Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three

Dimensions

4.1. What is Physics?

4.2. Position and Displacement
4.3. Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
4.4. Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
4.5. Projectile Motion
4.6. Projectile Motion Analyzed
4.7. Uniform Circular Motion
4.8. Relative Motion in One Dimension
4.9. Relative Motion in Two Dimensions
What is Physics?
Position and Displacement
Position vector:

Displacement :
EXAMPLE 1: Displacement
In Fig., the position vector for a
particle is initially at

and then later is

What is the particle's displacement from r1 to r2 ?

 Problem 2
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on
which a set of coordinate axes has,
strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbit’s position as
functions of time t (second) are given
by

At t=15 s, what is the

rabbit’s position vector in
unit-vector notation and in
magnitude-angle
notation?
 Average and Instantaneous Velocity

Instantaneous velocity is:

 Particle’s Path vs Velocity
Displacement: The velocity vector

The direction of the instantaneous velocity of

a particle is always tangent to the particle’s
path at the particle’s position.
 Problem 3
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on
which a set of coordinate axes has,
strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbit’s position as
functions of time t (second) are given
by

At t=15 s, what is the

rabbit’s velocity vector in
unit-vector notation and in
magnitude-angle
notation?
 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

Average acceleration is

v vx v y vz
a = = i+ j+ k = ax i + a y j + az k
t t t t

Instantaneous acceleration is
 Speed up or slow down

• If the velocity and acceleration components

along a given axis have the same sign then they
are in the same direction. In this case, the object
will speed up.

• If the acceleration and velocity components have

opposite signs, then they are in opposite
directions. Under these conditions, the object will
slow down.
 Problem 4
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on
which a set of coordinate axes has,
strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbit’s position as
functions of time t (second) are given
by

At t=15 s, what is the rabbit’s

acceleration vector in unit-
vector notation and in
magnitude-angle notation?
How to solve two-dimensional motion problem?
One ball is released from rest at the same instant that
another ball is shot horizontally to the right

The horizontal and vertical

motions (at right angles to each
other) are independent, and the
path of such a motion can be
found by combining its horizontal
and vertical position components.

By Galileo
Projectile Motion

A particle moves in a
vertical plane with some
initial velocity but its
acceleration is always the
free-fall acceleration g,
which is downward. Such a
particle is called a
projectile and its motion is
called projectile motion.
Properties of Projectile Motion
The Horizontal Motion:
•no acceleration
•velocity vx remains
unchanged from its initial
value throughout the motion
•The horizontal range R is
maximum for a launch angle
of 45°

The vertical Motion:

•Constant acceleration g
•velocity vy=0 at the highest
point.
Projectile
 Check Your Understanding
A projectile is fired into the air, and it follows the
parabolic path shown in the drawing. There is no
air resistance. At any instant, the projectile has a
velocity v and an acceleration a. Which one or
more of the drawings could not represent the
directions for v and a at any point on the
trajectory?
 Check Your Understanding
A projectile is fired into the air, and it follows the
parabolic path shown in the drawing. There is no
air resistance. At any instant, the projectile has a
velocity v and an acceleration a. Which one or
more of the drawings could not represent the
directions for v and a at any point on the
trajectory?

Answer
(a) because no acceleration in x-direction and (c) because
acceleration due to gravity is always downward.
ction of the
lease point? Figure 4-33 Problem 27.
••28
Example 5
In Fig. 4-34, a stone is pro-
6
jected at a cliff of height h with an initial speed of 42.0 m/s directed
at angle
A stone is projected at a cliff
u0 ! 60.0° of height
above h with an initial
the horizontal. speed of
The stone 42.0 m/s
strikes directed at
at A,
0
θ0 =s 60
angle5.50 afterabove the horizontal.
launching. Find (a)The thestone strikes
height h ofat the
A, 5.50
cliff,s (b)
afterthe
launching.
Findspeed
(a) theofheight h of thejust
the stone cliff, (b) theimpact
before speed ofatthe
A,stone justthe
and (c) before impact at A, and
maximum
(c) the maximum
height heightabove
H reached H reached above the ground.
the ground.

x
H A
oblem 20.
h
θ0

l speed of Figure 4-34 Problem 28.

d. It hits at
What is the ••29 A projectile’s launch speed is five times its speed at maxi-
is the dart mum height. Find launch angle "0.
••30 A soccer ball is kicked from the ground with an initial
abletop that speed of 19.5 m/s at an upward angle of 45°. A player 55 m away in
horizontally the direction of the kick starts running to meet the ball at that in-
(b) What is stant. What must be his average speed if he is to meet the ball just
before it hits the ground?
 (b) And we
the leaseatuse
release point?
point.
the Eq.
moment 4-22
We write to
700
of release: v solve
 = –30.0°=since
m
290
x the for
km/h,
(v
0 angle the
shown
which
cos 
Figure) weinitial
inconvert
4-33
t Problem
t  height
the figure
to is27.
SI y:
measured
units: (290)(1000/3600)
clockwise from horizontal. We note that the initial speed of the decoy is the plane’s speed0
0 1
x  (v0 cos
(a)

x  We
) t =
useEq.
(atv00the

80.6 t
m/s.
4-12

 700 m
tot solve for the time: 
0

0
10.0 s. (80.6 m/s) cos (30.0)
cos
••28
= 80.6 m/s.
0 ) t
moment In
of Fig.
release:4-34,
(80.6
v0
(80.6
= a stone
m/s)
290
m/s)
km/h,is
cos
Example
cos (  
pro-
(
which
30.0 ) 30.0
we56 )
10.0 s.
convert to SI units: (290)(1000/3600)
jected(a) at
Wea use
cliffEq. of 4-12
height h withforanthe
to solve initial
time: speed of 42.0 m/s directed
1
xu0 ! (b)0And
(v0 60.0°
cos t we
)above  the use
t 2horizontal.
700
Eq. 4-22 toThe m solve for 10.0
the initial
s. at height y0:
Eq. 4-22 to solve y  y  (v sin  ) t  gt
And we use Eq.A4-22 (a)
at
We
stone
angle
to is
solve
use
05.50for
for4-12
Eq.
projectedthe atinitial
to
00the launching.
s after
solve
a
initial
0
height
cliffforofthe
height
y0time:
:
height
Find (a) y
(80.6
h: with
the
m/s)
an cos
initial
height h
stone
speed
of 0
strikes
 0  y  (40.3 m/s)(10.0 s) 
(30.0
themcliff, (b) the
700
A,
) of 42.0 m/s directed at

speed of 2
angle θ0 = 60 above thexhorizontal.
the stone
 (v0 cos 0The
just before
0
impact
 t
) t stone strikes
at1A, and
at A,
(c)
5.50 s after launching.
the maximum

10.0 s. 1
(b) And
 y0  (v0 sin Find
1we2use Eq. 4-22 to solve
0 ) t  height 
(a)gtthe height 0xhy(ofv the
(
0 cos y 
cliff,
40.3 yfor  (
thev
 the
0 (b)
0 ) t m/s)(10.0
sin 
initial

t0 speed
s)
1) t 700

height y(80.6
mgt
:
of them/s
0 (9.80
2
2
0stone
m/s)
 cos
0 
justs)before
)(10.0 2 ( y30.0 ( )
 40.3 m/s)(10.0
10.0 s.0 impact at A, and s)  (9
H reached above the ground.
0
2 (30.0) 2
1 (c) 2the2 maximum height H reached above(80.6 m/s) cos
the2ground. 1
n 0 ) t  gty  y 
which 0  y  (  40.3 m/s)(10.0 s)  (9.80 m/s 2
)(10.0 s) 2

2 yields y = 897 m.
(b) And we use
1 Eq. 4-22 to solve for the initial height 1 y 0 :
0  (we use
v0 sin 0Eq. 0 gt 2  0  y  (40.3 m/s)(10.0 s)  (9.80 m/s 2 )(10.0 s)2
h yields y0 = 897(b) [Link]
which 0 ) t 4-22
yields y0 = 897 m. 2 to solve for the0initial height y0:
2 2
1 2 1
a) Using the which
same
x coordinate y  y
system
0  ( v sin
assumed
0 1  0 ) t
in  Eq. gt4-22,  we 0 
solve y 0 
for( y40.3
= h:m/s)(10.0
1 s)  (9.80 m/s 2
)(10.0 s) 2

0 sin  0 ) t 
yields
y  y0 y(0v= 897 m. [Link](a) 2
Using
 20  the  (same coordinate
40.3 m/s)(10.0 s) Asystem assumed
2
2 s)2in Eq. 4-22, we so
=roblem 28. (a) Using the same coordinate system assumed in Eq. 4-22, w
897 m. 20.
2
y0 H
2
(9.80 m/s )(10.0

28. (a) Using the same coordinate 1 2 assumed in Eq. 4-22, we solve for y = h:
whichh  yields
y 
which yields y0 = 0897 0m. 0 v y
sin
0 =  897
t  system
m. gt h 1 2
2 h  yfor  0t  gt
0 v
θ0 0 sin
same coordinate28. system assumed in Eq. 4-22, we solve y = h:
28. (a) Using(a) theUsing the same coordinate system 1
1 Eq.
assumed in solve
Eq. 4-22, we solve 2for 2y = h:
same coordinate system
h  y  v sin  t  gt
assumed in 2 4-22, we for y = h:
h yields h = 51.8 m for y0 = 0, v0 = 42.0 m/s, h0 = y60.0°, 0  v0 sinandt0t=5.50gts.
al speedSolution
of 2 0 0 0
Figure
which yields1 h =251.8
0x  t0  0 0gt
4-34 Problem

m 
2
28.
1for2 y0 = 0,1v0 =
  2 42.0 m/s, 0 = 60.0°, and t =
rd. horizontal
The It hits at motion
(a) yields
which
ish h =y51.8
steady,
0 m
so vx0for
v =sinv = v h 
cos
y0 =00, v0 = 42.0
y  , v
but
0 sinh 
the y
t  v
verticalgtsin t
component
m/s,0 00 2= 060.0°,0 and2t = 5.50 s.
gt of
city varies
) What is according
the to Eq. 4-23.
••29 Thus, the speed
A projectile’s launch at2impact
speedisis five times its speed at maxi-
(b)launch
The horizontal motion is steady, so vx = v0x = v0 cos 0, but the v
which yields h = 51.8 m for y = 0, v = 42.0 m/s,  = 60.0°, and
d is the dart mum
which
(b) The horizontal
varies
height.
yields h = 51.8 Find m
motionvelocity
which 2yields for
h is y =
steady,
= 51.8 0,
0 m for
angle
vso =
0 vyx0=
varies
"
42.0=
0
0 .
v0,m/s, =00 42.0
0x v=0 v
according cos to
0 m/s,
= 60.0°, 0, but
Eq. 0the
and t==60.0°,
4-23. 5.50 [Link]
vertical
Thus, component
thet =0speed of impact is
5.50 [Link]
0  Asoccer v0tosinEq. kicked
2
v  ••30
velocity v0 cosaccording ball  gt
0 4-23.  27.4
Thus, thefromm/s.
speedthe at impact is with an initial
51.8 m for y = 0,
(b)
v
(b)(b)0 The horizontal
0
The
= 42.0 m/s,
motion is steady,
horizontal motion

is = 60.0°, and tground
=
0 so vx = v0x = v0 cos 0, but the vertical
is steady, so v = v =
5.50
v cos
s.
0,mbut component of component of
the vertical
tabletop that velocity speed of 19.5 m/s at
varies according to Eq. 4-23. an upward angle of 45°.
x
Thus, the speed at impact is 2 A
0x player
0 55 away in
   
2
We use
(b) The horizontal motion is steady, so v = v = v cos  , but th
Eq. 4-24
horizontally with v =velocity
0 and
the direction y varies
v ofthe
= H: according
v0 cos kick sin 0  gt 
2 to Eq. 4-23. Thus,2the speed at impact is
 0  starts
  v0running v v
tomeet cos
0  27.4 
the  v sin
ball at that in-   gt  27.4 m/
x0 m/s. 0x 0
y
00 0
al motion
? (b) What is is steady, so
stant. What must v =
xv  be v = v
0xhis average 02 cos 
speed0 , but the vertical
if he2 is to meet the ball justcomponent of
ccording (c) to
(c)We b g
velocity varies according
[Link]
use4-23.
Eq. Hit hits
4-24 vwith
Thus, 0the
 v02 cos 0    v0 sin 2 0  gt   27.4 m/s.2
to Eq. 4-23. Thus, the speed at impact is
sin 
ythe
vground?
(c) 0= 0 v
We  .5ym.
speed
and use
67 v0H:
=
Eq. at4-24
cos 0  with
impact
For   vv0is sin   gt   27.4 m/s.
y = 00 and y = H:
2g
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an
object traveling at a constant (uniform) speed
on a circular path
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
• Magnitude: The centripetal acceleration
of an object moving with a speed v on a
circular path of radius r has a magnitude
ac given by 2
v
ac =
R

•Direction: The centripetal

acceleration vector always points
toward the center of the circle and
continually changes direction as
the object moves.
 Properties of UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

• Period of the motion T: is the time for a particle to go

around a closed path exactly once has a special name.

•Average speed is :

•This number of revolutions in a given time is known as

the frequency, f.
Example 6 A Tire-Balancing Machine

The wheel of a car has a radius of r=0.29

m and is being rotated at 830 revolutions
per minute (rpm) on a tire-balancing
machine. Determine the speed (in m/s) at
which the outer edge of the wheel is
moving.
 scalar components of :v are shown in Fig. 4-17b. With them, we can write
Now note that the rate dy /dt at which y changes is eq
y v
:
v as
scalar
: components of v : are shown in Fig. 4-17b. With them, we can write y v
eity v as components
scalar Now, using of v are the shown rightin triangle Fig. [Link] With [Link],
4-17a, we4-5canwe UN can
pI FOR
write replace
M CI RCU sinL AR
u with
M OTIONvyp /r p θ θ 77
and
city : v:as : θ v
city v as v :!cos with x /r to write p p
: component v . Similarly, dx /dt ! v , and, again from Fig. 4-17
vx î u
% v y ĵ !
v:! vx î % vy:ĵ ! ("v sin $)î y
p ("v
v ! vx î % vy ĵ ! ("v sin $)î % (v cos $)ĵ. sin $ )î % (v
% (v cos $)ĵ.
cos $ )ĵ . (4-36)
(4-36)
p
(4-36) x y p
θ

"v sin u and v ! v!cos u. ! " these substitutions in Eq. 4-3

" Making
vx p
hethe scalarright components
v ! vx î of
triangle % vvFig.
in yare shown
ĵ !4-17a,("v sin inwe Fig.
$)îcan 4-17b.
% (v : cosWith
replace . vyupwe
$)ĵthem,
sin with can ywrite (4-36)
/r p
and r r y yp
ng
ocitythe: v right
as triangle in Fig. 4-17a, we can replace v ! "sin u with î %ypp/r and ĵ . vr (4-37)
θ θrypθ
p
ng the right triangle in Fig. 4-17a, we can replace sin u rwith y /r and r
p /r
x to write right: triangle in Fig. 4-17a, weycan replace sin u with yp /r and
p yp
hsing /r to write
h xpp /rthe to write θ
xpθ x p x
x x
v ! vTo x î % vy ĵ ! ("v sin $)îvx (v cos .
$)ĵparticle (4-36)
""" !!! ""
p
vx%
!!!
:
:: find vy the p p acceleration of we must take the time derivative
th xp /r to write vy a p, xp of this
pp x
v: v ! ! " " vyp î î% % vxp ĵĵ.. (4-37)
(4-37) xp

! " ! "
r
2 time, we obtain 2 (a)
using the rightequation.
! " ! "
v :! inNoting p thatwe
î % speed canĵ . replace
v and radius
v v r doynot change with
vx (4-37) y
rrrvy rrr p ĵ .
triangle "Fig. 4-17a, sin u with p /r and p

with xp /r to write :: v ! " î % : (4-37) θ

y
nd
thethe acceleration
acceleration
accelerationa: aaof particlerp,
ofparticle p,we wemust mustrtake
must take
take a! " cos $ î % "
: the time derivative
sin $ ĵ.
derivative ofof this
this x

! " ! r "
nd the of particle p, we d vthe time v dy
derivative of this v dx xp

! " ! " vypr do not :vxp p p

Noting
oting
find the thatthat speed
speed
acceleration
n. Noting that speed
v vand :and
v
:
a of
. Noting that speed v and radius r do not changedt
! radius
radiusparticle
" r
r
do p,
î not
% we
:v and radius r do not change with time, we obtain
a !
change
change
must
r
ĵ take
. with
with ! the
with time, we "
time,
time
r
we
r
we obtain
obtain
derivative
obtain
dt
î %
(4-37)of this
r dt
(a) (a)ĵ.(a)
(a) y y y
(4-38)

!! ""and
!!! its" "components are shown in Fig. 4-17c. Follow
d
:
d dv v :: v v
vv dy dy
dyp, ppweî must
v
vvtake dx dx
dxpthe
pp time v v
o find the acceleration
:: aa!Now
! dtdnote a! of " particle
"that the rate /dt ĵ.at derivative
which y(4-38) of (4-38)
this is equal to the v yvelocity
dy p changes
a: ! ! î
î % ĵ. ĵ. (4-38)
This vector !
!
"
" !
%
%
"
:
on. Noting that: speeddt dt v vand radiusrrr v dtrdt dy
do pnot change rrr v dt dx
dt
p
dt
with p time, we obtain (a) θ vvy θ vθy vy
a!
component ! " [Link], î % dxp /dt !ĵ.vx, and, again (4-38) from Fig. 4-17b, we see that vxθ!vy
e that the rate dt /dtat atwhich which dt changes r dtisequal equal
y
te that therate dyd/dt
dy /dt at which dypvyyyppcos p changes dxispis toto
tothe the velocity
velocity
velocityin Eq. 4-38, we findv vx x vx
v
" ! " !
:
that the : dy sin pv v ! changes vMaking equal the
"v p p u and v y u. these substitutions
nt a! ! " îy%from ĵ. equal (4-38)
ent yy.. Similarly,
[Link],
ote that the rate
Similarly, dxdx ppdy/dt!
/dt !vvvxat
p /dt x,,and,
and,
which
and, again
again from
changes Fig.4-17b,
Fig. 4-17b,
is4-17b, wewe tosee
see the
thatthat vx v!
velocity
vx x!!2 θ vy vx
v v2
/dt dt ! , r dtagain p from r Fig.
dt we see that
p x
and vy v!
and vvyyy! v cos Making
Making these
these substitutions
substitutions [Link]. 24-38,
v4-38, wewe findfind
! % a" !! r 2(cos
"
nent .!
vSimilarly, u. dxp /dtthese ! v , substitutions
and, again from Fig. 4-17b, we see thatvv2x !
2 2 2vx (4-39) x x 2
d
note that cos
[Link]
u and vy ! v cos u. Making
Making
a ! 2a
dyp /dt at xwhich
these $) % (sin $) !
substitutions 1
yp changes:
a ! "
in
Eq.
is
Eq.
equal4-38,
cos
4-38,
we
to$
we
the
rx we seeythat vx !r
find
î %
find
velocity
" sin $ ĵ . x
onent vy. Similarly,
u and vy ! v: acos
:

!! !
a!
! """" !!!! """"
dxp /dt
u. Making
"
"
v2v22! vx, and, againvfrom
"v 2cos
rr vcos
cos
these $ î
î%% ""v sin
$$ îsubstitutions
%
r " r
v222 Fig. 4-17b,
rv 2sin
sin in$Eq.
$
$ĵ. ĵ4-38,
ĵ
.
. we find (4-39) (4-39)
(4-39)
x

This
a !vector
:
"r 2 and cos $itsî % components "r sin $ are ĵ. shown in Fig.(4-39) 4-17c. Following Eq. 3-6, we find x
r 2r
tor
or andand its its components
and its components
components
ctor and its components as we
:
! wanted
a! " " ! to prove.
"are
are
vv22 rare
v shown
a
shownin
shown
!shown2a
inFig.
To orient a , we find the angle f showny
are cos $ îin % Fig.
Fig.
2in Fig.
%
4-17c.
[Link]
" 4-17c.
a
sin $v
!
Following
2ĵ.
Following
r 24-17c.vFollowing2 2
2(cos
[Link].
Eq.
3-6,
v 2Eq.
$ )
3-6,wewe
3-6,
22 3-6,
%
find
(4-39)
we
find
find
we find
(sin $ )2
!
:2
v
(b) (b)
11 ! y ,
v 2
(b)

a 2a 2 2
2x % a y2 ! 2 2(cos ) 2 x
2% (sin $) 2! r 211 ! y 2 v v , (b)
!
a !and
ector 2a its % a !v r 2 2(cos
components are shown $ $)2 in %Fig. (sin4-17c.
$)2 !Following rv v2 11 ! Eq.r
2
v3-6, 2, we find r (b) r y
2 x 2 y r v r rv y
!a2a x %2 a% y !2 ! 2(cos $) $)% 2 (sin $) ! :11 !! , ,
a
! 2a 2 y
x asawe 2 : 2(cos (sin ) 11 2
$
"(v /r) sin $
y rwanted % ! (b)
nted to toOrientation
prove. To orient vr a:, we find to prove. the angle To forient shown 2r
v rain, we Fig.find2
v4-17c:r r the angle f y shown in Fig. 4-17c:
nted a !prove. 2a 2x %Toa 2yorient ! :a2(cos , we find $)2 the % (sin angle $)2 f !shown 11in!Fig. 4-17c: , y ax
ed
antedto prove.
to prove. To To orient orient r a , we
:
a
aay : "(v /r) , wefind find2 the
2 sin $
the angle
angle f tan # !
fshownr
shown
ay ! in
in ! tan $.
r
Fig.
Fig. 4-17c:
4-17c:
2
"(v /r) sin $ 2
ax
axax
wanted to prove. tan
tanTo ## orient
!
!aay xa a!, we
y

ax ! y
! "(v
"(v
"(v
"(v
find
"(v /r)
/r)
2
/r)
22 the tan
2
/r)/r)
cos
sin
sin
cos
$
sin
$
angle#
$$$
!
! f!tanshown
tan $ a.
$
a$x.
"(v /r) cos $
. in
!Fig. 4-17c: 2
"(v /r) cos $
! tanx $.
a
ax φ a y ay
a
φ
a
tantan #! # ! a:y ! "(v 2
2 /r) sin $ ! tan
! tan $. a aa
φ φ y yx
! u, which means tan #that a
!x a: a x ! "(v
is directed
"(v /r) 2
/r)cos cos $
along!the
$ tan radius
$. : r of Fig. 4-17a, a a x
! u, which means Thus, that a is which
directed means
along that
the radius
a is directed
r of Fig. along
4-17a, the : radius r of φ 4-17a,
Fig.
y

Thus, f ! u, which means that a is directed along the rad

2
he circle’s center, as we wanted f !a x u, "(vto prove. /r) cos $ x x
: :
he which
u,!circle’s
u, which means
center, means
toward that
as wethatthea
wanted
: is directed
is
acircle’s to prove.
directed center, along
along as thetheradius
we radiusrrto
wanted of Fig.
Fig. 4-17a,
ofprove. 4-17a, x
f ! u, which means that a is directed along the radius r of Fig. 4-17a,
the circle’s
circle’s center,
center, as we as we wanted wanted to to prove. prove.
kpoint 5 toward
d the circle’s center, the
as we wanted circle’s center, as we wanted to prove.
to prove.
kpoint 5 (c)
Checkpoint 5
ect moves at constant speed along a circular path in a horizontal xy plane, with (c) Particle p moves in counter-
Figure 4-17 (c)
Check Your Understanding
The car in the drawing is
moving clockwise around a
circular section of road at a
constant speed. What are
the directions of its velocity
and acceleration at following
positions? Specify your
responses as north, east,
south, or west.

(a)position 1
(b) position 2
 Check Your Understanding
The car in the drawing is
moving clockwise around a
circular section of road at a
constant speed. What are
the directions of its velocity
and acceleration at following
positions? Specify your
responses as north, east,
south, or west.

The velocity is due south and the acceleration is due west (a)position 1
The velocity is due west and the acceleration is due north (b) position 2
Example 7 The Effect of Radius on Centripetal Acceleration

The bobsled track at the

1994 Olympics in
Lillehammer, Norway,
contained turns with radii
of 33 m and 24 m, as
Figure illustrates. Find the
centripetal acceleration at
each turn for a speed of
34 m/s, a speed that was
achieved in the two-man
event. Express the
answers as multiples of
g=9.8 m/s2.
 Relative Motion in One Dimension

Text

The coordinate x PA = x PB + x BA

The velocity v PA = v PB +v BA
Zero because relative
velocty is constant
The acceleration a xPA = a xPB +a xBA

Observers on different frames of reference that move at constant velocity

relative to each other will measure the same acceleration for a moving particle
 Relative Motion in Two Dimension

The coordinate r PA = r PB + r BA

The velocity v PA = v PB + v BA

The acceleration a PA = a PB +a BA

Zero because relative

velocty is constant
Sample Problem