, b 0 km h−1 c 50 km h−1
D: Friction. 2 a 187.5 km b 50 km h−1
b A: Buoyancy, B: Forward thrust, C: Weight, D: Water 3 a 12 km h−1 b 12:45
resistance or drag. c −10 km h−1, 3 km h−1 d 7.5 km h−1
c A: Normal reaction, B: Friction, C: Weight,
4 a 2.5 m, 0.75 s
D: Tension.
b 0 m s−1
d A: Normal reaction, B: Weight, C: Friction.
c i The velocity of the ball is positive (upwards).
The ball is decelerating until it reaches 0 at the
highest point.
Exercise 8D ii The velocity of the ball is negative (downwards),
1 a 2.1 m s−1 b 500 m c −1.8 m s−1 and the ball is accelerating.
d −2.7 m s−1 e −750 m f 2.5 m s−1
2 a 15.6 m s−1 b 39.8°
3 a 5 m s−2 b 143° Exercise 9B
4 a 15.3 m b 24.3 m c 78.7° 1 a 2.25  m  s–2 b 90 m
2 a v (m s–1)
Mixed exercise 8
10
1 a 3.6 m b 1 m and 7 m
c 0<x<8 d 4.8 m
2 a 7.68 m b 4.15 m
c Ignore the effects of air resistance on the diver and
rotational effects of external forces.
d Assumption not valid, diver experiences drag and
O 30 42 t (s)
buoyancy in the water.
3 a Model the man on skis as a particle – ignore the b 360 m
rotational effect of any forces that are acting on the
3 a 0.4  m  s–2 b __8
​ 15 ​  m  s–2 or 0.53  m  s–2 c 460 m
man as well as any effects due to air resistance.
Consider the snow-covered slope as smooth – 4 a v (m s ) –1

assume there is no friction between the skis and the

snow-covered slope. 30
b Model the yo-yo as a particle – ignore the rotational
effect of any forces that are acting on the yo-yo as
well as any effects due to air resistance.
Consider the string as light and inextensible –
O 15 T 25 t (s)
ignore the weight of the string and assume it does
not stretch.
b 100  s

224 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

5 a v (m s–1) 9 a 3.3  s (1 d.p.) b 16.2  m  s−1 (1 d.p.)

10 a t = 4 or t = 8 ___
​ ›
12 b t 5 4: 4  m  s−1___
in direction AB​
​ , t 5 8: 4  m  s−1
​ ›
in direction BA​ ​ .
11 a t = 0.8 or t = 4
b 15.0  m  s−1 (3 s.f.)
12 a 2  s b 4  m
13 a 0.34  m  s−1 b 25.5  s (3 s.f.)
O 20 T 40 t (s) 14 a P: (4t 1 t 2)  m Q: [3(t − 1) 1 1.8(t − 1)2]  m
b t56 c 60  m
b T 5 320 c 3840  m 15 a 4.21 km h−2 b 0.295 km h−1
6 a v (m s–1)
Exercise 9E
10 1 a 2.4 s b 23.4  m  s21
2 4.1  s (2 s.f.)
3 41  m (2 s.f.)
4 a 29  m (2 s.f.) b 2.4 s (2 s.f.)
5 a 5.5  m  s21 (2 s.f.) b 20  m  s21 (2 s.f.)
6 a 40  m  s21 (2 s.f.) b 3.7  s (2 s.f.)
O 15 4T T t (s) 7 a 39  m  s21 b 78  m (2 s.f.)
b 60  s 8 4.7  m (2 s.f.)
9 a 3.4  s (2 s.f.) b 29  m (2 s.f.)
7 a u = ​ __
10
 ​ b ​ __
20
 ​  m  s–2 = 2.22 m s−2
3 9 10 2.8  s (2 s.f.)
8 a v (m s ) –1
11 a u = 29 (2 s.f.) b 6  s
C 12 30  m (2 s.f.)
30 13 a 5.6  m (2 s.f.) b 3.2  m (2 s.f.)
24
Challenge
M 1 a 1.4 s (2 s.f.) b 7.2 m (2 s.f.)
2 155 m (3 s.f.)

O
Mixed exercise 9
8 20 T t (s)
1 a v (m s–1)
b 720  m

Challenge 12.5
a 6 s b 16.5 m
c i 10.5 m ii 4.5 m

Exercise 9C
1 20  m  s–1
O 20 180 t (s)
2 0.625  m  s–2
3 20  m  s–1
b 2125  m
4 a 9  m  s–1 b 72  m
5 a 3  m  s–1 b ​ _13 ​   m s–2 2 a v (m s–1)
6 a 9.2  m  s–1 b 33.6  m
7 a 18 km h–1 b 312.5  m 15
8 a 8  s b 128  m
9 a 0.4  m  s–2 b 320  m
10 a 0.25  m  s–2 b 16  s c 234  m
11 a 19  m  s–1 b 2.4  m  s–2 c 430  m
12 a x 5 0.25 b 150  m O 32 32 + T t (s)
13 b 500  m
b T 5 12
Challenge c s (m)
a t=3 b 12 m
570
Exercise 9D 480
1 7 m  s−1
2 _
​  23 ​  m  s−2
3 2  m s−2
4 0.175  m  s−2
5 a 2.5  m  s−2 b 4.8  s
6 a 3.5  m  s−1 b 15.5  m  s−1
7 a 54  m b 6  s O 32 44 t (s)
8 a 90  m b 8.49  m  s−1 (3 s.f.)

225
Answers

3 a i a = gradient of line. Using the formula for the CHAPTER 10

v−u
gradient of a line, a = _____
​ ​, which can be
t Prior knowledge 10
rearranged to give v = u + at 1 a 5i − 3j b –4i + 4j
ii s = area under the graph. Using the formula for 2 a 19.2 cm b 38.7°
the area of a trapezium, ​s = (​ _____
2 )
u+v 3 a 18 m s–1 b 162 m
​ ​ ​t​

b
v − u
i Substitute t = _____
​ ​into ​s = ​(​_____)​ ​t​
u + v Exercise 10A
a 2 1 R 2 T T
ii Substitute v = u + at into ​s = (​ _____
2 )
u+v
​ ​ ​t​

iii Substitute u = v − at into ​s = (​ _____

2 )
u+v
​ ​ ​t​
4 u58
5 0.165  m  s22 (3 d.p.)
6 a 60  m b 100  m
7 1.9 s
W
8 a 4.1  s (2 s.f.)
W
b 40  m  s21 (2 s.f.)
c air resistance 3 4 R 5 T
9 a u 5 11 b 22  m
10 a 28  m  s21 b 208  m
11 a 8  m  s21 b 1.25  m  s22 c 204.8  m
F P
12 a 33  m  s21 (2 s.f.) b 3.4  s (2 s.f.)
W
c v (m s–1)

21 W
W
6 Although its speed is constant, the satellite is
continuously changing direction. This means that the
O 2.1 5.5 t (s) velocity changes. Therefore, there must be a resultant
force on the satellite.
7 5N
8 a 10 N b 30 N c 20 N
9 a 200 N
–33 b The platform accelerates towards the ground.
10 p = 50, q = 40
13 a 50  s b 24.2  m  s21 (3 s.f.)
11 P = 10 N, Q = 5 N
14 h 5 39 (2 s.f.)
12 a i 20 N ii vertically upwards
15 a 32  m  s21 b 90  m c 5  s
b i 20 N ii to the right
16 a v (m s–1)
13 a R

34

22 1600 N 10 000 N

O 2 6 t (s) W
b 8400 N
b 180  m 14 a R
17 a v (m s–1)

F 8F
30

W
b 600 N

O t1 T t2 300 t (s)
Exercise 10B
b ​(​ ​ ​)​N
2
c T 5 100, x 5 0.2 d 3  km e 125  s 1 a (3i + 2j) N
−3
d (​ ​ ​ ​)​N
3
Challenge c (4i − 3j) N
1.2 s −3
2 a i − 8j b –5i + j
3 a = 3, b = 4

226 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

4 a i 5___N ii 123.7° c Light ⇒ tension is the same throughout the length

b i √​ ___
26 ​     N ii 11.3° of the string and the mass of the string does not
c i ​√__
13 ​     N ii 146.3° need to be considered. Inextensible ⇒ acceleration
d i ​√ 2 ​N ii 135°
__ of masses is the same.
5 a i (2i − j) N ii ​√ 5 ​N iii 116.6° 2 a 10 kg b 40 N
b i (3i + 4j) N ii 5N iii 36.9° 3 a 2 m s–2 b 14 N
6 a = 3, b = 1 4 a 3600 N
7 a = 3, b = –1 ___ b i 1276 N upwards
8 a p = 2, q = –6 b ​√ 40 ​N c 18°
ii 3600 N downwards
9 a 63.4° b 3.5
___
10 a a = 3, b = 2 b ​√ 65 ​N c 30° 5 a 1800 kg and 5400 kg
b 37 000 N
Challenge c Light ⇒ tension is the same throughout the length
a = 17.3 (3 s.f.), magnitude of resultant force = 20 N of the tow-bar and the mass of the tow-bar does not
need to be considered. Inextensible ⇒ acceleration
of lorry and trailer is the same.
Exercise 10C 6 a 2.2 ms–2 b 60 N
1 0.3 m s–2 7 a 4 kg b 47.2 N
2 39.2 N 8 a 6000 N
3 25 kg b For engine, F = ma = 3200 N
4 1.6 m s–2 R(→) 12 000 − 6000 − T = 3200, T = 2800 N
5 a 25.6 N b 41.2 N 9 a R(→) 1200 − 100 − 200 = 900 N
6 a 2.1 kg (2 s.f.) b 1.7 kg (2 s.f.) F = ma, so a = 900 ÷ (300 + 900) = 0.75 m s–2
7 a 5.8 m s–2 b 2.7 m s–2 b 325 N c 500 N
8 4N
9 a 0.9 m s–2 b 7120 N c 8560 N
10 a 0.5 m s–2 b 45 N Exercise 10F
11 a 32 s b 256 m 1 a
33.6 N (3 s.f.)
c The resistive force is unlikely to be constant. b
2.37 m s–1 (3 s.f.)
c
2.29 m (3 s.f.)
Challenge 2 a
2mg N
a 2.9 m (2 s.f.) b 3.6 m s–1 (2 s.f.) For P: 2mg − kmg = ​_13 ​kmg
  b
c 2.16 s (3 s.f.) So 2 − k = _ ​31 ​k and k = 1.5
Smooth ⇒ no friction so magnitude of acceleration
c
Exercise 10D is the same in objects connected by a taut
1 a (0.5i + 2j) m s–2 inextensible string.
b 2.06 m s–2 (3 s.f.) on a bearing of 014° d While Q is descending, distance travelled by P = s1
(to the nearest degree). s = ut + _​12 ​at2 ⇒ s1 = __ ​16 ​g × 1.82 = 0.54  g
2 0.2 kg Speed of P at this time = v1
v2 = u2 + 2as ⇒ v12 = 02 + (​ 2 × __ ​ ​× 0.54  g)​= 0.36  g2
3 a (21i − 9j) N g
b 22.8 N (3 s.f.) on a bearing of 113° 3
(to the nearest degree). After Q hits the ground, P travels freely under
4 a (–4i + 32j) m s–2 b (​​_56 ​i –   ​_16 ​  j)  m s–2 gravity and travels a further distance s2.
c (–i _ 2
–   ​3 ​j)  m s–2
d (​− _ ​43 ​i + 6j)  m s–2 v2 = u2 + 2as ⇒ 02 = 0.36  g2 − 2gs2 ⇒ s2 = 0.18  g
_______
√
5 a ​ 0.8125 ​ms on a bearing of 146°
–2 Total distance travelled = s1 + s2 = 0.54g + 0.18  g
(to the nearest degree). = 0.72  g m
b 6.66 s As particles started at same height P must be s1
6 R = (−ki + 4kj) N metres above the plane at the start.
So 4k = 3 + q (1), −k = 2 + p (2) and −4k = 8 + 4p (3) Maximum height reached by P above the plane
Adding equations (1) and (3) gives 4p + q + 11 = 0 = 0.72  g + s1 = 0.72  g + 0.54  g = 1.26  g m
__
7 a b=6 b ​6 ​√ 2 ​N 3 a s = ut + ​_12 ​at2 so 2.5 = 0 + _
​12 ​× a × 1.252, a = 3.2 ms−2
__ __
3 √​ 2 ​ 75 √​ 2 ​ b 39 N
c ​____​m s–2 d ​______​    m
2 4 __ c For A, R(↓): mg − T = ma
25 √​ 2 ​
______ T = m(9.8 − 3.2), T = 6.6m
8 a p = 2, q = –6 b ​ ​    kg Substituting for T: 39 = 6.6m
6
9 0.86 kg m = __ ​65 ​
11
10 a 5 + q = −2k (1), 2 + p = k (2) and 4 + 2p = 2k (3) d Same tension in string either side of the pulley.
Adding equations (1) and (3) gives 2p + q + 9 = 0 e __
​40 ​s
49
b 0.2 kg
4 a 0.613 m s–2 (3 s.f.)
Challenge b 27.6 N (3 s.f.)
k=8 c 39.0 N (3 s.f.)
5 a i 2.84 m s−2 (3 s.f.)
ii 2.84(1.5) = 1.5g − T
Exercise 10E T = 1.5g − 4.26 = 10.4 N (3 s.f.)
1 a 4N iii 3.3 N
b 0.8 N b Same tension in string either side of the pulley.

227
Answers

Mixed exercise 10 Exercise 11B

1 2
1 a 200g 1 a i ​v = 16 ​t​3​+ ​__2 ​ ii ​a = 48 ​t​2​− ​__3 ​
​t​ ​ ​t​ ​
2 6
b i ​v = 2 ​t​2​− ​__3 ​ ii ​a = 4t + ​__4 ​
​t​ ​ ​t​ ​
600 N 1000 N c i v = 18t2 + 30t − 2 ii a = 36t + 30
9​t​ ​ 5 2
5
d i ​v = ​____ ​− 2t − ​____2 ​ ii ​a = 9t − 2 + ​__3 ​
2 2 ​t​ ​ ​t​ ​
200g 2 a 46 m s−1 b 24 m s−2
b 2 m s–2 3 7 m s−2 in the direction of x decreasing.
2 1000 N (2 s.f.) vertically downwards 4 6.75 m
3 a 2000 N b 36 m 5 a k=4 b a = −4 m s−2
4 a 1.25 ms–2 b 6N 6 1.7 cm
5 Res(→) 3R − R = 1200 × 2 ⇒ R = 1200
Driving force = 3R = 3600 N
6 (28i + 4j) m s–2 Exercise 11C
7 a = 1, b = −3 __ 1 a 0.25 s
__
9 √​ 5 ​ b 4.54 m
8 a √​ 5 ​m s–2 b ​____​    m
2 c v = −1.88 m s−1
9 a a = –15, b = 12 2 a The body returns to its starting position 4 s after
b i 11.7 m s–2 (3 s.f.) on a bearing of 039.8° (3 s.f.) leaving it.
ii 52.7 m (3 s.f.) b Since t > 0, t3 is always positive.
10 a 0.7 ms–2 b 770 N c 58 m Since t < 4, 4 − t is always non-negative.
d Inextensible ⇒ tension the same throughout, and the c 27 m
acceleration of the car and the trailer is the same. 3 a
11 a R(→) 8000 − 500 − R = 3600 × 1.75, R = 1200 N Velocity–time graph for motion of P
b 2425 N c 630 N (2 s.f.)
Velocity, v

12 a ​_13 ​g m s–2 b 3.6 m s–1 c ​2 ​_23 ​m

d i Acceleration both masses equal.
ii Same tension in string either side of the pulley.
13 a __
​12
7
​g N b m = 1.2 0
0 Time, t 6
14 a 3.2 m s–2 b 5.3 N (2 s.f.) c F = 3.7 (2 s.f.)
d The information that the string is inextensible has b v = 81 m s when t = 3 s −1

been use in part c when the acceleration of A has 4 a Discriminant of 2t2 − 3t + 5 is <0, so no solutions
been taken to be equal to the acceleration of B. for v = 0
15 a i 0.5 g − T = 0.5a ii T − 0.4 g= 0.4a b 3.88 m s−1 (3 s.f.)
b ​_49 ​g N c _​19 ​g m s–2 d 0.67 s (2 s.f.) 5 a Displacement–time graph for motion of P
Displacement, s

Challenge
k = ​−  _
​52 ​

CHAPTER 11 0
4.5
Time, t
Prior knowledge 11 b s is a distance so cannot be negative.
​x​−​(​2​)​​− 12
__
1

1 a 6x − 5 b _________
​ ​ c 13.5 m d 9 m s−2
(x3)
ds
2 a (1.5, −4.75) b (1, 9) and (3, 5) 6 Max distance is when ___
​ ​= 3.6 + 3.52t + 0.06t2 = 0,
dt
5​x​2​
3 a ​____​+ 8x + 1​ b x − x + 5x + 7
3 2
so t = 59.6 (3 s.f.)
2 ∴ Max distance = 2.23 km (3 s.f.), so the train never
4 a 18 b ​11 _
​13 ​
reaches the end of the track.

Exercise 11A Exercise 11D

1 a 8m b t = 0 and t = ±3 ​t​4​ ​t​3​ 4 _3 4 ​t​3​
1 a ​s = ​t​3​− t​ b ​s = ​__​− ​__​ c ​s = ​__​​t​​2​​ + ​____​
2 a 4m b 6m 2 2 3 3
3 a 7 m s−1 b 9.25 m s−1 2t3 t3 2 5t2
2 a v = 4t2 − ___
​ ​ b v = 6t + ​__​ c v = −​​__​+ ___ ​ ​
c −11 m s−1; body is travelling in opposite direction. 3 9 t 2
4 a 0.8 m b 4s 3 12 m
c 1.6 m d 0<t<4 4 a v = 6 + 16t − t2 b −6
5 a 8 m s−1 b t = ​_43 ​and t = 2 5 42.9 m (3 s.f.)
_
1
c t = ​3 ​and t = 3 d 8 m s−1 6 12.375 m
6 a 4s b 8 m s−1 7 a 10​_​23 ​ b 13 m
7 T = 3: returns to starting point and s = 0 when t = 0
8 t=_3
​2 ​and t = 5
and t = 3.
8 a t = __​13 ​and t = 3 b ​__
16
​m s−1 9 a t = 1 and t = 5 b 6m
15

228 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.

 Answers

10 T = 1.5 s 6 a t=_
​53 ​and t = 2 b 13 m s−2 c ​___
433
27
​m
​t​2​
11 a ​v = __
​ ​− 3t + 4​ b t = 2 and t = 4 c ​_2 ​m ​t​ ​
4 5
​t​ ​ 4​t​ ​
3
2 3 7 a ​v = ​__​− 4​t​2​+ 6​ b ​s = ​___​− ​___​+ 6t​
12 a 86 m b 60 m s−1 2__ __
10 3
c t = ​√ 2 ​and t = √​ 6 ​
Challenge 8 max = 8.64 m, min = 1.14 m
​___
200
​   m 9 a = 1500, b = 800, c = −16
3
10 a ​v = ​∫​20 − 6t dt​ = 20t − 3​t​2​+ c​
At t = 0, v = 7 so c = 7 and v = 7 + 20t − 3t2
Exercise 11E b The greatest speed is 40​_ 1
​3 ​   m s−1
1 v = ∫adt = at + c c 196 m
a × 0 + c = 0 ⇒ c = 0 ⇒ v = at 11 v = ∫ k(7 − t2)dt ⇒ v = k​( ​ ​)​+ c
t3
​ 7t − __
s = ∫v dt = ∫at dt = ​__12 ​at2 + k 3
t = 0, v = 0 [ c = 0; t = 3, v = 6 [ k = ​__12 ​
​12 ​a × 02 + k = x ⇒ k = x
__
7 t3
so s = ​__12 ​at2 + x v = ​__​t − __​ ​

∫
2 6
s = ∫ vdt = ​(​__​t − __ ​ ​)​dt = ___
2 a a = 5, ​v = ​∫​5 dt = 5t + c​; when t = 0, u = 12 so 7 t3 7t2 t4
​ ​− ​___​+ c
c = 12, v = 12 + 5t 2 6 4 24
5​t​2​ t = 0, s = 0 [ c = 0
b ​s = ∫12 + 5t dt = 12t + ​____ ​+ d​, when t = 0, 7t2 t4 1
2 s = ___
​ ​− ​___​= ___​ ​t2(42 − t2)
s = 7 so d = 7, s = 12t + 2.5t2 + 7 4 24 24
12 a Time cannot be negative so t < 0
ds dv
3 ​v = ​___​ = u + at​; ​___ ​ = a​so constant acceleration a at t = 5 s = 0 so mouse has returned to its hole.
dt dt
b 39.1 m
4 A a = 4 − 6t, not constant
13 a Mass is not constant as fuel is used.
B a = 0. no acceleration
Gravity is not constant so weight not constant.
C a = __ ​12 ​, constant
Thrust may not be constant.
12
D a = ​− ​___ ​not constant b v = (1.69 × 10−7) t4 − (1.33 × 10−4) t3 + 0.0525 t2
​t​4​ + 0.859 t + 274 m s−1
E v = 0, particle stationary
c v = 5990 m s−1
5 a 4 m s−2 b p = 2, q = 5, r = 0
d 510 seconds (2 s.f.) after launch
6 a 680 m
ds d2s
​ ​= 25 − 0.4t ⇒ ____
b ___ ​ 2 ​= −0.4 [ a is constant Challenge
dt dt 1 31.25 m
c 420 m from A 2 91 m s−1

Mixed exercise 11 Review exercise 2

1 a t=5 1 a Constant acceleration
b 37.5 m b Constant speed c 30.5 m
2 a 30 m s−2 2 a v (m s–1)
b 75 m
​t​3​
3 a Displacement = ​8t + ​t​2​− ​__ ​
3
b Max displacement when t = 4, s = 26​_ 2
​3 ​m, which is 24
less than 30 m so P does not reach B.
c t = 6.62 s
d 53​_
​13 ​   m
4 a __
​32
3
​   m s−1 b ​__
40
3
​  m
5 a (–3t2 + 22t − 24) m s–1 b t=_ ​43 ​and t = 6 O 75 t (s)
T t1
c t = __ ​11
3
​
d v (m s–1) b 0.48 m s−2 c T = 250 d 375 s
3 a 185 s b 2480 m
c s (m)

2480
2320

O 113 6 t (s)

320

O 40 165 185 t (s)

–24
4 a 28 m s−1 b 5.7 s (2 s.f.)
e 0 < t < 0.38, __
​10
3
​< t < 4 5 t = 2 and t = 4

229
Answers

___ ___
6 p = ​√ 10 ​and q = √​ 30 ​ Practice paper
7 66 __
​23 ​m 1 a 0.15
8 a 0.693 m s−2 (3 s.f.) b 7430 N (3 s.f.) b P(B) × P(M) = 0.1575 so the events are not
c i Rotational forces and air resistance can be independent.
ignored. 2 a Continuous – measured variable can take any value
ii The tension is the same at both ends and its b 16.32, 1.58 (3 s.f.)
mass can be ignored. c Increase – value higher than current mean
9 a Ball will momentarily be at rest 25.6 m above A. d Clare could select random days in September.
02 = u2 + 2 × 9.8 × 25.6, u = 22.4 She could include data from other UK locations for
b 4.64 (3 s.f.) c 6370 (3 s.f.) September 2015.
d Consider air resistance due to motion under gravity. 3 a 0.2
e v (m s–1) b 0.65
c i 0.1757   ii 0.0260
4 a Test statistic is the number of plates that are flawed.
22.4
H0: p = 0.3, H1: p < 0.3
b 0, 1, 2 c 3.548%
d 1 falls into the critical region therefore there is
O 2.3 4.6 t (s) evidence to support the claim.
5 a Increase in energy released for each degree of
–22.7 temperature.
b Value of h is a long way from the range of the
experimental data so it would not be sensible –
10 a 4.2 m s−2 b 3.4 N (2 s.f.) extrapolation.
c 2.9 m s−1 (2 s.f.) d 0.69 s (2 s.f.) c The regression line should only be used to predict a
e i String has negligible weight. value of e given h so it would not be sensible.
ii Tension in string is constant i.e. same at A and B. 6 0.87 (2 d.p.)
11 a 2.9 N (2 s.f.) b 4.9 m s−2 c 0.21 s (2 s.f.) 7 a 0.75 m s−2 b 845 N
d Same acceleration for P and Q. c Same acceleration for car and trailer
12 a i 1050 N ii 390 N 8 a a = 3i − j m s−2
13 a 8697 N b 351 N c 8190 N b 18.4°
___ below
14 a 63 ° c √​ 10 ​m s−2
b 2 + λ = k (1) and 3 + μ = 2k (2) 9 a 24.5 m s−1 b 30.625 m
2 × (1) = (2) so 4 + 2λ = 3 + μ so 2λ − μ + 1 = 0 5 30
​ ​s and ___
c __ ​ ​s
c 4.47 (3 s.f.) 7 7
15 a 17.5 (1 d.p.) 153
10 ​____​m
b 66° 16
c P = 3i + 12j
Q = 4i + 4j
16 6 s
17 a 4.5 m s−1 b 4.5 s
18 a t = 1 and t = __ ​53 ​ b 16 m s−2 c 4m

Challenge
1 t1 = 120 s, t2 = 210 s, t3 = 90 s; AB = 26 250 m
2 a a = 7.4 m s−2 b 39 N
c 87 N d 55 N (2 s.f.)
e Acceleration is the same for objects connected by a
taut inextensible string.

230 Online Full worked solutions are available in SolutionBank.