STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND REDESIGN OF THE EXISTING

BOX CULVERT AT P-4 SINANGLANAN,

MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON

DARREN LIAM VALDEZ CAGADAS

UNDERGRADUATE CAPSTONE PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

(STRUCTURAL)

DECEMBER 2023
i
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate proposed capstone project attached hereto entitled,

“STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND REDESIGN OF THE EXISING BOX CULVERT AT
P-4 SINANGLANAN, MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON” (Research No. 23433),
prepared and submitted by DARREN LIAM V. CAGADAS, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (Structural), is
hereby endorsed.

ENGR. RICHIE CATHERINE S. LOOD Date:

Chair, Thesis Advisory Committee

ENGR. GLADYS G. SILABAY Date:

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee

ENGR. LARRY C. LEONO II Date:

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee

Recommending Approval:

MA. CATHERINE Q. ARCA, Ph.D.

Date:
Department Chair

EINSTINE M. OPISO, Ph.D. Date:

Research Coordinator

Approved:

REX O. YADAO, Ph.D. Date:

College Dean

Noted:

JUPITER V. CASAS, Ph.D. Date:

Director of Research

ii
 Author’s Biographical Sketch

The author, Darren Liam Valdez Cagadas, is presently a graduating

student pursuing a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering at Central Mindanao
University. Born on September 29, 2001, in San Martin, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon, he is the eldest child of Emelyn V. Cagadas and Christopher R.
Cagadas and a brother to Kirk V. Cagadas. He resides with his family in San
Martin, Malaybalay City.

He started his academic journey at El Gibbor Faithhouse Academy,

completing kindergarten. He then attended San Martin-Sinanglanan
Elementary School, finishing primary education in 2014. For secondary
education, he graduated from San Martin Agro-Industrial National High School
in 2018. His senior high school was at San Isidro College in Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon, graduating with honors in 2020. Remarkably, he represented Senior
Scouts internationally at Energy Park, Tagum City, during 7th grade.

In college, he actively engaged in student organizations and events,

joining the Civil Engineering Student Society (CESS) in 2020 and maintaining
active involvement in the Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers - CMU
Chapter (JPICE-CMUC) since 2021. Despite facing obstacles, he persevered
in his goal of becoming a civil engineer, guided by the mantra "Dum spiro,
spero." Excited about the future, he looks forward to personal and professional
growth, nurturing the knowledge he acquired.
iii
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, the author expresses his deepest gratitude to the
Almighty God, whose unfailing power, warm embrace, and divine guidance
were crucial in completing and bringing this book into existence.

To his parents, Emelyn V. Cagadas, Lolita G. Valdez, and Christopher

R. Cagadas, for their never-ending love and support, for pouring all the things
they had into his cup financially or morally, for their warm embrace during his
tough times, for their patience and heart-soothing advise and for being there no
matter what happens.

Next, the author would like to convey his heartfelt thanks and gratitude
to his thesis adviser, Engr. Richie Catherine Supremo-Lood, for her erudition,
persistence, and unflinching support in bringing this scholastic effort to a
successful conclusion. The wise advice and mentorship conferred upon the
author by his academic advisor were critical in overcoming limitations and
achieving the study's aims.

The author also extends his grateful appreciation to Engr. Larry C. Leono
II and Engr. Gladys G. Silabay, for molding his ideas and sharing their expertise
in this study. The guidance, motivation, and additional insights they provide
improve this study and make the outcome of the study possible. The author
would also like to thank his thesis mates, Francis Patrick Buisa, Danny Tulibas,
and Jey-an Mae Bertico, for their constant presence when emotional support is
needed. Their aid in acquiring research data, as well as their support,
encouragement, and excellent suggestions, have contributed to the thesis's
accomplishment. Especial thanks also to the Tulibas Family, whose
hospitability is unfathomable and who treat us like their own sons and
daughters. Lastly, to my classmates and friends who contributed until the end
of this journey.

DARREN LIAM V. CAGADAS

Author
iv
 ABSTRACT

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND REDESIGN OF THE EXISTING BOX

CULVERT AT P-4 SINANGLANAN, MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON.

Capstone Advisory Committee: Engr. Richie Catherine S. Lood, Engr. Gladys

S. Silabay, & Engr. Larry C. Leono II.

This study assesses the problem of ongoing flooding in P-4 Sinanglanan,

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, by redesigning the existing box culvert. The
research is based on a rigorous evaluation of structural aspects and synthesis
of hydraulic, geotechnical, and hydrological concerns to define an essential
remedial framework. The inquiry generates a complex structural analysis and
redesign, encompassing a holistic strategy to improve the hydraulic
performance of the box culvert using advanced computational tools such as
[Link], SketchUp, and AutoCAD. The investigation reveals critical flaws
in the current box culvert arrangement, notably in dimensioning, exposing
susceptibility to hydraulic inefficiency and susceptibility to overflow during
inclement weather. The suggested redesign emerges as a revolutionary
intervention, achieving significant advances in hydraulic efficiency,
mitigating flood risk, and increasing communal resilience. The study
emphasizes the importance of careful material selection, particularly reinforced
concrete, and prudent assessment of load-bearing capacity to strengthen the
structural resilience of the culvert. Nevertheless, mindful of the demands of
academic investigation, this study recognizes inherent limits. The chronological
scope and comprehensiveness of the available data regarding the existing box
culvert limit the analysis's reliability. In conclusion, this research endeavor
displays the transformational potential of rigorous design and analysis in
addressing flood mitigation via the lens of box culvert enhancement. While the
suggested redesign makes a remarkable contribution, its implementation
requires careful consideration of the limits listed and an opportunity for future
academic discussion.

Keywords: Flood, box culvert, structural analysis

v
Copyright © 2024 by Darren Liam Valdez Cagadas

All Rights Reserved

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
NO. TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………… ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH………………………………………………… iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………. iv
ABSTRACT……...……………………...…………………………………… v
COPYRIGHT PAGE...……………………………………………………… vi
LIST OF TABLES.….……………………….………………………………. x
LIST OF FIGURES…….……………………………………………………. xi
LIST OF APPENDICES….…………………………………………………. xiii
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................. 4
1.4 Significance of the Study ........................................... 5
1.5 Scope and Delimitation ............................................. 6
1.6 Definition of Terms .................................................... 7

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Floods ....................................................................... 9
2.2 Rainfall in the Philippines .......................................... 9
2.3 Demography…………………………………….……....11
2.4 Inlet and Outlet Culvert Interaction…………………...12
2.5 Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Box
Culverts ......................................................................... .12

2.6 Structural Behavior of Concrete of Underground Box

vii
 Culvert .......................................................................... .14

2.7 Design and Loadings ................................................. 14

2.8 Durability (Corrosion and Abrasion) .......................... 15
2.9 Analysis and Design of Box Culvert .......................... 16
2.10 Culvert Shapes ....................................................... 16
2.11 Culvert End Treatments .......................................... 17
2.12 Software Applications in Structural Analysis and
Design.....................................................................................18

III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Location of the Study ................................................ 20

3.2 Procedural Framework .............................................. 21
3.3 Conceptual Framework ............................................. 22
3.4 Entry Protocol ........................................................... 23
3.5 Detailed Methods....................................................... 23
3.6 Coordinate with Government Agency to get Previous
Data ................................................................................ 23
3.7 Conduct Site Investigation ........................................ 24
3.8 Establish Assessment Limit of the Area ..................... 24
3.9 Data Gathering.......................................................... 24
3.10 Structural Analysis ................................................... 25
3.11 Redesign Proposal .................................................. 25
3.12 Structural Design .................................................... 26
3.13 Cost Analysis & Program of Works ......................... 26
3.14 Modelling ([Link], SketchUp, & AutoCAD) ...... 26

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Demographic Data .................................................... 28

4.2 Hydraulic Results and Considerations ...................... 32
4.3 Geotechnical Results and Considerations.................. 33
4.4 Manual Design using Centerline Method .................. 34

viii
 4.5 [Link] Advance Analysis .................................. 41
4.6 Program of Works & Cost Estimate .......................... 48

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions ..................................................................... 52
Recommendations .......................................................... 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 54
APPENDICES ................................................................................ 56

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Purok 4-A & 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic 28

Data
2 Demographic data of Purok 4 Sinanglanan, 31
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
3 Moment Distribution Method (Analysis of the 37
Structure)
4 Checking of Thickness (ACI [Link]) 39
5 Reinforcement Calculations and Soil 39
Pressure Checking
6 Element Design Summary from [Link] 43

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Satellite View of P-4 Sinanglanan, 20

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
2 Procedural Framework 21
3 Conceptual Framework 22
4 Purok 4-A Sinanglanan Demographic Pie 29
Chart (Male)
5 Purok 4-A Sinanglanan Demographic Pie 29
Chart (Female)
6 Purok 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Pie 30
Chart (Male)
7 Purok 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Pie 30
Chart (Female)
8 Cross-sectional Area Results from Inlet 32
Control Formula
9 Allowable Bearing Capacity Calculations 33
10 Design Parameters of the New Box Culvert 34
11 Loads on the Culvert 35
12 Factored Load Diagrams (AASHTO 3.4.1) 36
13 Shear and Moment Diagrams on Top Slab, 38
Bottom Slab, and Side Walls
14 Final Design Result 40
15 Loads and Pressures Acting on the Whole 41
Structure
16 Stress Contouring on Plates 42
17 Barrel Reinforcement Details 44
18 Culvert Plan 45
19 Wingwall Reinforcement Details (Sideview) 45
20 Wingwall Reinforcement Details (Front view) 46
21 Box Culvert Perspective 47

xi
22 Box Culvert Perspective 47

xii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A Communication Letter and Data Collection 57

at DPWH Region X, Engineer’s Hill, Bulua,
Cagayan De Oro City and DPWH 1st DEO
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

B Communication Letters for City 60

Engineering Office at Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon.

C Communication Letter for CDRRMO at 62

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

D Communication Letter and Undertaking 63

Agreement for DOST-PAGASA at
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

E Communication Letters at Barangay 65

Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City. Bukidnon

F Communication Letter for GEOMIN at 67

Central Mindanao University, University
Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon

G Structural Analysis of RCBC using 68

[Link] Connect

H Demographic Data of Purok 4 Sinanglanan, 70

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

I Site Visitation and Assessment on June 21, 74

2023, at Purok 4, Barangay Sinanglanan,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

J Field Assessment for the Dimensions of the 76

Existing Culvert on July 21, 2023, at Purok

xiii
 4, Barangay Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City
Bukidnon

K Traffic Assessment 78

L Documentation 79

xiv
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The ‘Basakan District’ of the Malaybalay City, Bukidnon is composed of

Nine (9) barangays namely, Violeta, Managok, Simaya, San Martin,
Sinanglanan, Apo Macote, Maligaya, Miglamin, and Sto. Niño. These
barangays have common infrastructure connecting roads separated by creeks
and rivers, a box culvert.

A culvert is a structure designed hydraulically to take advantage of

submergence to increase water carrying capacity. Culverts, as distinguished
from bridges, are usually covered with embankment, and are composed of
structural material around the entire perimeter, although some are supported
on spread footings with the streambed serving as the bottom of the culvert.
Culverts may qualify to be considered “bridge” length. Over the years, culverts
have traditionally received less attention than bridges. Since culverts are less
visible it is easy to put them out of mind, particularly when they are performing
adequately. Additionally, a culvert usually represents a significantly smaller
investment than a bridge and in the event of a failure usually represents much
less of a safety hazard (Rossow, 2009).

Barangay Sinanglanan is one of the barangay’s that had many box

culverts. This is due to many interconnecting creeks and canals in the area.
Box culverts are important in this barangay since it is connected to farm-to-
market roads, which is crucial to the barangay’s economy. However, some of
the box culverts constructed in the barangay have bad dimension and
configuration leading to bad hydraulic efficiency, especially the one located at
P-4. Because of this, the box culvert overflows when there is a large volume of
water leading to floods causing damage to properties and lives. Redesigning of
the box culvert is needed to avoid further major flooding in the area.

The success for mitigation of flood relies heavily on the presence of

effective and meticulously planned box culverts. These culverts serve a vital

1
purpose in enabling the secure and efficient flow of water and various fluids
beneath roads, railways, and other crucial areas. It is imperative to adhere to
appropriate design and analysis practices in order to fulfill the hydraulic and
structural prerequisites, which ultimately enhance the safety and durability of
these indispensable infrastructure elements. Box culverts play a vital role in
mitigating floods and their importance cannot be understated. These structures
serve as effective means to manage and control the flow of water during periods
of heavy rainfall or flooding. Below are key points highlighting their significance:

i. Water Conveyance: Box culverts provide a controlled pathway for water

to flow beneath roads, railways, and other infrastructure during flood
events. By efficiently channeling water away from critical areas, they
help prevent flooding and minimize the potential damage to
infrastructure and properties.

ii. Reduction of Hydrostatic Pressure: During floods, water exerts

significant hydrostatic pressure on structures like roads and bridges. Box
culverts act as relief structures by allowing water to pass beneath these
structures, thereby reducing the hydrostatic pressure on the surface and
mitigating the risk of structural failure.

iii. Prevention of Infrastructure Damage: Uncontrolled or excessive water

flow during floods can erode road embankments and undermine the
stability of infrastructure. Box culverts provide a controlled passage for
water, preventing erosion and preserving the integrity of roads, railways,
and other vital infrastructure elements.

iv. Improved Drainage System: Box culverts enhance the efficiency of

drainage systems by facilitating the swift and efficient removal of excess
water. They divert water away from vulnerable areas and direct it
towards designated watercourses or drainage networks, ensuring
effective flood management.

2
 v. Integration with Floodplain Management: Box culverts can be designed
and integrated into comprehensive floodplain management strategies.
By considering factors such as water flow rates, flood levels, and
surrounding topography, box culverts can be strategically positioned to
effectively mitigate flood risks and safeguard vulnerable areas.

vi. Longevity and Durability: Proper design and construction of box culverts
ensure their longevity and durability. These structures are made of
resilient materials that can withstand heavy water flow, resist corrosion,
and erosion, ensuring their long-term functionality and effectiveness in
flood mitigation.

In summary, box culverts are crucial components of flood mitigation

systems. They provide controlled pathways for water, reduce hydrostatic
pressure, prevent infrastructure damage, improve drainage systems, integrate
with floodplain management strategies, and offer long-lasting durability. By
effectively managing water flow during floods, box culverts significantly
contribute to minimizing the impact of flooding on communities and
infrastructure.

The existing box culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

requires redesign for the community’s safety. This study aims to assess the
existing box culvert structural condition and develop the best possible design.
Factors such as hydraulic aspects, geotechnical parameters, and hydrological
parameters will be considered. The results will help reduce structural risk,
optimize building cost, ensure long-term structural integrity, and safety of the
residents of the barangay.

3
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The current condition of the existing box culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan,

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, warrants careful attention due to evident signs of
deterioration, including corrosion, abrasion, and dimensional concerns.
Considering these challenges, a comprehensive redesign is imperative to
address the structural deficiencies and enhance the overall performance of the
box culvert.

In line with the background of the study indicated above, this study aimed
to redesign the existing box culvert to mitigate flood located at P-4 Sinanglanan,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

More specifically, three main questions were formulated as follows:

1. What is the structural analysis for the proposed redesign of the box
culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon?

2. What are the structural design considerations for the redesigning of the
box culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon?

3. What is the Cost Estimate and Program of Works for the proposed
redesign.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Determine the hydraulic and geotechnical considerations for the

redesign of the said box culvert.
2. Conduct structural analysis and redesign the existing box culvert.

4
 3. Prepare the Cost Estimate/Bill of Quantities for the redesign of
the box culvert.

1. 4 Significance of the Study

The research will primarily help establish an effective box culvert design
for flood mitigation in P-4 Barangay Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
Furthermore, the study will benefit the following individuals:

The Community. The proposed redesign aims to mitigate flooding

incidents by ensuring that the box culvert can efficiently manage water flow,
reducing the risk of property damage and protecting the safety of residents. As
floods can pose significant risks to human life and property, the study's results
can help ensure the safety and well-being of the community residing in the
vicinity of the box culvert. A structurally sound and well-designed culvert can
minimize the chances of accidents and loss of life during heavy rainfall events.

The Government. The study's recommendations and findings can be

valuable for government bodies and local authorities responsible for
infrastructure planning and maintenance, specially, Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH) and City Engineering Office (CEO). It can help
them make informed decisions regarding the allocation of resources and
prioritizing projects for the improvement of the community's overall
infrastructure.

Engineers. The study involves conducting detailed structural analysis

and design, which can contribute to the advancement of engineering knowledge
and practices related to culvert design and water management. The findings
may serve as a reference for future infrastructure projects with similar
requirements.

5
 Future Researcher. As a capstone project, this study adds to the
existing body of knowledge in civil engineering. The research, methodologies,
and conclusions reached can be beneficial to other students and researchers
in the field of structural engineering and infrastructure development.

Students. The proposed redesigning of the existing box culvert at P-4

Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon will provide convenient transportation,
safety, and opportunities for educational exchanges and collaborations.

1.5 Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on the structural aspects of the redesigning of the

existing box culvert located at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon to
mitigate the flash floods that pose a risk to the local residences. Researchers
will assess and examine the dimension and configuration of the existing box
culvert. Structural considerations for the redesigning will also be determined.
Structural analysis and design will be done using the [Link], SketchUP,
and AutoCAD application.

The study's findings and proposed redesign will be limited to the

available data and information on the existing box culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. Incomplete or outdated data may impact the
accuracy of the analysis. The study will not cover the construction phase of the
proposed redesign. Detailed construction methods, material sourcing, and
actual costs may vary and are beyond the scope of this research.

6
1.6 Definition of Terms

In order to have an easy and better understanding for the readers, the
following terminologies according to how it is used in this research.

AutoCAD. It is a computer-aided design software developed by the

company Autodesk.

Box Culvert. A box culvert is a closed, rectangular or square conduit

typically used for conveying water under roads, railways, or other structures. It
provides a passage for water to flow while supporting the weight of the surface
above it.

Flood Mitigation. Flood mitigation refers to the implementation of

measures or strategies to minimize or prevent flooding by managing water flow
and improving drainage systems.

Load-Bearing Capacity. Load-bearing capacity refers to the maximum

amount of weight or load that the box culvert can support without experiencing
excessive deformation or failure. It is a crucial factor in determining the culvert's
structural stability and safety.

Reinforced Concrete. Reinforced concrete is a composite material that

combines concrete and steel reinforcement. It is commonly used in construction
for its ability to resist compressive forces with the help of steel reinforcement's
tensile strength.

SketchUp. It is a 3D modeling software program that enables users to

create and modify 3D models of various objects, buildings, and other
architectural designs.

Structural Analysis and Designing Program – STAAD. It is a popular

structural analysis application known for analysis, diverse applications of use,
interoperability, and time-saving capabilities.

7
 Structural Design. It refers to the process of planning, analyzing, and
creating the layout and specifications of a structure, in this case, the box culvert.
The design includes determining the dimensions, materials, and load-bearing
capacity necessary to ensure the culvert's stability and functionality.

Structural Integrity. It refers to the ability of a structure, such as the box

culvert, to resist deformation, collapse, or failure under various loads and
environmental conditions, ensuring its stability and safety.

Water Flow. Water flow refers to the movement of water within the box
culvert during different weather conditions, including regular flow and peak flow
during heavy rainfall or floods.

8
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

2.1 Floods

Floods are the most common and pervasive natural hazards in the world.
They result in significant losses in terms of human life as well as damage to
commercial and productive sites, infrastructure, and agriculture since they are
connected to intense and/or catastrophic weather occurrences. Approximately
40% of the damage caused by natural disasters is caused by floods (Ruzza et
al., 2019b). As of 2020, Damayanti et al. stated that by improving the drainage
capacity and the amount of water infiltration into the earth, floods can be
reduced. A software program, Hec-RAS 5.0.7, is used in the validation
procedure to examine the experimental outcomes. In the experiment, two
drainage streams are changed, and a river that flows into the Citepus River is
diverted through a box culvert. According to the findings of the validation model,
improving drainage along the Road is the best way to reduce the likelihood of
flooding.

2.2 Rainfall in the Philippines

In the Philippines, "hanging amihan" (the northeast monsoon) and

"hanging habagat" (the southwest monsoon) have their effects in relation to
rainfall. The seasonal variations in rainfall and lower tropospheric circulation in
and around the Philippines are examined by utilizing the TRMM 3B42 dataset
for 5-day mean rainfall and ERA-Interim wind data from 1998 to 2013. The
analysis reveals that the SW monsoon onset is abrupt, occurring in mid-May
across the Philippines, except for the southern region, which experiences a
slight delay. After the SW monsoon onset, the monsoon trough settles over the
southern Philippines. By mid-June, the trough deepens and gradually moves
northward towards the central Philippines, while easterly winds briefly reach the

9
northern Philippines. In early July, the entire Philippines experiences the
westerly winds of the summer monsoon, followed by the peak of rainfall along
the west coast in early August. Subsequently, there is a sustained period of
high rainfall for approximately two months in the west coastal region after this
wind reversal, primarily influenced by tropical cyclones. Up to mid-December,
the rainy season's rainfall center is located around the east coast's northern
and central districts. From late December to mid-March, the rainfall center shifts
to the southern region, marking the establishment of the NE monsoon season
(Matsumoto et al., 2020).

The Philippines is among the regions most affected by typhoons

worldwide. The scientific consensus strongly supports the idea that human-
induced greenhouse gas emissions are driving climate change, leading to more
intense typhoons as a result of elevated sea surface temperatures and
subsurface sea temperatures. These rising temperatures eliminate the natural
dampening effect on typhoon strength caused by the upwelling of cold water
from the ocean's depths. These more powerful typhoons carry greater amounts
of moisture, follow different tracks, move at higher speeds, and will be
exacerbated by rising sea levels, a highly certain consequence of climate
change. Given its large and rapidly growing population, the Philippines is
particularly vulnerable to the impacts of stronger typhoons, which are further
compounded by local environmental degradation. Ultimately, it is essential to
address the issue of climate injustice because, while the Philippines is highly
susceptible to typhoons intensified by climate change, the Filipino people bear
a disproportionately low responsibility for the causes of climate change
(Cayanan et al., 2011). Typhoons hitting the Philippines are one of the major
factors in intense rainfall. A comprehensive examination was conducted to
investigate the occurrence of intense rainfall events during the southwest
monsoon (SWM) in the western regions of the Philippines. These rainfall
events, despite not being directly associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) as
they were situated far north to northeast of Luzon Island, were characterized by
massive landslides and flash floods. The prevailing hypothesis suggests that

10
the heavy rainfall is a result of the interplay between the powerful westerly
winds and the mountain ranges along the west coast of Luzon. The findings of
this study revealed that tropical cyclones situated northeast of Luzon in the
Pacific Ocean generate robust southwesterly winds along the western coast of
Luzon. These winds, in combination with the existing south westerlies from the
basic flow, intensify the southwest winds, further interacting with the elevated
Cordillera Mountain ranges (Holden & Marshall, 2018).

2.3 Demography

Barangay Sinanglanan, one of Malaybalay City's 46 barangays, is

situated in the Basakan District and covers 1,050 hectares. It is bordered by
San Martin to the north, Miglamin and Cabanglasan Municipality to the east,
Apo Macote to the south, and Santo Niño to the west (PhilAtlas, n.d.). With a
population of 3,644 in the 2020 Census, it accounts for 1.91% of Malaybalay
City's total population. At 3.47 people per hectare, the population density is
lower than the city's 19.67 people per hectare average (PhilAtlas, n.d.).

Barangay Sinanglanan's demographic profile reveals a predominantly

young and economically active population. The 10-14 age group, with 410
individuals or 12.57% of the total population, has the highest population. The
median age is 21.3 years, indicating that half the population is above and half
is below this age. The youth dependency ratio of 59.19 indicates that for every
100 working-age people (aged 15-64), there are 59 young dependents (aged
0-14). The old-age dependency ratio of 5.14 indicates that for every 100
working-age people, there are only five senior citizens (aged 65 and over). The
overall dependency ratio of 64.33 indicates that for every 100 working-age
people, there are 64 dependents (young and old) (PhilAtlas, n.d.). Given its
large and productive workforce, these ratios suggest that Barangay
Sinanglanan has substantial potential for economic growth and development.

11
2.4 Inlet and Outlet Culvert Interaction

Inlet and outlet culvert interaction involves the investigation of the

hydraulic behavior and performance of culverts under different flow control
conditions. A culvert is a type of structure under an embankment that passages
stormwater from one side of the embankment to the other. The flow control in
a culvert can change extremely and erratically between inlet control, barrel
control, and outlet control, which can cause rapid rises in headwater. A critical
aspect of culvert design is determining stable and predictable performance for
all expected flow levels (Iowa State University, 2020).

Inlet control occurs when the inlet will accept less flow than the culvert
barrel can convey; it also acts as a controlling or governing section of the
culvert, limiting the passageway of water to pass through into the main barrel.
Determining the headwater depth by measuring the invert of the inflow control
section to the top of the upstream pool. Inlet control depends on the inlet
geometry, the cross-sectional area of the culvert barrel, the headwater depth,
and the type and shape of the flow (Morrow, 2020). On the other hand, outlet
control happens when barrel friction and tailwater depth are prime factors in
controlling the headwater of the culvert. The outlet itself functions as a
regulating or controlling portion of the culvert, influencing how water exits the
main barrel. The headwater depth is measured from the invert of the outlet
control section to the energy grade line. Outlet control depends on the outlet
geometry, the cross-sectional area of the culvert barrel, the headwater depth,
the tailwater depth, the slope and roughness of the culvert barrel, and the type
and shape of the flow (Contech Engineered Solutions, 2021).

2.5 Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts

Field data gathered information such as arch deflection, interface

pressure, concrete strain, and reinforcing strain. It is reported in the computer
modeling of the live-load tests. Finite element analyses in two and three

12
dimensions were performed. Both 2D and 3D assessments are used in
nonlinear material models for the reinforced concrete and the backfill soil. The
outcomes of the finite-element studies are contrasted with the findings of the
field tests. It shows that the two-dimensional models have limitations when it
comes to predicting maximum moments that are greater than those in the actual
structure and the longitudinal spreading of live load forces in the culverts, while
three-dimensional finite element deflection predictions are utilized to define the
concrete material model. However, the design forces of moment, thrust, and
shear did not show the same sensitivity (McGrath & Mastroianni, 2002). A study
by Bugher et al. (2019) stated that to ensure minimal computational effort,
numerical studies on soil-culvert systems often employ two-dimensional (2D)
finite element models (FEMs). The assumptions made by 2D FEM, known as
plane-strain assumptions, do not take into account the typical loading
conditions in soil-culvert systems. Using full-scale, three-dimensional (3D)
FEMs is the proper method for modeling such systems. The feasibility of using
smaller 3D models to accurately portray soil-culvert systems is investigated in
this work. It was discovered that the use of infinite elements considerably
decreased calculation time while preserving the correctness of findings and
giving dynamic models a more accurate temporal history. Garg and Abolmaali
(2009) stated that the development of an analytical program to investigate the
shear capacity of precast reinforced concrete box culverts is to simulate the
experimental results. The test specimens' finite-element models (FEMs) in
three dimensions were built and examined in their entirety. The culvert systems
were modeled using solid parts and three-dimensional shells. Rebar
components were placed on the surface elements offered by the ABAQUS
program to represent the welded wire textiles. Using a nonlinear node-to-
surface contact analysis approach, the contact surface between the reaction
floor and the outside face of the bottom slab was modeled. To account for the
nonlinearity issue, the analysis method used an incremental loading history.

13
2.6 Structural Behavior of Concrete of Underground Box Culvert

Since culverts offer a more affordable construction solution than

standard short-span bridges, they have been employed to transmit surface
drainage beneath roads. The behavior of reinforced concrete box culverts
(CBC) with various dimensions and thicknesses under various soil fill heights is
examined numerically in this paper using the finite-element method. Various
CBC thicknesses were examined for each section. This study proposes a
straightforward linear regression formula to forecast section thickness for any
soil fill height when employing CBC-1. Hyperbolic stress-strain parameters
were employed for nonlinear finite-element analysis of soil masses (Shatnawi
et al., 2017). A study by Pimentel et al. (2009) stated that for a finite-element
code that could take into account the order of construction, the nonlinear
behavior of the reinforced concrete structure, and the elastic-plastic behavior
of the soil and interfaces, numerical calculations were carried out. The primary
parameters impacting the interaction mechanism were identified, and a
parametric analysis was established to assess the box culvert's structural
performance up to failure once the computed findings were in good agreement
with the observed behavior. Analysis and discussion were conducted about the
impact of the box culvert's nonlinear behavior on the interaction mechanism
under both service and ultimate limit state settings.

2.7 Design and Loadings

The shear capacity of precast reinforced concrete box culverts is being

investigated using an experimental program presented in this work. To find the
position that introduces the most shear stresses, the load plate's position was
changed. The deflection profile of the box culvert was measured using data
from laser sensors and dial gauge readings. The maximum positive and
negative bending moments were measured using strain gauges attached to the
steel reinforcement. Reporting the loads at which each crack began to form and
spread is part of the test results. For each culvert, the load versus maximum

14
deflection as well as the displacement profile of the top slab from the laser
instrumentation output are presented by Garg et al. (2007). When sufficient fill
is piled above the culvert's crown, the impacts of live loads in box culverts may
be almost insignificant in comparison to the effects of dead loads. A study by
Orton et al. (2015) had the goal of ascertaining the effects of live loads (truck
loads) on reinforced concrete box culverts that were designated as bridges and
had spans greater than 6 m (20 ft) while being filled with soil of various
densities. To supply a live load, loaded trucks were driven over the culvert.
According to the test results, the live-load effect does decrease when fill depth
is increased. In comparison to field data, the 2012 AASHTO LRFD bridge
design specifications are unduly cautious in their predictions of strains and
displacement.

2.8 Durability (Corrosion & Abrasion)

Structural integrity is necessary for the performance of culverts, and

durability is a common problem encountered with culverts that is probably the
most frequent cause of replacement. Culverts are more likely to erode as time
goes by than to fail structurally. The durability of the culvert would be affected
by two mechanisms: corrosion and abrasion (Rossow, 2009).

Rossow (2009), states that corrosion affects all metals and alloys,
although the rates might depend both on the chemical and physical properties
of the metal and the environmental conditions to which it is exposed. As metal
corrodes, low-voltage electrical current is conventional between two parts of a
metal surface that have different voltages. These differences can cause slight
variations in the material and change the surface's condition. The current of the
water removes metallic ions from one location and deposits them at another,
causing the structure to corrode. The chemicals present in the water have an
impact on its use as an electrolyte.

15
 Abrasion, on the other hand, is the process of wearing down or grinding
away surface material as water laden with aggregates flows through a culvert.
Abrasive forces increase when the velocity of the water passing through a
culvert increases (Rossow, 2009).

Frequently, corrosion and abrasion have an impact on the deterioration

of the structure. By removing protective coatings and letting water-borne
chemicals come into contact with corrosive culvert materials, abrasion can
hasten corrosion.

2.9 Analysis and Design of Box Culvert

Box culverts are the monolithic structure made to pass across a

roadway, railway lines etc. Embankments are used to balance the flood water
on both sides. Box takes various types of loads generated by water, traffic,
cushion, soil etc. This work deals with complete design of box culvert manually
and study the design parameters such as effect of earth pressure, depth of
cushion at the top slab of culvert, factor such as braking force, Impact load, Live
load, Dispersal of load through tracked or wheeled vehicle, effective width etc.
In this work, study of culvert with and without cushion analyzed for different
classes of IRC loadings and conclusions made on the basis of bending
moments and shear forces with and without cushioning cases. This paper
provides full discussion of provisions provided by Indian Standards, their
justifications and considerations are taken into the account for design purpose
(Patel & Jamle, 2019).

2.10 Culvert Shapes

A box culvert has a wide variety of standard shapes and sizes available.
The openings of a box culvert can be provided by a number of standard shapes;
the selection of shape must not be critical with regards to its hydraulic

16
performance. Shape selection is often governed by factors such as depth of
cover or limited headwater elevation. In such cases, a low-profile shape may
be needed. There are factors that should considered and some of those are
probable clogging of debris and structural and hydraulic requirements that has
an impact of the selection of box culvert shape. (Rossow, 2009).

For this study, the team will choose between "Box sections" and "multiple
barrels" culverts. Rectangular cross-section culverts are commonly used for a
wide range of site conditions that only require low-profile structures. In addition,
box sections have an integral floor. On the other hand, multiple barrels are used
to obtain adequate hydraulic capacity under low embankments or for wide
waterways. Some locations are probable to clogging due to the barrels that able
to catch the sediment and debris during heavy rainfall. When a channel is
artificially widened, multiple barrels placed beyond the dominant channel are
subject to excessive sedimentation. Furthermore, the opening length of
numerous barrel culverts includes the distance between barrels, as long as that
distance is less than half the opening length of the adjacent barrels.

2.11 Culvert End Treatments

Culverts may have end treatments or end buildings, according to

Rossow (2009). End structures are used to protect the culvert barrel, support
backfill, maintain the embankment, minimize scour, and offer additional solidity
to the culvert ends.

End treatments that are most frequently used include:

The barrel simply extends past the embankment when it is projecting.

No additional assistance is applied.

Mitered: The culvert's end is trimmed to match the embankment's slope.

When the embankment has some sort of slope pavement, this type of
treatment—also known as beveling—is frequently applied.

17
 Skewed culverts may have their ends cut parallel to the road even
though they are not perpendicular to the road.

Pipe end section: The ends of the culvert barrel are given a section of
pipe. These are often applied to culverts that are not very large.

Headwalls are used in conjunction with wingwalls to keep the fill in place,
fend off scour, and increase the culvert's hydraulic capacity. Headwalls are
typically made of reinforced concrete, but they can also be built out of masonry
or wood. Metal box culverts frequently have metal headwalls.

End treatments may also include the use of Miscellaneous

Appurtenance Structures to increase hydraulic effectiveness and lessen scour.
Common appurtenances include:

Aprons are used at the inlets and outputs of culverts to lessen streambed
scour. Typically, aprons are concrete slabs, although they could also be riprap.
The majority of aprons have an upstream cutoff wall to prevent undermining.

Dissipators are used when the streambed erosion downstream from the
culvert is anticipated to be caused by the discharge velocities. Devices that
lower flow velocity, such as stilling basins, riprap, or other structures, might be
regarded as energy dissipators.

2.12 Software Applications in Structural Analysis and Design

STAAD-PRO

The power tool for Computerized Structural engineering STAAD. Pro is

the most popular structural engineering software product for 3D model
generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly,
visualization tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless
integration to several other modeling and design software products [7]. The
seismic design of steel frame is carried out by the STAADPRO. RCC frame and

18
steel frame is compared by analyzing in the STAAD-PRO [8]. The modeling and
analysis of aqueduct structure is carried out by STAAD-PRO. Seismic static
loading is applied on the aqueduct in terms of self weight and other types
loading [9]. Computer aided design of a twin reinforced concrete multi-storey
tower is presented in this work and it entails the use of Midas Gen software for
modeling, analyzing and designing of a 25 storey twin tower and comparing the
results with STAAD Pro software (Harle, 2017).

Box Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for

crossing of water course like streams, Nallas across the embankment as road
embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the natural water way. The culverts
are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment
to reduce flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head
consequently reducing the flood menace. Culverts can be of different shapes
such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material
such as masonry (brick, stone etc) or reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert
pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic
loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads.
The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and
site conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at the culvert location. The
structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full,
surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force,
dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc.
Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred in the analysis and design of
box culverts. The aim of this project is to model and analyse the box culvert
using STAAD PRO software. This software is an effective and user friendly tool
for three dimensional model generation, analysis and multi material design. The
results obtained from STAAD PRO are compared with the manual calculations
obtained using MATLAB. The structural elements of box culvert are designed
to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The results obtained
from STAAD are almost similar to manual calculations (Krishna & Rajasekhar,
2018)

19
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Location of the Study

The study will be conducted at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon in the months of August to December 2023.

Figure 1. Satellite view of P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

The figure depicts the intended placement of a box culvert design at

Purok 4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, situated at coordinates
7°59'35"N 125°12'42"E. This specific locality is prone to sudden floods triggered
by intense rainfall. The execution of this initiative anticipates delivering
substantial advantages to the community by alleviating the dangers posed by
flash floods.

20
 3.2 Procedural Framework

The procedural framework outlined below serves as a general guideline.

It consists of a set of detailed instructions that specify how data should be
gathered, examined, and interpreted. This involved coordinating data from
relevant agencies, conducting site investigations, and gathering hydrological
and structural data. Using software like STAAD, SketchUp, and AutoCAD to
analyze the culvert's integrity and efficiency. The proposed redesign aimed to
rectify identified deficiencies, with a focus on reinforced concrete and load-
bearing capacity considerations. Limitations included data availability and
excluded detailed construction analysis. Overall, the framework ensured a
methodical approach to culvert redesign, with the potential to mitigate flooding
and enhance community resilience.

Coordinate with
Government
Structural Design Modelling
Agency; DPWH,
CEO, & CDRRMO.

Conduct Site
Structural Analysis Program of Works
Investigation

Establish the
Assessment Limit of Data Gathering Cost Estimate
the Area

Figure 2. Procedural Framework

21
3.3 Conceptual Framework

• Existing Box Culvert Data

• Hydrologic Data
• Hydraulic Data
Input • Geotechnical Data

• Structural Analysis & Evaluation

• Redesign Proposal Formulation
• Modelling (STAAD, SketchUP, & AutoCAD)
Process • Cost Analysis & Optimazation

• Proposed Redesign of Existing Box Culvert

Output

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework integrates existing box culvert, and

hydrologic, hydraulic, and geotechnical data to conduct a structural analysis
and evaluation. Based on the findings, a redesign proposal is formulated using
modeling software like STAAD, SketchUp, and AutoCAD, followed by cost
analysis and optimization. The framework aims to propose a redesigned box
culvert to enhance hydraulic efficiency, reduce flood risk, and provide cost-
effective benefits to P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

22
3.4 Entry Protocol

The letter will be noted to the dean of the College of Engineering. And
the Department Civil Engineering chairperson, for the capstone Instructor and
as research adviser. The letter will be given to the researcher’s parents to ask
permission for students to conduct the research. Moreover, the researchers will
send letters to local government offices, specifically to, DPWH, CEO, and
CDRRMO. In addition, the researchers will ask permission from the Barangay
Captain of Sinanglanan and local people to perform dimensioning and site
surveys of the existing box culvert in the Barangay.

3.5 Detailed Methods

For this capstone project, a systematic and comprehensive approach will
be undertaken to address the structural design and analysis of the proposed
redesigning of the box culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
The project will involve a series of interrelated methods, combining hydrologic,
hydraulic, geotechnical, and structural analysis, culminating in the formulation
of a well-optimized redesign proposal. Advanced engineering software,
including STAAD, SketchUP, and AutoCAD, will be utilized to model and
visualize the redesigned culvert.

3.6 Coordinate with Government Agency to Get Previous Data

To initiate the study, coordination with relevant government agencies is

essential. Contact the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), City
Engineering Office (CEO), and City Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Office (CDRRMO) to request previous data and documentation related to the
existing box culvert. This includes construction plans, as-built drawings,
structural assessment reports, and any available data on the culvert's history
and maintenance records. Collaborating with these agencies ensures access

23
to accurate and comprehensive information, providing a solid foundation for the
study.

3.7 Conduct Site Investigation

A crucial step in the study involves conducting a thorough site

investigation of the existing box culvert at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon. The researchers will visit the site to observe and assess the current
condition of the culvert. Visual inspections will be conducted to identify visible
signs of deterioration, structural damage, and environmental impacts.
Additionally, site investigations will include gathering data on the surrounding
topography, drainage patterns, and any changes in the landscape that may
influence the culvert's performance. This on-site evaluation will offer valuable
insights into the actual state of the culvert, guiding subsequent analysis and
redesign efforts.

3.8 Establish Assessment Limit of the Area

Defining the assessment limit of the study area is critical to ensure

focused and relevant data collection and analysis. The extent of the influence
of the box culvert on the hydrology, soil characteristics, and potential risks will
be carefully considered. By establishing a clear assessment limit, the study can
concentrate efforts on gathering data and conducting analyses within the
relevant vicinity of the culvert. This approach prevents unnecessary data
collection beyond the scope of the study, streamlining resources and facilitating
a targeted investigation.

3.9 Data Gathering

The data gathering phase will involve the compilation of various

information obtained from the government agencies and the site investigation.

24
Construction plans, as-built drawings, structural assessment reports, and
survey data will be organized and analyzed to understand the existing culvert's
specifications and performance history. Additionally, hydrologic data, such as
historical rainfall patterns, flow rates, and stormwater characteristics, will be
collected to evaluate the culvert's hydraulic capacity. Geotechnical data will be
obtained through soil testing and borings to assess soil properties and bearing
capacity, crucial for the structural analysis and redesign proposal formulation.

3.10 Structural Analysis

Utilizing advanced structural analysis software (e.g., STAAD), the

existing box culvert will undergo a comprehensive analysis. The software will
model the culvert's geometry, material properties, and loading conditions,
allowing for the evaluation of its structural performance under various
scenarios. The analysis will assess the culvert's load-bearing capacity,
resistance to hydrostatic and hydraulic pressure, and overall stability. The
results will reveal any deficiencies and weaknesses in the current design,
guiding subsequent steps in the study.

3.11 Redesign Proposal

Based on the findings from the structural analysis and assessment of the
existing culvert, a well-considered redesign proposal will be formulated. The
proposal will outline the necessary modifications and reinforcement required to
enhance the culvert's structural integrity and address any identified
weaknesses. Sustainability and eco-friendly design principles will be integrated
to optimize the performance of the redesigned culvert and minimize its
environmental impact. The proposal will serve as the foundation for the
subsequent structural design phase.

25
3.12 Structural Design

The structural design phase will involve a detailed and precise

engineering process. Engineers will develop the design for the redesigned box
culvert, incorporating the proposed modifications and reinforcement. Structural
calculations will be performed to ensure the culvert can safely withstand
anticipated loads, including traffic and hydrostatic pressures. Advanced
materials with corrosion-resistant properties will be considered to enhance the
culvert's durability and lifespan. Additionally, sustainable design practices will
be incorporated, aligning with eco-friendly objectives.

3.13 Cost Analysis & Program of Works

As part of the study, a comprehensive cost analysis will be conducted to

estimate the financial implications of the proposed redesign. This analysis will
encompass material costs, labor expenses, equipment requirements, and any
additional expenses associated with the construction and implementation of the
redesigned box culvert. The program of works will outline the construction
sequence, tasks, and timeline necessary for the successful execution of the
redesign project. Proper planning and cost estimation will help ensure the
project remains feasible and aligns with the allocated budget and available
resources.

3.14 Modelling (STAAD, SketchUP, & AutoCAD)

To present the redesigned culvert, 3D models will be created using

STAAD, allowing for comprehensive visualization and assessment of the
proposed changes. Additionally, SketchUP and AutoCAD will be employed to
generate detailed cross-sections, reinforcement layouts, and construction
specifications. These visualizations will offer a clear representation of the

26
proposed redesign, aiding stakeholders in understanding the project's scope
and implications.

By following this detailed method for the procedural framework, the study
on "Structural Analysis and Design of the Proposed Redesign of the Box Culvert
at P-4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon" will be conducted in a
systematic and well-organized manner. This approach will ensure that the study
yields valuable insights into the existing culvert's condition, identifies potential
areas for improvement, and formulates an optimized redesign proposal to
enhance the culvert's performance and safety while aligning with sustainability
goals.

27
 CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

4.1 Demographic Data

The data was collected at the Local Government of Brgy. Sinanglanan

Health Center in Malaybalay Bukidnon last July 21, 2023, provided the
demographic data of Purok 4 Brgy. Sinanglan where the proposed project was
located is known that it is a flood-prone area. The table below shows the
collected demographic data of the said purok, which consists of Purok 4A which
has a total of 426 and 87 households, and Purok 4B which has 322 population
and 78 household.

 Purok 4A has a total of 87 households and 426 residents. The population

is relatively young, with the majority falling under the 0-11 months to 34-
year-old age brackets. There are slightly more females than males in
almost all age groups, except for the 20-24 and 60-above brackets
where the numbers are almost equal.
 Purok 4B has a total of 78 households and 322 residents. Similar to
Purok 4A, the population is young, with the majority under 35 years
old. There are also slightly more females than males in almost all age
groups, except for the 60-above bracket where the numbers are equal.
Overall, the data suggests that Purok 4A and 4B have young populations
with a relatively even gender distribution. This information can be helpful for
planning and implementing programs and services that cater to the needs of
the community.

Table 1. Purok 4-A & 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Data

28
 Male

5-9 Y.O. 20-24 Y.O. 10-14 Y.O. 30-34 Y.O. 25-29 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 35- 39 Y.O.
1-4 Y.O. 15-19 Y.O. 55-59 Y.O. 45-49 Y.O. 50-54 Y.O. 40-44 Y.O. 0-11 MOS

Figure 4. Purok 4-A Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Male)

Female

30-34 Y.O. 5-9 Y.O. 25-29 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 35- 39 Y.O. 1-4 Y.O. 15-19 Y.O.
20-24 Y.O. 55-59 Y.O. 10-14 Y.O. 50-54 Y.O. 40-44 Y.O. 45-49 Y.O. 0-11 MOS

Figure 5. Purok 4-A Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Female)

29
 Male

18-59 Y.O. 6-12 Y.O. 13-17 Y.O. 3-5 Y.O. 1-2 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 0-11 MOS

Figure 6. Purok 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Male)

Female

18-59 Y.O. 6-12 Y.O. 13-17 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 3-5 Y.O. 0-11 MOS 1-2 Y.O.

Figure 7. Purok 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Female)

30
 Table 2. Demographic data of Purok 4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon

PUROK 4-A POPULATION PERCENTAGE

AGE BRACKET MALE FEMALE
0-11 MOS 1% 1%
1-4 Y.O. 6% 7%
5-9 Y.O. 12% 10%
10-14 Y.O. 10% 6%
15-19 Y.O. 6% 7%
20-24 Y.O. 12% 7%
25-29 Y.O. 9% 10%
30-34 Y.O. 10% 14%
35- 39 Y.O. 7% 8%
40-44 Y.O. 4% 4%
45-49 Y.O. 4% 4%
50-54 Y.O. 4% 6%
55-59 Y.O. 5% 7%
60 ABOVE 9% 10%
PUROK 4-B POPULATION PERCENTAGE
0-11 MOS 2% 1%
1-2 Y.O. 5% 2%
3-5 Y.O. 7% 4%
6-12 Y.O. 13% 15%
13-17 Y.O. 11% 11%
18-59 Y.O. 57% 61%
60 ABOVE 5% 6%

31
4.2 Hydraulic Results and Considerations

The determination of the cross-sectional area of the new culvert,

particularly in consideration of the inlet flow, involves a nuanced understanding
of hydraulic principles. Inlet flow conditions play a pivotal role in dictating the
volume and velocity of water entering the culvert. To accurately calculate the
cross-sectional area, engineers must account for the anticipated flow rates
during various scenarios, incorporating factors such as rainfall intensity and
stormwater characteristics. Utilizing hydraulic analysis tools and incorporating
the Rational Method, the team assesses the hydrological data to predict the
maximum flow the culvert is likely to encounter. This data-driven approach
ensures that the calculated cross-sectional area is optimized to efficiently
manage inlet flow, preventing issues like backflow, surcharging, or excessive
pressure on the culvert structure.

Using the South Dakota Culvert Inlet Design Coefficients, the team
manually calculated the cross-sectional area and get the following result:

Figure 8. Cross-sectional Area Results from Inlet Control Formula

32
4.3 Geotechnical Results and Considerations

The statement describes a process for determining Bearing Resistance,

a property related to the ability of a rock or soil to support a load. The method
used involves applying a formula developed by Peek et al., and it specifically
utilizes a Rock Quality Designator (RQD) value of 88 percent. The RQD is a
measure commonly used in geology and engineering to assess the quality of
rock in a particular subsurface formation.

In this case, the calculation of Bearing Resistance is carried out using

data from sample no. 2, which was obtained from a borehole with a depth of 5
meters. These suggests that the information necessary for the calculation is
derived from a specific geological sample taken at a certain depth below the
ground surface. The RQD value of 88 percent is then plugged into the formula
provided by Peek et al. to determine the Bearing Resistance.

Figure 9. Allowable Bearing Capacity Calculations

33
4.4 Manual Design using Centerline Method

Designing a 2-barrel box culvert using the centerline method boils down
to efficiency and simplicity. This approach analyzes a single vertical slice
running down the center of both barrels, encompassing the key structural
behavior under symmetrical loading. This saves significant time and effort
compared to analyzing the entire structure, especially for preliminary designs
or iterative optimization.

The centerline method focuses on critical sections where stresses and

deformations are highest, allowing for precise optimization of reinforcement and
concrete thickness in both barrels. It's adaptable to various design codes and
software, making it a versatile tool. However, remember that this method
assumes symmetry and uniform loading. For non-symmetrical geometries or
uneven support, a full-structure analysis may be necessary for comprehensive
understanding.

Using Excel sheets, the team put all the formula needed from AASHTO & ACI
Design codes to calculate dead load, vehicular live load (HS 20 AASHTO
Truck), soil pressure, etc.

Figure 10. Design Parameters of the New Box Culvert

34
 Loads on the Culvert

For the design purposes, a one-meter length of the culvert is considered.

Design based on:

 AASHTO [Link].6
 AASHTO [Link].2
 AASHTO [Link].6
 AASHTO [Link]
 AASHTO 3.4.1

Figure 11. Loads on the Culvert

35
 The calculated loads can be considered as linear loads since the design
is carried for 1m length of the box culvert. Box culverts are typically designed
to distribute loads uniformly along their length; analyzing a small section can
provide insight into the behavior of the entire structure. The assumption is that
the culvert behaves similarly over the entire length.

Figure 12. Factored Load Diagrams (AASHTO 3.4.1)

Figure 4.4.3 shows the loads that are multiplied by a load factor to
account for uncertainties and safety factors. The load factor increases the
magnitude of the applied load to ensure that the structure can withstand
unexpected variations or dynamic effects.

36
Table 3. Moment Distribution Method (Analysis of the Structure)

Joint A B D C
Member AC AB BA BD DB DC CD CA
Length 4.00 5.20 5.20 4.00 4.00 5.20 5.20 4.00
Moment of Inertia 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500
Distrib. Factor 0.57 0.43 0.43 0.57 0.57 0.43 0.43 0.57
FEM 25.65 -289.01 289.01 -25.65 34.60 -391.97 391.97 -34.60
Distribution 148.86 114.51 -114.51 -148.86 201.99 155.38 -155.38 -201.99
Carry Over -101.00 -57.25 57.25 101.00 -74.43 -77.69 77.69 74.43
Distribution 89.45 68.80 -68.80 -89.45 85.98 66.14 -66.14 -85.98
Carry Over -42.99 -34.40 34.40 42.99 -44.72 -33.07 33.07 44.72
Distribution 43.74 33.65 -33.65 -43.74 43.97 33.82 -33.82 -43.97
Carry Over -21.98 -16.82 16.82 21.98 -21.87 -16.91 16.91 21.87
Distribution 21.94 16.87 -16.87 -21.94 21.92 16.86 -16.86 -21.92
Carry Over -10.96 -8.44 8.44 10.96 -10.97 -8.43 8.43 10.97
Distribution 10.96 8.43 -8.43 -10.96 10.96 8.43 -8.43 -10.96
Carry Over -5.48 -4.22 4.22 5.48 -5.48 -4.22 4.22 5.48
Distribution 5.48 4.22 -4.22 -5.48 5.48 4.22 -4.22 -5.48
Carry Over -2.74 -2.11 2.11 2.74 -2.74 -2.11 2.11 2.74
Distribution 2.74 2.11 -2.11 -2.74 2.74 2.11 -2.11 -2.74

Moment Sum 163.66 -163.66 163.66 -163.66 247.44 -247.44 247.44 -247.44

37
 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Figure 13. Shear and Moment Diagrams on Top Slab, Bottom Slab, and Side
Walls

38
 Table 4. Checking of Thickness (ACI [Link])

THICKNESS CHECK
0.5
Shear strength provided by concrete = φVc = φ0.17 (f'c) bw d
Component d (mm) fVc (kN) Vd (kN) Status
Top slab 525 354.2 189.2 O.K.
Bottom slab 525 354.2 256.6 O.K.
Side walls 525 354.2 116.6 O.K.

Table 5. Reinforcement Calculations and Soil Pressure Checking

0.0006 Minimum reinforcement ratio for main reinforcement, ρmin (AASHTO 5.10.8)
0.0008 Minimum reinforcement ratio for temperature reinforcement, ρmin (AASHTO 5.10.8)
900 mm Maximum center to center spacing of reinforcement, smax (AASHTO [Link])

MAIN REINFORCEMENT TEMPRATURE REINF.

Component 2
d (mm) M u(kN-m) As (mm ) As prov ρact ρmin Status ρact ρmin Status
Top slab 525 299.8 1511 2011 0.0034 0.0011 O.K. 0.0034 0.0016 O.K.
Bottom slab 525 378.4 1907 2011 0.0034 0.0011 O.K. 0.0034 0.0016 O.K.
Side walls 525 274.9 1385 2011 0.0034 0.0011 O.K. 0.0034 0.0016 O.K.

123.33 KPa Pressure on soil

600.00 KPa Allowable soil pressure
O.K. Status

39
 Figure 14. Final Design Result

Having completed the design of the new dimensions for the box culvert,
the next critical step involves a meticulous set of manual calculations to ensure
structural integrity and compliance with industry standards. Following the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
and American Concrete Institute (ACI) codes, calculations for moments,
shears, and loads are conducted to assess the structural response under
various conditions. Utilizing the principles outlined in these codes, the manual
calculations factor in live loads, dead loads, and environmental loads to
determine the precise requirements for reinforcing the culvert. The
considerations extend to spacing and diameter of reinforcements, ensuring that
the chosen dimensions and materials align with safety factors and durability
benchmarks specified by the standards.

In the manual calculations, a close adherence to AASHTO and ACI

codes guides the determination of critical parameters such as the required
spacing between reinforcements and the diameter of the reinforcements. The
meticulous application of these codes serves to guarantee that the new box
culvert design not only meets but exceeds the minimum safety standards,
providing an additional margin for structural robustness. The incorporation of

40
these codes not only ensures the structural stability of the culvert under varying
loads and environmental conditions but also facilitates a standardized and
widely accepted approach to structural design, bolstering the credibility and
reliability of the engineering solutions applied to the project.

4.5 [Link] Advance Analysis

Using the data from Figure 4.4.8, I manually plotted it to create a model
of the new box culvert in [Link]. After, I assigned all the factored loads,
see Figure 4.4.3, in their respective plates.

Figure 15. Loads and Pressures Acting on the Whole Structure

Each of these loads must be carefully analyzed and factored into the
structural design calculations. Following relevant design codes, such as
AASHTO and ACI, ensures that the culvert can effectively withstand these
loads while maintaining safety, durability, and long-term structural integrity. The

41
comprehensive consideration of all these loads is crucial to develop a resilient
and reliable design for the box culvert.

Figure 16. Stress Contouring on Plates

Figure 4.5.1 above shows stress contouring on plates which is obtained

after analysis in [Link] shows in different colors for different values of
stresses on plates. Which is obtained after analysis in [Link] shows in
different colors for different values of stresses on plates.

42
 Table 6. Element Design Summary from [Link]

Above figure shows reinforcing steel quantity which represents

reinforcing steel in beams and columns designed above. It is important to note
that the reinforcing steel in plates is not included in the reported quantity, this
is because during the analysis no beams or columns were included.

43
 Reinforcement Detailing

Structural integrity of the box culvert demands meticulous reinforcement.

Walls and floor utilize steel bars to bolster their capacity against bending and
cracking. Vertical bars provide strength to the walls, while a grid of vertical and
horizontal bars reinforces the floor. Critical locations like corners and joints
receive additional reinforcement for enhanced resilience and to prevent
potential failure. The attached figures detail the plan, reinforcement layout, and
wingwalls of the culvert.

Figure 17. Barrel Reinforcement Details

44
 Figure 18. Culvert Plan

Figure 19. Wingwall Reinforcement Details (Sideview)

45
Figure 20. Wingwall Reinforcement Details (Front view)

46
Figure 21. Box Culvert Perspective

Figure 22. Box Culvert Perspective

47
4.6 Program of Works & Cost Estimate

Program of works for the proposed design of box culvert at Purok 4,

Brgy. Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City Bukidnon.

Project Title: A Proposed Design of a Box Culvert in the Creek to

Enhance its Durability and Functionality at P-4 Sumangala,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

Location: BARANGAY SINANGLANAN, MALAYBALAY CITY,

BUKIDNON

Subject: Program of Works

I. Moving-in 1 l.s.: Php. 90,108.75
II. Occupational Safety and Health Programs 1 l.s.: Php. 230,049.21
III. Siteworks
A. Structure Excavation Volume = 113. 56 cu.m

A. Structure Excavation Volume = 113.56 cu.m Labor

Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount
Foreman 1 724.24 43,454.40
Surveyor 2 546.15 65,538
Helper 2 397.2 47,664
Total 156656.4

Equipment Rental

Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount

Backhoe (0.80 cu.m
1 15,000.00 300,000.00
Capacity)
Total 300,000.00

Structure Excavation per cubic meter

Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount

Structure Excavation 113.56 698.21 2,378,661.83
Total 2,378,661.83

Total Mark-up (20%) + 5% VAT Total Cost of III Item A Structure Excavation
567,063.70
Total Cost of Siteworks A 3,402,381.93

48
 B. Box Culvert structures Labor
Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount
Foreman 1 724.24 72,424
Skilled labor 3 520.12 156,036
Unskilled labor 6 403.38 242,028
Total 470488

Equipment Rental

Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount

Backhoe (0.80 cu.m
1 15,000.00 150,000.00
Capacity)
Plata Compactor 1 1000 10,000.00
Total 160,000.00

Materials

Particulars Quantity Unit Rate Amount

40kg Portland cement 875 pcs 380 332,500
Sand beddings 29.1045 cu.m 1,563.39 45,501.68
Total Cost of Siteworks B 1,008,489.68
A. Structural Concrete – 24 MPa (Class A) per cubic meter

Particulars Quantity Unit Rate Amount

Structural
876 cu.m 4,605.43 4,034,356.68
Concrete
Total 4,034,356.68

Total Mark-up (20%) + 5% VAT Total Cost of III Item B Structural Concrete 806,871.39 4,841,228.07
B. Reinforcing Steel Materials
Particulars Quantity Unit Rate Amount

16 mm. dia. Reinforcing Steel 1,867 pcs 320 597,440.00

16 mm. dia. Reinforcing Steel 1679 pcs 320 537,280.00

#16 G.I. tie wire 30 rolls 3700 111,000.00

Total 1,245,720.00

Labor

Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount

Foreman 1 724.24 72,424.00
Skilled labor 6 520.12 312,072.00
Unskilled labor 14 403.38 564,732.00
Total 949,228.00

Equipment Rental

Particulars Quantity No. of Days Rate Amount

Steel Cutting Machine 1 150 15,000.00
Bar Cutter 1 320 32,000.00
Total 47,000.00

TOTAL 6,276,304.68

49
 Cost Estimate

Cost Estimate for the Proposed Design of Box Culvert at Purok-4,

Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City Bukidnon.

Republic of the Philippines CENTRAL

MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
University Town, Musuan, Maramag Bukidnon
NAME OF PROJECT/LOCATION: Appropriation Php.
A Proposed Design of a Box Culvert in the Creek Source of Fund
to Enhance its Durability and Functionality at P-4 Issue Obligated Authority
Released
Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
Duration
PROJECT CATEGORY: Desirable
Starting Date
FLOOD MITIGATION Mode of By
Implementation Contract
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project covers Purok 4, Barangay Sinanglanan, with two clusters, Purok
4A and Purok 4B, in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, as these areas experience the
highest level of flood hazards, especially when a heavy rainfall occurs, which
can cause the existing box culvert on the structure to overflow. The proposed
design of the box culvert is to mitigate the flood in the area to ensure the safety
of the community.

TECHNICAL MINIMUM EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

PERSONNEL
REQUIRED
NO. DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION #Owned #Lease Total #
of units
1 Res Engineer Backhoe
1 Foreman Dump truck
2 Leadman 1bagger conc.
Mixer
10 Skilled Workers Concrete Vibrator

50
 25 Laborers Plate

Compactor

1 Safety Officer Bar Cutter

1 Watchman

0 Field Surveyor

ESTIMATED COST OF PROPOSED WORK

ITEM DESCRIPTION % TOTAL QUANTITY UNIT TOTAL

NO.
ESTIMATED
COST

I Moving in 0.48% 1 l.s 90, 108. 75

II Occupational Safety 1.22% 1 l.s 230, 049.21

and Health Program

III Site Work

A. Earthworks – 25.03% 113.56 cu.m 3,402,381.92

Structure

Excavation

B. Structural Concrete 33.08% 937.78 cu.m 6,276,304.68

C. Reinforcing Steel 35.66% 52391.2336 kg 5,864,943.00

(Grade 40)

Total 100% 15,863,787.56

51
 CHAPTER V

Conclusion and Recommendations

In Purok 4, Brgy. Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, one of the

prevailing challenges has been the recurrent flash floods caused by heavy
rainfall, resulting in the overflow of the existing box culvert. The community
faced the need for an effective solution, prompting a comprehensive hydraulic
design to determine the new dimensions of the existing box culvert. After a
thorough analysis, it was determined that the proposed redesign for the two-
cell box culvert was essential. The box culvert was redesigned with dimensions
of 4.6m by 4.6m, featuring a total width of 9.8m and a height of 5.2m. Structural
elements, including a top slab, two exterior side walls, one interior wall, and
wing walls, were strategically incorporated. The design underwent rigorous
analysis using [Link] Connect, and the reinforcement plan involved the
use of 16mm ϕ reinforcement bars at 200mm intervals for the walls, top and
bottom slabs.

Furthermore, the wingwall design was approached separately,

considering the effects of active lateral earth pressure alone, as prescribed by
the Engineering Policy Guide (2022). The wingwalls were designed with 16mm
ϕ reinforcement bars spaced at 200mm intervals for the main bars and
transverse bars. This meticulous approach aimed to address the flash flood
problem in Purok 4 by providing a structurally sound solution capable of
withstanding the challenges posed by heavy rainfall and potential culvert
overflow.

By carefully using the formulas from a guidebook meant for designing

box culverts, we've managed to create a design that works well for handling the
highest expected floodwater flow from the stream. The thorough analysis of
how water moves, known as hydraulic analysis, gives us confidence that the
size and overall design of the box culvert can handle floods safely. Making sure
we follow the recommended design guidelines means the box culvert is strong

52
enough and has enough space to deal with the expected flooding without any
problems.

Based on the findings of the study, the following are recommended:

 Manual Calculation of the whole structure instead of Centerline

Method.
 Use [Link] V8i and [Link] Advance Connect software
to get more accurate values.
 Provide culvert end treatment on the 3D model and,
 Calculate the grading of the road to the slope of the new culvert.

53
BIBLIOGRAPHY

751.8 LRFD Concrete Box Culverts - Engineering_Policy_Guide. (n.d.).

[Link]

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, (2007).

“AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications SI Units 4th Edition”.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
444 North Capitol Street, New York.

American Concrete Institute, (2014). “Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI318M-14) and Commentary (ACI 318RM-14)”.
American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.

Bugher, C. L., Manahiloh, K. N., Kaliakin, V. N., & Shenton, H. W. (2019).

Three-Dimensional finite element analysis of reinforced concrete box
culverts using infinite elements. Geo-Congress 2019.
[Link]

Cayanan, E. O., Chen, T. C., Argete, J. C., Yen, M. C., & Nilo, P. D. (2011).
The effect of tropical cyclones on southwest monsoon rainfall in the
Philippines. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 89A, 123–
139. [Link]

Garg, A., & Abolmaali, A. (2009). Finite-Element modeling and analysis of

reinforced concrete box culverts. ResearchGate.
[Link]

Garg, A., Abolmaali, A., & Fernandez, R. (2007). Experimental investigation of

shear capacity of precast reinforced concrete box culverts.
ResearchGate. [Link]
0702(2007)12:4(511

Holden, W. N., & Marshall, S. J. (2018). Climate change and typhoons in the
Philippines: Extreme weather events in the Anthropocene. In Elsevier
eBooks (pp. 407–421). [Link]
9.00024-5

Inlet and Outlet Control Flow, it’s Supercritical. (2021, July 1). Contech
Engineered Solutions. [Link]
article/article/244/inlet-and-outlet-control-flow-it-s-supercritical

Iowa SUDAS. (2014). Culvert Hydraulics. Design Manual Chapter 2 -

Stormwater 2E - Culvert Design, 2E-2.
[Link]

54
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon profile – PhilAtlas. (1990, May 1).
[Link]

Matsumoto, J., Olaguera, L. M. P., Nguyen-Le, D., Kubota, H., & Villafuerte, M.
Q. (2020). Climatological seasonal changes of wind and rainfall in the
Philippines. International Journal of Climatology, 40(11), 4843–4857.
[Link]

McGrath, T. J., & Mastroianni, E. P. (2002). Finite-Element modeling of

reinforced concrete arch under live load. Transportation Research
Record, 1814(1), 203–210. [Link]

Orton, S., Loehr, J. E., Boeckmann, A., & Havens, G. (2015). Live-Load Effect
in Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts under Soil Fill. Journal of Bridge
Engineering, 20(11). [Link]
5592.0000745

Patel, R. (2019, October 23). Analysis and Design of Box Culvert: A manual
approach. [Link]
[Link]/[Link]/ijaers/article/view/1000

PDH Online, PDH Center, & D. Morrow, J. (2013). The Basics of Culvert and
Inlet Design. PDHonline Course C619 (8 PDH).
[Link]

Pimentel, M., Costa, P., Felix, C., & Figueiras, J. (2009). Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Box Culverts under High Embankments. Behavior of
Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts Under High Embankments.
[Link]
9445%282009%29135%3A4%28366%29

Rossow, M. (2009). Culvert Characteristics (BIRM). Culvert Characteristics

(BIRM).
[Link]

Ruzza, G., Guerriero, L., Grelle, G., Guadagno, F. M., & Revellino, P. (2019).
Multi-Method tracking of monsoon floods using Sentinel-1 imagery.
Water, 11(11), 2289. [Link]

Shatnawi, A., Almasabha, G., & Tarawneh, B. (2017). Structural Behavior of

Concrete Box Culverts under Deep Burial. Journal of Pipeline Systems
Engineering and Practice, 8(4). [Link]
1204.0000291

55
APPENDICES

56
 APPENDIX A

Communication Letter and Data Collection at DPWH Region X, Engineer’s

Hill, Bulua, Cagayan De Oro City and DPWH 1st DEO Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon.

57
58
59
 APPENDIX B

Communication Letters for City Engineering Office at Malaybalay City,

Bukidnon.

60
61
 APPENDIX C

Communication Letter for CDRRMO at Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

62
 APPENDIX D

Communication Letter and Undertaking Agreement for DOST-PAGASA at

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

63
64
 APPENDIX E

Communication Letters at Barangay Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

65
66
 APPENDIX F

Communication Letter for GEOMIN at Central Mindanao University, University

Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon.

67
 APPENDIX G

Structural Analysis of RCBC using [Link] Connect.

68
69
 APPENDIX H

Demographic Data of Purok 4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

Purok 4-A 7 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Data

70
 Male

5-9 Y.O. 20-24 Y.O. 10-14 Y.O. 30-34 Y.O. 25-29 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 35- 39 Y.O.
1-4 Y.O. 15-19 Y.O. 55-59 Y.O. 45-49 Y.O. 50-54 Y.O. 40-44 Y.O. 0-11 MOS

Purok 4-A Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Male)

Female

30-34 Y.O. 5-9 Y.O. 25-29 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 35- 39 Y.O. 1-4 Y.O. 15-19 Y.O.
20-24 Y.O. 55-59 Y.O. 10-14 Y.O. 50-54 Y.O. 40-44 Y.O. 45-49 Y.O. 0-11 MOS

Purok 4-A Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Female)

71
 Male

18-59 Y.O. 6-12 Y.O. 13-17 Y.O. 3-5 Y.O. 1-2 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 0-11 MOS

Purok 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Male)

Female

18-59 Y.O. 6-12 Y.O. 13-17 Y.O. 60 ABOVE 3-5 Y.O. 0-11 MOS 1-2 Y.O.

Purok 4-B Sinanglanan Demographic Pie Chart (Female)

72
 PUROK 4-A POPULATION PERCENTAGE
AGE BRACKET MALE FEMALE
0-11 MOS 1% 1%
1-4 Y.O. 6% 7%
5-9 Y.O. 12% 10%
10-14 Y.O. 10% 6%
15-19 Y.O. 6% 7%
20-24 Y.O. 12% 7%
25-29 Y.O. 9% 10%
30-34 Y.O. 10% 14%
35- 39 Y.O. 7% 8%
40-44 Y.O. 4% 4%
45-49 Y.O. 4% 4%
50-54 Y.O. 4% 6%
55-59 Y.O. 5% 7%
60 ABOVE 9% 10%
PUROK 4-B POPULATION PERCENTAGE
0-11 MOS 2% 1%
1-2 Y.O. 5% 2%
3-5 Y.O. 7% 4%
6-12 Y.O. 13% 15%
13-17 Y.O. 11% 11%
18-59 Y.O. 57% 61%
60 ABOVE 5% 6%

Demographic data of Purok 4 Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

73
 APPENDIX I

Site Visitation and Assessment on June 21, 2023, at Purok 4, Barangay

Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

74
75
 APPENDIX J

Field Assessment for the Dimensions of the Existing Culvert on July 21, 2023, at
Purok 4, Barangay Sinanglanan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

76
77
 APPENDIX K

Traffic Assessment

78
 APPENDIX L

Documentation

Coordination with the Government Agencies

(DPWH 1st DEO Malaybalay City, Bukidnon)

79
(CDRRMO Malaybalay City, Bukidnon)

80
(City Engineering Office Malaybalay City, Bukidnon)

81