Lesson 4: Routing

Implementing NAT

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 Network Address
Translation (NAT)
• Enables a LAN to use one set of IP addresses
for internal traffic and a second set of
addresses for external traffic.
• As a result, you can:
o Provide a type of firewall by hiding internal IP
addresses.
o Enable multiple internal computers to share a
single external public IP address.
• Not common to use NAT on a Windows
Server (appliance is typically used)
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 Network Address
Translation (NAT)
The private network addresses as expressed in
RFC 1918:
• [Link]–[Link]
• [Link]–[Link]
• [Link]–[Link]

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Implementing Routing

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 Routing Terms…
• Routing: The process of selecting paths in a network
where data will be sent.
• Routers: Operate at the OSI Reference Model Layer
3, Network layer.
o MS implements routers through RRAS (same tool as VPN)
o Routers are used to connect different IP networks together
o They maintain a table based on network addresses
o Routers do not forward broadcast traffic
o The router is the gateway address assigned to clients
• The Default Gateway is usually the first IP in the network
range
• This is the pathway off their network

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 Routing Terms…
• Routers: (cont’d)
o The most common router manufacturer for
enterprise is likely going to be Cisco
• The have their own certification path
• The college currently has a single Cisco router
that connects us to the WAN
o Home networks also have a router/modem
• These devices will perform NAT and Route
traffic to your ISP
o Of course, they have many other features

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 Routing Terms…
• Layer 2 switches: Operate at the layer 2 OSI model
and are used to connect a host to a network by
performing packet switching that allows traffic to
be sent only to where it needs to be sent based on
mapping MAC addresses of local devices.
o Maintain a table based on MAC addresses
o Used for routing based on MAC addresses
o Our classroom has a layer 2 switch
• Layer 3 switches: Can perform layer 2 switching, but
also perform routing based on IP addresses within
an organization.
o Cannot be used for directly connecting WAN connections
o Commonly a company will have a single router to connect
to the WAN, and use L3 switches internally

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 Routing Terms…
• Routing table: A data table stored in a
router or networked computer that lists the
routes of particular network distances and
the associated metrics or distances
associated with those routes.
o Every computer has a routing table
o You can display the routing table using the route
print command
o A routing table is basically broken into 4 sections
• Network Address – Subnet Mask – Interface – Gateway
• We will examine this more closely in upcoming slides

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 Installing a Microsoft
Router
• Microsoft uses the RAS role and the RRAS
tool to install and configure a software
router on a Windows Server
• This is not common practice the most
production environments as most
companies deploy a hardware router to
perform routing functions
o We will use it to get an understanding of routing

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 Install RAS Role

Install the RAS role and then choose Routing (will auto select VPN)

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Configure RRAS…

Configure RRAS to support routing

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Configure RRAS

Configure RRAS to support routing

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Sample Routing Diagram

You will see this diagram a lot on your test

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 Default Routing Table
• When RRAS is enabled and configured as a
router, the routing table contains entries
automatically
• The default entries in the routing table are
based on the network cards attached to
the router
o See next slide…

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 Default Routing Table
• Based on the Sample Routing Diagram,
• Server1 would already know the following
routes:
o Network A ([Link]), Network B ([Link]),
Network C ([Link]) and Network D ([Link])
• Server2 would already know the following
routes:
o Network D ([Link]) and Network E ([Link])
• Server3 would already know the following
routes:
o Network E ([Link]), Network F ([Link]) and
Internet ([Link])

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 Static Route
• Entries in the routing table can be address in 2
ways:
• (1) Static route: A route created manually in a
routing table.
o This is common in a small environment with a handful
of networks/routers
o The command line tool to add routes to the routing
table is route add
• Example: route add [Link] mask [Link]
[Link]
• This will add the network address [Link] with a
SNM of [Link] and a gateway of [Link] to
the route table

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 Dynamic Route
• (2) Dynamic route: A route created dynamically
based on the current routing topology. Created
with a routing protocol such as Routing
Information Protocol (RIP).
o RIP will automatically update the routing table and
broadcast the entries to the routers it connects to
o The broadcast occurs every 30 seconds by default
• This is not a broadcast to all clients but only
between routers
o RIP can be added through RRAS

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Managing Static Routes

Displaying static routes using RRAS

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Create a New Static Route
using RRAS

Adding Network E to Server1 through RRAS

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 Create a New Static Route
using RRAS

Adding and Removing a route from command

The /P makes it a persistent route which means it will remain even

after restart

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 Configure RIP

Specifying a new routing protocol and adding

a new interface

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 Configure RIP

Configuring RIP and broadcast interval

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 Home Routes
• The next 2 slides show the routing table from
my home machine
• The first slide shows the routes before
connecting to the VPN at the college
• The second slide shows the routing table
after connect to the VPN at the college
• You will notice a new entry was added for
[Link] network
o This is the address for the college VPN
o I received an address of

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Routing Table Before VPN

This is from my home PC before I connect to the college VPN.

Notice there is no entry for [Link] (college VPN address) 25
Routing Table After VPN

This is from my home PC before I connect to the college VPN.

Notice there is an entry for [Link] and [Link]
(college VPN server) 26
 Default Route…
• A default route defines where packets will be sent if
no specific route for the destination network is listed
in the routing table.
• If no default route is set, the router will discard all
packets with destination addresses not found in its
routing table.
• Without a default route configured, you can only
communicate with devices within your routing table
• The default route address is [Link]
• If you have a gateway setup on the machine, the
gateway address becomes the default route
o See next slide

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 Default Route
• Based on the Sample
Routing Diagram, this is
the routing table on
Client1
• This means that any route
not known to Client1 will
be sent to the router
o The client really only knows
the route for [Link]
network. Everything else
goes to the default route.

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 DHCP Relay Agent
• DHCP requires a range of IP addresses that can
be distributed.
• A scope defines a single physical subnet on a
network to which DHCP services are offered.
• DHCP server has to be physically connected to
the subnet, or you have to install a DHCP Relay
Agent or DHCP Helper on the subnet that relays
the DHCP requests to the DHCP server.
o Switches use an IP Helper which does the same thing
and therefor does not require a “relay agent”

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Configure the DHCP Relay Agent

Specifying the DHCP Server IP address that the

DHCP Relay Agent Relays DORA packets to
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 YouTube Videos
How to Enable LAN Routing In Windows Server 2019

31. How to Enable LAN Routing In Windows Server 2019

– YouTube

Windows Server Routing (RRAS) With RIPv2

(more detail than I went into but a good explanation)

Windows Server Routing (RRAS) With RIPv2 – YouTube

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