Chapter R

Review of Basic
Concepts

Chapter R: Review
 Review of Basic Concepts

Sections:

R.2. Sets and Real Numbers

R.3. Real Number Operations and Properties
R.4. Integer and Rational Exponents
R.5. Polynomials
R.6. Factoring Polynomials
R.7-8. Rational and Radical Expressions
 R.2. SETS: Set Definition
A set is a collection of objects. We can think of a set
as a box containing some objects, which are called its
elements or members.

Examples of Sets:
• Set of the letters in English Alphabet
• Set of people in this classroom
• Set of everything in this classroom
• Set of even numbers
Sometimes a set’s elements are highly specific. So,
we use different ways (notations) to describe the set.
 R.2. SETS: Roster Notation
• In roster notation, a set is described by listing all its
elements enclosed between braces { } and separated
by commas.
• Most of the time, we use a capital letter to name a set.
• If a set has too many elements to list, we list some
elements then we use ellipses ‘…’

Examples:
A= {1,2,3,4} B= {Ibrahim, Omar, Zayed }
C= {a,b,c,…,x,y,z} D= {2,4,6,8,10,12,…}
 R.2. SETS: Set Notations

Example 1: Write each of the following sets in Roster

notation:
a) The sets of digits
b) The set of whole numbers
c) The set of whole numbers greater than 5
d) The set of natural numbers less or equal to 5

IMPORTANT NOTE:
Digits are 0,1,…,9.
Whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3,…
Natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4,…
 R.2 SETS: Set Notations
Solution:
a) The set of all digits is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

b) The set of all whole numbers is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … },

c) The set of whole numbers greater than 5 is

{6, 7, 8, … }.

d) The set of natural numbers less than or equal to 5

is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 R.2. SETS: Set Builder Notation

In set builder notation, the elements of the set are

described by listing their properties but in a more
symbolic way.

For example,
{𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 is a whole number and 𝑥 > 5},
which is read as “the set of all 𝑥’s such that 𝑥 is a
whole number and 𝑥 is greater than 5”.
The vertical bar ‘|’ is read as “such that”.
 R.2. SETS: Set Notations
Example 2: A whole number 𝑛 is a perfect square if
𝑛 = 𝑘 2 )read this as “𝑛 equals 𝑘 squared”),
where 𝑘 is a whole number. Let 𝑆 be the set of all
perfect squares whole numbers.
a)Write the set 𝑆 in roster notation.
b) Write the set 𝑆 in set-builder notation.

Solution: a) In roster notation, 𝑆 = 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, … .

b) In set builder notation,

𝑆 = 𝑛 𝑛 = 𝑘 2 for some whole number 𝑘 .
 R.2. SETS: Set Notations
Example 3: Use set notation, and list all elements of
each set.
a) {x|x is a natural number less than 5}.
b) {x|x is a natural number greater than 7 and less than
14}.
Solution: a) The natural numbers less than 5 form the
set {1,2,3,4}.
b) This is the set {8,9,10,11,12,13}.
Caution: {∅} is not the empty set. It is the set
containing the symbol ∅.
 Try & Check
A whole number n is even if n = 2k for some whole
number k. Let T be the set of all even whole numbers.
a)Write the set T in roster notation.
b)Write the set T in set-builder notation.
 R.2. SETS: Membership of an
element
The symbols ∈ and ∉
• If an object 𝒂 is an element of a set 𝑺 then we write
𝒂 ∈ 𝑺. This is read as:
“𝒂 is an element of 𝑺” or “𝒂 belongs to 𝑺”.

• If 𝒂 is not an element of 𝑺 then we write 𝒂 ∉ 𝑺. This

is read as:
“𝒂 is not an element of 𝑺” or “𝒂 doesn’t belong to 𝑺”.

For example, 1∈ {1,2,3,4} but 8∈ {1,2,3,4}.

 R.2. SETS: Types of Sets
Equal Sets: Two sets 𝑆 and 𝑇 are equal if they have
the same elements. This is written as
𝑆 = 𝑇,
which is read as “𝑆 is equal to 𝑇”, “𝑆 equals 𝑇” or “𝑆
is 𝑇”. If 𝑆 and 𝑇 are not equal then we write 𝑆 ≠ 𝑇.
For example:
1,2,3 = 2,3,1 = 3,2,1 and 1,2,3 ≠ 2,3
Singleton Set: A singleton set is a set that contains
only one element. If 𝑎 is an object then 𝑎 is called
the singleton set of 𝑎.
 R.2. SETS: Types of Sets
Empty Set: The symbol ∅ represents the empty set,
which is the set that has no elements. In other
words, ∅={ }.
Subset of A Set: A set S is a subset of a set T, written
as S⊆T, if every element of S is also an element of T.

Note: Sets can be shown as above. They are called

Venn diagrams.
 R.2. SETS: Types of Sets
Example 4: List all subsets of the set {1,2,3}.

Solution: The subsets of {1,2,3} are:

∅, 1 , {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3} and {1,2,3}.

Try & Check

List all the subsets of {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} containing 𝑎.
 R.2. SETS: Set Operations
Intersection of Sets: The intersection of two sets 𝑆
and 𝑇 is the set 𝑆 ∩ 𝑇 (read this as “𝑆 intersection
𝑇” given by: 𝑆 ∩ 𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑇 .
It is the set of elements which belong to 𝑆 and to 𝑇.

For example, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}∩{0, 2, 4}={2, 4}.

 R.2. SETS: Set Operations
Disjoint Sets: If two sets 𝑆 and 𝑇 have no elements in
common, then
𝑆∩𝑇 =∅
(read this as “𝑺 intersection 𝑻 is the empty set”).
In this case, we say that 𝑆 and 𝑇 are disjoint.

For example, the set of even whole numbers and the

set of odd whole numbers are disjoint.
 R.2. SETS: Set Operations
Union of Sets: The union of two sets 𝑆 and 𝑇, is the
set 𝑆 ∪ 𝑇 (read as “𝑺 union 𝑻”) given by:
𝑆 ∪ 𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 or 𝑥 ∈ 𝑇 .

𝑆 ∪ 𝑇 is the set of elements which belong to 𝑆 or to 𝑇

or to both.

For example,
0, 1, 2, 4 ∪ 1, 3 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 .
 R.2. SETS: Set Operations
Example 5: Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝐵 = {4,5}.
a)Find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.
b) Is 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵? Is 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴?

a) 𝐴 ∩ B = {4}, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3,4,5},

b) 𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵 since 1 ∈ 𝐴 whereas 1 ∉ 𝐵.
𝐵 ⊈ 𝐴 because 5 ∈ 𝐵 whereas 5 ∉ 𝐴.
 Try & Check
Consider the two sets
𝐴 = {1,3,5,7} and 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
Find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.
 Review of New Notations
∅, { } Empty set
{1, 2, 3, 4, … } Set of Natural Numbers
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … } Set of Whole Numbers
=, ≠ “equals”, “does not equal”
>,<, ≤, ≥ “greater than”, “less than”, “greater than or equal to”, “less than or equal to,

∈, ∉ “belongs to”, “does not belong to”

𝑆∩𝑇 S intersection T
𝑆∪𝑇 S union T
S⊆T “S is a subset of T” or “S is included in T”

A Venn Diagram
 R.2. SETS OF NUMBERS: Definitions
➢ ℕ = {1, 2, 3, 4, … } Natural Numbers
➢ ℤ = {…,−2, −1, 0, 1, 2,… } Integers
𝑎
➢ ℚ = { 𝑟∣𝑟 = , 𝑎,𝑏 ∈ ℤ, 𝑏 ≠ 0 } Rational Numbers
𝑏
1100 2 10000
➢ℚ={ …,− ,…, , … , 3, … , , …} Rational Numbers
141 21 47

The real number line

Every point on the real line corresponds to a real number.

5
➢ ℝ = {… , − 7, … , −2, … , − , … , 0, … 𝜋, … } Real numbers
3

An irrational number is a real number that is not rational.

➢ 𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∊ ℝ, 𝑥 ∉ ℚ Irrational Numbers
Some examples of irrational numbers are 2 and 𝜋
 R.2 SETS OF NUMBERS:
Relationships among the subsets of Real Numbers
Real Numbers
Rational numbers Irrational numbers
4 5 11
,− ,
9 8 7
2
ℕ⊂𝑊⊂ℤ⊂ℚ⊂ℝ
Integers 𝐼⊂ℝ
-11, -6, -3, -2, -1 15
ℝ=ℚ∪𝐼
Whole numbers - 8 ℚ∩𝐼 =∅
0
𝜋
Natural numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 𝜋
4
 R.2 SETS OF NUMBERS:
Evaluating Statements about Numbers
Example 6:
Determine whether the statements are true or false.
a) Every integer is a rational number.
22
b) The number 𝜋 is a rational number because 𝜋 = .
7

Solution:
𝑎
a) True: If 𝑎 is an integer then 𝑎 = Since the numerator and
.
1
the denominator are integers, the number is rational.
22
b) False: The number 𝜋 is irrational. The number is an
7
approximation of 𝜋 and it is not equal to 𝜋.
 R.2 SETS OF NUMBERS:
Decimal Representation of Real Numbers

Every real number can be written in decimal

notation. It is called decimal representation of the
number.
For example,
3
• = 0.75 (read 0.75 as “seventy-five hundredths”).
4
7
• = 2.3333 … (read 2.333 … as “two point three
3
three…”).
• 2 = 1.41421356237309 …
• 𝜋 = 3.14159265358979323846 …
 R.2 SETS OF NUMBERS:
Decimal Representation of Real Numbers

➢ Numbers such as 0.75 and 2.25 are called

terminating decimals
➢ Numbers such as 0.333 … and 3.75454 … are called
repeating decimals.

Decimal Representation of a Real Number

▪ The decimal representation of a rational number is
either repeating or terminating.
▪ The decimal representation of an irrational number
is neither repeating nor terminating
 Activity: Classifying Real Numbers
Put an ✕ in the box if the number is an element of the
set at the top of the column
Real Rational Irrational Whole
Integers
numbers numbers numbers numbers
−3
22
7
−π
3.14
2.718281 …
1331
11
110.916
5625
R.3. Real Number Operations and
Properties
R.2.1. Order on the Number Line
R.2.2. Absolute Value
R.2.3. Operations on Real Numbers and
Properties
 R.3.1 Order on the real Line

Order on the Real Line

If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, then
a) 𝑎 is less than 𝑏, written as 𝑎 < 𝑏, if 𝑎 lies to the left
of 𝑏 on a number line.
b) 𝑎 is greater than 𝑏, written as 𝑎 > 𝑏, if 𝑎 lies to the
right of 𝑏 on a number line
Note:
Note that 𝑎 < 𝑏 is equivalent to 𝑏 > 𝑎. For example,
writing 2 < 4 is equivalent to writing 4 > 2.
−6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑎 𝑏
 R.3.1 Order on the real Line
Math Verbal interpretation Other meaning Example
a<b a is less than b b is greater than a 1<2
a>b a is greater than b b is less than a −1 > −2
a≤b a is less than or b is greater than or equal to a 1≤2
equal to b a is at most b 1≤1
a is no more than b
a≥b a is greater than or b is less than or equal to a −1 ≥ −2
equal to b a is at least b −1 ≥ −1
a is no less than b
a=b a is equal to b a equals b 1=1
a is b −1 = −1
a≠b a is not equal to b π ≠ 3.14
a is different from b
a≈b a is approximately π ≈ 3.14
equal to b
 R.3.1 Order on the real Line

Signed Real Numbers

If 𝑎 is a real number then
𝑎 is positive if 𝑎 > 0;
𝑎 is negative if 𝑎 < 0;
𝑎 is non-negative if 𝑎 ≥ 0;
𝑎 is zero if 𝑎 = 0;
𝑎 is nonzero if 𝑎 ≠ 0;
𝑎 is non-positive if 𝑎 ≤ 0.
The number zero is neither positive nor negative.
Negative real numbers Positives real numbers
−6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
 R.3.2. Absolute Value of a Real Number

The absolute value of a real number 𝑥, denoted as |𝑥|

(read as “the absolute value of 𝑥”) is the distance from 0
to 𝑥 on a real number.
Example 1: Evaluate the following expressions.
a) |6| b) | − 6| c) 0 = 0 d) −x , x ≥ 0 e) |x|, x ≤ 0
Solution:
a) The number 6 is 6 units to the right from 0, so 6 = 6.
b) The number −6 is 6 units to the left from 0. So −6 = 6.
c) The result is obvious.
d) The number −𝑥 is 𝑥 units to the left from 0, so −𝑥 = 𝑥.
e) The numbers 𝑥 and −𝑥 are to the same distance from 0.
So, 𝑥 = −𝑥 = −𝑥.
 R.3.2. Absolute Value of a Real Number :
Properties of the Absolute Value
Properties of the Absolute Value
If 𝑥 is a real number, then
𝑥 ≥ 0 (the distance is always nonnegative).
𝑥 = | − 𝑥| (𝑥 and −𝑥 are to the same distance from 0).
𝑥 = 0 if and only if 𝑥 = 0.

Algebraic Definition of the Absolute Value

If 𝑥 is a real number then
𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0,
𝑥 =
−𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0.
 R.3.2. Absolute Value of a Real Number :
Removing the Absolute Value Symbol
Example 2:
Write the following without using absolute value symbol.
1 1
a) | 2 − 1| b) |π − 4| c) | − |
3 2
Solution:
a) 2 − 1 = 2 − 1 because 2 − 1 > 0.
b) 𝜋 − 4 = − 𝜋 − 4 = 4 − 𝜋 because 𝜋 − 4 < 0.
1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 2−3 1 1
c) − = − = − = = − = .
3 2 2 3 3 2 6 6 6 6 6

Absolute Value and Order of Operations

The absolute value symbol | | has the same order of
priority as any grouping symbol.
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers:
Definitions and Properties
Basic Algebraic Operations on Real Numbers
Operation Symbol Word
Addition + Plus
Multiplication × Times
Subtraction − Minus
Division ÷ Divided by
Variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 or other letters/symbols

Algebraic Expressions 𝜋+𝑡

𝑥 + 𝑦, , 2𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 − 5.
𝑠−1
Sum of Real Numbers 𝑥+𝑦 “ the sum of x and y” OR “x plus y”

Commutative Law of Addition 𝑎+𝑏=𝑏+𝑎

Associative Law of Addition (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐)

 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers:
Definitions and Properties
Additive Identity 𝑥+0= 0+𝑥 =𝑥 0 is the additive identity

Additive Inverse 𝑥 + −𝑥 = −𝑥 + 𝑥 = 0 – 𝑥 is the additive inverse of 𝑥

Difference of Real Numbers 𝑥−𝑦 “𝑥 minus 𝑦”

Product of Real Numbers 𝑎×𝑏 “𝑎 times 𝑏” or “𝑎 multiplied by 𝑏”

“𝑎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑏 are factors of the 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝑎 × 𝑏”

Commutative Law of Multiplication 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎

Associative Law of Multiplication (𝑎𝑏)𝑐 = 𝑎(𝑏𝑐)
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers: :
Definitions and Properties
Multiplicative Identity 𝑥∙1=1∙𝑥 =𝑥 1 is the multiplicative identity

1 1 1
Multiplicative Inverse 𝑥⋅ = ⋅𝑥 =1 is the multiplicative inverse
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(reciprocal) of 𝑥 (𝑥 ≠ 0).

Zero Factor Property If 𝑥𝑦 = 0 then 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑦 = 0

Example 3: Let 𝑥 be a real number.

Suppose that 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 = 0. What are the possible values
of 𝑥? (Use the zero factor property)
Solution:
By the zero factor property, 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥 + 1 = 0, and by the
additive inverse property 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1.
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers :
Definitions and Properties
The Distributive Law of Multiplication Over Addition
If 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real numbers then
➢ 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 (left distributive law of “×” over “+”).
➢ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 (right distributive law of “×” over “+”).
Example 4: Remove the parentheses from each of the following
expressions.
a) 5(x+4) b) (2+x)x c)(2x+3)(3x+2)

Solution:
a) Use the right distributive law of “×” over “+”. 5 𝑥 + 4 = 5𝑥 + 20

b) Use the left distributive law of “×” over “+”. 2 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2

 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers:
Definitions and Properties

Example 5: Remove the parentheses from each of the following

expressions.
a) 5(x+4) b) (2+x)x c) (2x+3)(3x+2)

Solution:
C) (2𝑥 + 3)(3𝑥 + 2)
Use the left distributive = 2𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 3)(2)
law of “×” over “+”.
Use the right distributive = 2𝑥 3𝑥 + 3 3𝑥
law of “×” over “+”. + 2𝑥 2 + 3(2)
Simplify. = 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6
= 6𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 6
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers:
Definitions and Properties
Properties of Negatives

If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, then

a)− −a = a b) −1 a = −a
c) −a −b = ab d) −a b = a −b = −(ab)

NOTATION:
We usually write −(𝑎𝑏) as – 𝑎𝑏, but the product
must be performed before taking the negative.
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers:
Definitions and Properties
Example 6: Evaluate each of the following expressions:
a) (−2)3 b) (−2)(−3) c) −2 × 3 d) −(−5)
e) (−2)2 f) −22 g) (−2)(−3)(−4) h) −5 −2 −3 (−4)

Solution:

a) −2 3 = − 2 × 3 = −6 b) −2 −3 = 2 × 3 = 6

c) −2 × 3 = − 2 × 3 = −6 d) − −5 = 5
2
e) −2 = −2 −2 = 4 f) −22 = − 2 × 2 = −4
g) −2 −3 −4 = −24 h) −5 −2 −3 −4 = 120
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers :
Definitions and Properties
The Distributive Law of Multiplication Over
Subtraction
If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, then
➢ 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐 (left distributive law of “×” over “−”).
➢ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑐 (right distributive law of “×” over “−”).
Example 7: Remove the parentheses from the following expressions and
simplify.
a) 2(2w − 5) b) (2x − 3)(x − 7)

Solution:
a)
Use the right distributive law of “×” 2 2w − 5 = 2 2w − 2 5
over “−” then simplify. = 4w − 10
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers :
Definitions and Properties
Example 8: Remove the parentheses from the following
expressions and simplify.
a) 2(2w − 5) b) (2x − 3)(x − 7)

Solution:
b) 2x − 3 x − 7 = 2x − 3 x + 2x − 3 −7
= 2x x − 3x + 2x (−7) − 3(−7)
= 2x 2 − 3x − 14x + 21
= 2x 2 − 17x + 21
NOTE:
Parentheses preceded by “−” sign can be removed very quickly by
changing the sign of each term inside the parentheses and
dropping the parentheses.
 R.3.3 Operations on Real Numbers :
Simplifying Expression Involving Negatives
Example 9: Simplify the following expressions.
a) 4𝑥 − 3 − 4𝑥 b) −4𝑥 − (3 + 4𝑥)
Solution:

a) b)
4𝑥 − 3 − 4𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 3 + 4𝑥 −4𝑥 − (3 + 4𝑥) = −4𝑥 − 3 − 4𝑥
= 8𝑥 − 3 = −8𝑥 − 3

Try & Check:

Simplify the following expression.
5𝑦 − 5 −𝑥 − 𝑦 .
 Computing with Fractions
𝑎
Division of Real Numbers “𝑎 divided by 𝑏” or “𝑎 over 𝑏”
𝑏
𝑎
Important: If a number is written as , it is also called a fraction.
𝑏

0 𝑎
Division involving zero i) = 0 for 𝑎 ≠ 0 ii) is undefined
𝑎 0

𝑎 𝑐
Checking Equivalent Fractions = if and only if 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0
𝑏 𝑑

𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑎÷𝑐 𝑎
Cancellation Law for Fractions = , and = , (𝑐 ≠ 0).
𝑏𝑐 𝑏 𝑏÷𝑐 𝑏
 Computing with Fractions: Properties of Fractions
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 be real numbers.
Sum of two fractions. a c a+c
+ = , b ≠ 0;
b b b
a c ad + bc
+ = , b, d ≠ 0.
b d bd

Opposite of a fraction. a −a a
− = = , b ≠ 0.
b b −b
Difference of two fractions. a c a−c
− = , b ≠ 0;
b b b
a c ad − bc
− = , b, d ≠ 0.
b d bd

Reciprocal of a fraction. a −1 b
= , a, b ≠ 0.
b a

Quotient of two fractions. a c a d ad

÷ = = , b, c, d ≠ 0.
b d b c bc
 Computing with Fractions
Example 10: Perform the indicated operations. Write your answer as a
single fraction and simplify as you can. Do not use calculator.
1 3 7 3 1 3
a) + c) − f) −
2 5 2 5 6 8

3 5 11 4 2 5
g) − − i) ÷ l) − ÷ −
5 3 5 3 3 6

Solution:
1 3 1 5 +2 3 11 7 3 7 5 −2 3 35−6 29
a) + = = c) − = = =
2 5 2 5 10 2 5 2 5 10 10

1 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5
f) − =− ⋅ = − = − g) − − = ⋅ =1
6 8 6 8 48 16 5 3 5 3

11 4 11 3 11⋅3 33 2 5 2 5
i) ÷ = = = l) − ÷ − = ÷ =
5 3 5 4 5⋅4 20 3 6 3 6
2 6 4
=
3 5 5
 Try & Check
Perform the indicated operations. Write your answer as a
single fraction and simplify as you can. Do not use
calculator
1 1 1 1 2 14
a) + b) − c) ⋅
3 2 2 3 7 3
2 14 1 1
d) − − e) a ÷ , a real. f) ÷ a, a ≠ 0
7 3 3 3
1 1 5 2 14
g) − ÷ − h) 3 i) − −
3 2 7 7 3
 Review of New Notations
➢ ℤ = {…,−2, −1, 0, 1, 2,… } Integers
𝑎
➢ ℚ = { 𝑟∣𝑟 = , 𝑎,𝑏 ∈ ℤ, 𝑏 ≠ 0 } Rational Numbers
𝑏
5
➢ ℝ = {… , − 7, … , −2, … , − , … , 0, … 𝜋, … } Real numbers
3
➢ 𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∊ ℝ, 𝑥 ∉ ℚ Irrational Numbers
➢ "+" Addition
➢ "−" Subtraction
➢ "×" Multiplication
➢ "÷" Division
𝑎
➢ " "𝑏≠0 Fraction
𝑏
𝑛
➢ "𝑎 " Exponential expression
➢ "|𝑥|" Absolute value
Worksheet