Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1

Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1

Performance Parameters
of Engine
 Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
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Basics

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 Basics of Thermodynamics
Performance Part-1
Parameters of Engine
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
 Basics of Thermodynamics
Performance Part-1
Parameters of Engine
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
Indicated Power (IP)
The total power developed by combustion of fuel in the
combustion chamber is called Indicated Power (IP). It
can be calculated as:

IP=

Where k = number of cylinders

Pi = Indicated mean effective pressure, N/m2
L = Length of stroke, (m)
A = Area of piston, (m2)
N= speed in rpm

N=N/2; for 4 stroke engine

N= N ; for 2 stroke engine
Indicated power is the total power of engine which is
graphically represented by area of cycle on P-V chart.
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Brake Power (BP)

The power available at the output shaft of the engine is

called brake power. It is the power which can be
positively used against resistive force or braking force
of the application for which engine is being used. It can
be calculated as
BP= 2πNT/60
Where N = engine speed in rpm
T = Torque at output shaft in N-m.
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Frictional power (FP)
It is the power required to overcome the internal friction
of engine. It represents the total losses occurred from
indicated power. It is the difference between Indicated
power and Brake Power.
F.P = I.P - B.P

Mechanical efficiency

It is the ratio of brake power to the indicated power of

an IC Engine.
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Indicated thermal efficiency (ηith)

Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated

power (ip) and energy in fuel per second.

ηith= ip (KJ/s)/ energy in fuel per second (KJ/s)

energy in fuel per second (KJ/s) =mf×Cv

where, mf is mass of fuel in kg/sec

Cv is calorific value of fuel(kJ/kg)

Brake thermal efficiency (ηbth)

Brake thermal efficiency can be defined as the ratio of

brake power (bp) to input fuel energy in appropriate
units.
ηbth= bp (KJ/s)/ energy in fuel per second (KJ/s)
 Basics of Thermodynamics
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Parameters of Engine
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Specific fuel consumption

• It is the mass of fuel consumed in kg/hour per kW of

power developed by engine.

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Mean effective pressure(pm): It is defined as the

hypothetical pressure which is thought to be acting on

the piston throughout the power stroke.

 Basics of Thermodynamics
Performance Part-1
Parameters of Engine
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
 Basics of Thermodynamics
Performance Part-1
Parameters of Engine
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
 Basics of Thermodynamics
Performance Part-1
Parameters of Engine
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
 Basics of Thermodynamics
Performance Part-1
Parameters of Engine
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 Basics of Thermodynamics
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Volumetric efficiency

It is defined as the ratio of actual volume (as reduced to

NTP) of the charge or air drawn in during the suction

stroke to the swept volume of piston. (NTP: Normal

temperature and pressure)

• Volumetric efficiency is an important performance

parameter, which directly affects the power output
of engine.
• More is the volumetric efficiency, more is the charge
sucked per stroke and more power is produced.
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Performance Part-1
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Fuel air ratio

It is the ratio of mass of fuel to the mass of air in the
fuel air mixture. Sometimes it may be given as Air-fuel
ratio i.e. mass of air to mass of fuel.

Relative fuel air ratio

It is defined as the ratio of actual fuel air ratio to that of
stoichiometric fuel air ratio or chemically correct fuel air ratio.

Stoichiometric fuel air ratio is that ratio at which complete

combustion of fuel takes place and no excess air is left. It has
a fix value for a given fuel depending upon its chemical
formula and reaction.

In a given fuel air mixture, if relative fuel air ratio is less than
1, it is a lean mixture and if it is more than 1, it is a rich
mixture.
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AIR-FUEL MIXTURES

An engine is generally operated at different loads and

speeds. For this, proper air-fuel mixture should be
supplied to the engine cylinder. Fuel and air are mixed
to form three different types of mixtures.
(i) chemically correct mixture
(ii) rich mixture and
(iii) lean mixture
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Chemically correct or stoichiometric mixture is one in

which there is just enough air for complete combustion
of the fuel.

For example, to burn one kg of octane (C8H18)

completely 15.12 kg of air is required.
Hence chemically correct A/F ratio for C8H18 is 15.12:1;
usually approximated to 15:1.
It is always computed from the chemical equation for
complete combustion for a particular fuel. Complete
combustion means all carbon in the fuel is converted to
CO2 and all hydrogen to H2O.
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Thermal engines use fuel and oxygen (from air) to
produce energy through combustion.

A complete combustion takes place when all the fuel is

burned, in the exhaust gas there will be no quantities of
unburned fuel.

Air-fuel ratio (AF or AFR) is the ratio between the mass

of air ma and mass fuel mf, used by the engine when
running:

AFR=ma/mf (1)

The inverse ratio is called fuel-air ratio (FA or FAR) and

it’s calculated as:

FAR=mf/ma=1/AFR (2)
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The ideal (theoretical) air-fuel ratio, for a complete

combustion, is called stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

For a gasoline (petrol) engine, the stoichiometric air-

fuel ratio is around 14.7:1. This means that, in order to
burn completely 1 kg of fuel, we need 14.7 kg of air.

The combustion is possible even if the AFR is different

than stoichiometric.

For the combustion process to take place in a gasoline

engine, the minimum AFR is around 6:1 and the
maximum can go up to 20:1.
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When the air-fuel ratio is higher than the stoichiometric
ratio, the air-fuel mixture is called lean.

When the air-fuel ratio is lower than the stoichiometric

ratio, the air-fuel mixture is called rich.

For example, for a gasoline engine, an AFR of 16.5:1 is

lean and 13.7:1 is rich
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Fuel Chemical formula AFR
Methanol CH3OH 6.47:1
Ethanol C2H5OH 9:1
Butanol C4H9OH 11.2:1
Diesel C12H23 14.5:1
Gasoline C8H18 14.7:1
Propane C3H8 15.67:1
Methane CH4 17.19:1
Hydrogen H2 34.3:1
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Equivalence factor Air-fuel mixture type Description
There is not enough air
to burn completely the
amount of fuel; after
λ < 1.00 Rich
combustion there is
unburnt fuel in the
exhaust gases
The mass of air is
exact for a complete
combustion of the
λ = 1.00 Stoichiometric (ideal) fuel; after combustion
there is no excess
oxygen in the exhaust
and no unburnt fuel
There is more oxygen
than required to burn
completely the amount
λ > 1.00 Lean of fuel; after
combustion there is
excess oxygen in the
exhaust gases
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Equivalence ratio

Equivalence ratio can be defined as the ratio of actual

fuel-air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio.

Equivalence ratio = actual fuel-air ratio/ stoichiometric

fuel-air ratio
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Proper Air-Fuel Ratio Under Various Conditions

Starting

When starting your car, all engine components such as

the cylinder head, cylinder block, and intake manifold,
are cold.
Some extra fuel is needed to start the engine in this
case so a rich fuel mixture is temporarily needed.

An easier way of describing this is that on older cars

with carburetors, the choke was used to block off air so
more fuel would be pulled into the engine to start the
car.

When starting your engine, the air-fuel ratio can be as

low as 4:1, making it very rich.
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Performance Part-1
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Warming Up (Idling)
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Accelerating
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Cruising (Constant Speed)

In this condition, the engine is already warmed up, and

the air-fuel mixture is near the stoichiometric ratio which
is about 14.7:1.
This allows for the best combination of fuel economy,
emissions, and power.
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Decelerating

Under this condition, the accelerator pedal is released,

which means no power output is needed from the
engine other than to keep it running.

An air-fuel ratio of about 17:1 (lean) will exist at this

point as the fuel demands are very low at this point.

At this stage, the exhaust gases are cleared out as well.

 Basics of Thermodynamics
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Measurement of brake power:

The brake power measurement involves the determination of

the torque and the angular speed of the engine output shaft.
The torque measuring device is called a dynamometer.
Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two main types,
power absorption dynamometers and transmission
dynamometer.
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Morse Test:
Morse Test is used to find indicated power of multi-
cylinder engines.
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Willian’s Line Method
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Motoring Test

In the motoring test, the engine is connected to the

electric motor and the engine is run at constant speed
using the motor.

The power required to drive the engine is given by the

power consumed by the motor.

The power is consumed by the motor in overcoming the

friction of the engine moving parts.

This is frictional power of the motor. The indicated power

can be calculated by adding frictional power to the brake
power
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Q. An engine is required 150 kW brake
power. The mechanical efficiency of
the engine is 75%. The frictional power
is

A. 150 kW

B. 200 kW

C. 50 kW

D. 25 kW
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Q. An engine has swept volume of 400 cc and

clearance volume of 30 cc. Its volumetric
efficiency is 0.85. The volume (in cc) of the
mixture taken per stroke is

A. 360

B. 270

C. 340

D. 430
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Q. Which of the following parameter remain
constant during Morse test of the IC engine?

A. Friction power

B. Load on the dynamometer

C. Break power

D. Indicated power
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Q. The volumetric efficiency of a well designed S.I.
engine is in the range of

A. 40% — 50%

B. 50%—60%

C. 60% — 70%

D. 70% — 90%
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Q. Morse test is used for multi-cylinder spark

ignition engine to determine

A. Thermal efficiency

B. Mechanical efficiency

C. Volumetric efficiency

D. Relative efficiency
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Q. The mean effective pressure of an Otto cycle is the

ratio between

A. the net work produced and the clearance volume

B. the net work produced and the swept volume

C. the net work produced and the cylinder volume

D. the net work produced and the crank case volume

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Q. For maximum power generation the air fuel
ratio for a petrol engine is

A. 16:1

B. 12:1

C. 15:1

D. 20:1
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Q. Absorption dynamometer includes

A. Prony brake dynamometer

B. Rope brake dynamometer

C. Hydraulic dynamometer

D. All of the above

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Q. Morse test is carried out to determine .....of
an engine:
A. I.H.P.
B. F.H.P.
C. B.H.P.
D. Efficiency
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Q. In an Otto cycle, air is compressed from 3 litres
to 2.4 litres from a starting pressure of 1.5
kg/cm2. The net output per cycle is 400 kJ.
What is the mean effective pressure (kPa) of
the cycle?

A. 500

B. 567

C. 667

D. 700
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Q. A single cylinder engine running at 1200 rpm
develops a torque of 7 N-m. The indicated
power of the engine is 1.76 kW. The loss due to
friction power in the percentage is

A. 40%

B. 50%

C. 60%

D. 70%
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Q. The measurement of frictional power by
willan’s line is applicable only to _____.

A. SI engines at a particular speed.

B. CI engines at a Particular speed.

C. Any engine at a Particular speed.

D. None of above
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Q. The chemically correct stoichiometric ratio for
petrol is

A. 15 : 1

B. 11 : 1

C. 18 : 1

D. 10 : 1
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Q. Which of the following parameter remain

constant during Morse test of the IC engine?

A. Friction power

B. Load on the dynamometer

C. Break power

D. Indicated power
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1
Basics of Thermodynamics Part-1