Module 7 - 1
Module 7
Metric Practices for
Welding Inspection
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Module 7 - 2
Metric System
Le System
Internationale
d’Unites
or :
SI
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Module 7 - 3
Resistance to SI
l Economic
l Unfamiliarity
l Not invented here
l Requires effort
l Others?
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Module 7 - 4
SI Advantages
l Simple base units
l Worldwide usage
l Based on powers of 10
l Simple decimal system
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Module 7 - 5
ANSI/AWS
A1.1 - 98
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Module 7 - 6
U.S. Customary System
l Complicated
l Awkward
l Confusing
l Used only by U.S.
But we are familiar with it, and we love it!
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Module 7 - 7
U.S. System - 1 of 2
Length - Inch, foot, yard, etc.
Mass - Ounce, pound, ton, etc.
Volume - Ounce, pint, quart, etc
Area - Square feet, acre, etc
Others - Various units
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Module 7 - 8
U.S. System - 2 of 2
Conversion factors are not in multiples of 10
l 12 inches per foot
l 36 inches per yard
l 5,280 feet per mile
l 1,760 yards per mile
l et cetera, et cetera
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Module 7 - 9
SI System - Table 7.1
Only one unit for each type of measurement
Length - Meter
Mass - Kilogram
Volume - Liter
Area - Square meters
Others - One base unit
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Module 7 - 10
AWS SI Version
Note: The true SI system uses the gram (g) for
Note:
mass but AWS in A1.1-98 has selected the
kilogram (kg) as the base unit for mass
mass.. This
was done to simplify the welding usage of
mass..
mass
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Module 7 - 11
SI System Prefixes - Table 7.2
Based on powers of 10
Preferred units in multiples of 103
l Kilo - k - 1,000 - 103
l Mega - M - 1,000,000 - 106
l Milli - m - 1/1,000 - 10-3
l Micro - - 1/1,000,000 - 10-6
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Module 7 - 12
SI Welding Units - Table 7.3
l Deposition rate kg/hr
l Flow rate L/min
l Tensile strength MPa
l Travel speed mm/s
l Wire feed speed mm/s
l Pressure kPa
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Module 7 - 13
Positive & Negative Numbers - 1 of 2
l Addition and Subtraction l a -3 added to a -4 = -7
l 5 added to 7 = 12 l 5 minus a -8 = +13
l 11 minus 6 = 5 l a -8 minus a -4 = -4
l 5 added to a -7 = -2 l a -9 minus 6 = -15
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Module 7 - 14
Positive & Negative Numbers - 2 of 2
Multiplication and Division
l (-6) x (-
(-5) = +30
l (-5) x (3) = -15
l (-6) ÷ (2) = -3
l (8) ÷ (-4) = -2
l (-9) ÷ (-3) = +3
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Module 7 - 15
Scientific Notation
SN
“Writing a number such that the decimal
point is always moved to the immediate right
of the first digit not zero, and its relative size
expressed as an exponent (power of ten).”
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Module 7 - 16
Exponents - Positive Powers of 10
l 100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised
to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 580 = 1)
l 101 = 10
l 102 = 100
l 103 = 1,000
l 106 = 1,000,000
Positive Exponents = Numbers greater than 1
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Module 7 - 17
Exponents - Negative Powers of 10
l 100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised
to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 250 = 1)
l 10-1 = 0.1 read as ‘one tenth’
l 10-2 = 0.01 read as ‘one hundredth’
l 10-3 = 0.001 read as ‘one thousandth’
l 10-6 = 0.000001 read as ‘one millionth’
Negative Exponents = Numbers less than 1
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Module 7 - 18
SN Examples
234 = 2.34 x 102
5,678 = 5.678 x 103
0.0234 = 2.34 x 10-
10-2
0.000567 = 5.67 x 10-
10-4
In the first answer example above, 2.34 is
called the ‘root’, 10 is the ‘base’, and the 2 is
the exponent
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Module 7 - 19
SN Advantages
l Simplifies very large numbers
l Simplifies very small numbers
l A decimal system
l Based on powers of ten
l Simplifies calculations
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Module 7 - 20
Conversion Example 1 & 2
70,000 psi = ?? Pa (1 psi = 6,895 Pa)
70,000 x 6,895 = 482,650,000 Pa
= 4.8265 x 10+8 Pa
But UTS in metric is usually given in Mpa. So,
70,000 psi = ?? Mpa (1 psi = 6.895 x 10-3 MPa)
(70,000) x (6.895 x 10-3 ) = 482.65 MPa
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Module 7 - 21
Number Position & Name - Ex. 3
For the number: 1,234,567.987654
To the left of the decimal : To the right of the decimal :
l 7 in units position l 9 in tenths position
l 6 in tens position l 8 in hundredths position
l 5 in hundreds position l 7 in thousandths position
l 4 in thousands position l 6 in ten thousandths
l 3 in ten thousands l 5 in hundred thousandths
l 2 in hundred thousands l 4 in millionths
l 1 in millionths position
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Module 7 - 22
Exponential Multiplication - Ex. 4
Multiply the two roots in the normal fashion,
and then add exponent powers to get exponent
value :
(2.0 x 103) x (1.5 x 105) = 3.0 x 108
(1.0 x 108) x (4.5 x 107) = 4.5 x 1015
(3.5 x 10-3) x (2.0 x 106) = 7.0 x 103
(5 x 102) x (12 x 10-6) = 60 x 10-4 or, as follows:
= 6.0 x 10-3
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Module 7 - 23
Exponential Division - Ex. 5
Divide the two roots in the normal fashion,
and then subtract the second exponent from
the first to get final exponent value :
(3.0 x 104 ) ÷ (1.5 x 102 ) = 2.0 x 102
(6.0 x 10-7 ) ÷ (3.0 x 103 ) = 2.0 x 10 -10
(4.5 x 104 ) ÷ (1.5 x 10 -5 ) = 3.0 x 109
(8.0 x 10 -6 ) ÷ (2.0 x 10 -9 ) = 4.0 x 103
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Module 7 - 24
Addition With Exponents - Ex. 6
Same exponent required prior to adding
adding;;
usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :
(2.3 x 104 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = ??
(0.23 x 105 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = 3.77 x 105
(3.78 x 10-6 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = ??
(0.0378 x 10-4 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = 7.4878 x 10 -4
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Module 7 - 25
Subtraction With Exponents - Ex. 7
Same exponent required prior to adding
adding;;
usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :
(7.8 x 106 ) - (9.4 x 104 ) = ??
(7.8 x 106 ) - (0.094 x 106 ) = 7.706 x 106
(3.9 x 10-4 ) - (6.1 x 10 -5 ) = ??
(3.9 x 10 -4 ) - (0.61 x 10 -4 ) = 3.29 x 10 -4
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Module 7 - 26
Rounding Off Rules
l Rule 1 - Increase the last retained digit by
one if the next digit to its right is 5 or larger
l Rule 2 - Retain the last digit unchanged if
the next digit to its right is less than 5.
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Module 7 - 27
Rounding Off - Example 8
l 8,937 = 9,000 Rounded to the nearest thousand
l 8,937 = 8,900 Rounded to the nearest hundred
l 8,937 = 8,940 Rounded to the nearest ten
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Module 7 - 28
Rounding Off - Example 9
l 4.4638 = 4 Rounded to the nearest unit
l 4.4638 = 4.5 Rounded to the nearest tenth
l 4.4638 = 4.46 Rounded to the nearest hundredth
l 4.4638 = 4.464 Rounded to the nearest thousandth
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Module 7 - 29
Rounding Errors
“Rounding should always be done in a single
step to avoid rounding errors.”
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Module 7 - 30
Metric Prefixes
“Metric prefixes can substitute for the
exponential form to simplify handling large
or small numbers.”
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Module 7 - 31
Metric Prefix Example 10
456,000,000 Pa = 456 MPa
56 km = 56,000 m
234,000 mm = 234 m
456 g = 0.456 kg
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Module 7 - 32
Conversion Factors
“To aid in converting values from one system
to another, conversion tables have been
prepared.”
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Module 7 - 33
Conversion Example 11
Convert 40.0 psi to kPa
Conversion factor, psi to kPa = 6.895
40.0 x 6.895 = 275.8 kPa
275.8 kPa rounds to 2.76 x 102 kPa
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Module 7 - 34
Conversion Example 12
Convert 625 MPa to psi
Conversion factor, MPa to psi = 1.450 x 102
625 MPa x 1.450 x 102 = 906.25 x 102
= 9.06 x 104 psi
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Module 7 - 35
Conversion Example 13
Convert 5/32” (0.156”) to mm
Conversion factor, inches to mm = 25.4
0.156 x 25.4 = 3.9624 mm
= 3.96 mm
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Module 7 - 36
Conversion Example 14
Convert 7.3 kg/h to lb/h
Conversion factor, kg/h to lb/h = 2.205
7.3 x 2.205 = 16.0965 lb/h
= 16 lb/h
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Module 7 - 37
Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 C to 0F
Conversion Factor (formula) is :
(0C x 1.8) + 32 = 0F
(100 x 1.8) + 32 = 180 + 32
= 212 F
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Module 7 - 38
Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 F to 0C
Conversion Factor (formula) is :
(0F - 32) ÷ 1.8 = 0C
(100 - 32) ÷ 1.8 = 68 ÷ 1.8
= 37.8 0C
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Module 7 - 39
Style and Usage - A1.1
l Use prefixes where possible
l Use steps of 1,000
l Do not mix, unless warranted
l Capitalization rules
l Plurals
l Punctuation
l Number grouping
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