Science Notes:
DENSITY:
1. Density of a substance is calculated with the formula = M/V (Mass &
Volume)
2. S
I Unit of Density is found by dividing Unit of Mass by Unit of Volume so its
kg/m³, accordingly using smaller substances will giveu g/m³, to make ts
into kg just multiply by 1000. (NOTE: Review Table 9.1 on Page 91)
3. T
o find the density of a block, its placed on a balance scale (Traazo - elite
ball) the mass is recorded in g’s
4. Volume’s found by multiplying length width height of da block
5. If you wanna find the mass of a irregularly shaped solid like a pebble you
have to place it on da top pan balance scale, volume will be found by
adding water into a measuring cylinder until it reaches half, once it does
add pebble carefully then subtract the values after v before. Density is just
M/V so figure it out
6. T
o find the density of a liquid, firstly the measuring cylinder is weighed on
the balance scale and it mass is found out, then liquid is poured into it and
da volume is measured. The liquid that we just measured and the cylinder
is (A) and the Cylinder that we measured before is (B) so we’ll minus B from
A. And we’ll get our mass of liquid
7. T
he volume is found when we pour the liquid into da cylinder so now to find
D we do D=B-A / V (NOTE: Read Figure 9,4 Page 94)
8. If you put wood into water the wood will float due to diff in density,ts is due
to the object that has less density always floats on the object that has more
density then the other one
9. T
o find density of gas, the round bottomed flask is put on the measuring
scale with its stopper pipe and closed clip to find the mass of it. Then the
flask is attached to a vaccum pump and the air is removed from the flask.
Then the mass of the flask (with no air) stopper pipe and closer clip is
found by placing it back on the balance. The mass of the air in the flask will
be measured by subtracting the second reading from the first
10. The volume is then found by opening the clip underwater so that water
enters to replace the vacuum. The Water is then poured into the measuring
thingy to find volume.
11. IMPORTANT: The Density of gas changes as its temp/pressure changes. To
compare 2 gases they are measured in the same conditions, (STP: Standard
Temp & Pressure : TEMP = 0 C PRESSURE = Support 760NM Mercury)
12. Experiment thingy = Hot Air Balloon, Joseph Montgolfier was born in 1740
and died in 1810, one day he saw clothes being dried on fire. He saw how hot
parts of the clothes rose up and then fell back when the hot air circulated
around em. He came up w the idea that the smoke rose due to containing a
property called levity which he believed made things rise against gravity.
He called it montgolfier gas.
13. Following ts he told his brother to join him and then they made the huge
balloon made of hessian and paper over a smoky fire
14. Then Tiberius Cavallio made experiments on bubbles by filling em up w
hydrogen. This led to the idea of a balloon filled with Hydrogen which could
carry actual people. Later ts was used for more purposes then js transport.
Today the gas is helium and they can help measure weather conditions and
do more cool stuff ig
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS:
1. Displacement happens when the less reactive element gets replaced by a
more reactive one. Think of it as Replacement
2. W
hen potassium reacts w water, its a example of a displacement reaction as
potassium displaces water which is made by hydrogen and oxygen. As
potassium is more reactive then hydrogen it will displace it and make
potassium hydroxide
3. L
ikewise, iron is more reactive then copper sulfate it will replace it and make
iron sulfate
4. A s magnesium is more reactive then hydrogen, magnesium will replace it
and form magnesium hydroxide . To detect ts we use phenolphthalein
5. (Read Table 10.1 on Page 104 for Reactivity Series)
6. W
hen metals react w acids they displace hydrogen from acid and form salt
reaction. Metal + Acid - Metal Salt + Hydrogen so basically Magnesium +
Sulfate Acid - Magnesium Sulfate + Hydrogen
7. When Metals displace, a more reactive metal will displace the less reactive
8. M
ore Reactive + Less Reactive - More Reactive Compound + Reactant (Iron +
Copper Sulfate - Iron Sulfate + Copper
( I Recommend Reading Ts Chapter)