CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical substance into another

chemical substance is known as Chemical Reaction. For example: Rusting of
iron, the setting of milk into curd, digestion of food, respiration, etc.
In a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed which is completely different
in properties from the original substance, so in a chemical reaction, a chemical
change takes place
Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an
example of a chemical reaction.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) △→ 2MgO(s)
Q. Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air? (Page6 Q1)
[Link] burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with
[Link] is done to remove the protective layer of basic magnesium
carbonate( magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide) from the surface of
the magnesium ribbon. This protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate
prevents magnesium to react further with oxygen.
Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called
[Link]: Mg and O2
Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.
Example: MgO.
Characteristics of Chemical Reactions :

(i) Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute
sulphuric acid is characterised by the evolution of hydrogen [Link]
flask becomes hot in this reaction and shows temperature change,that
is an exothermic reaction.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑

(ii) Change in Colour: The reaction between lead nitrate and potassium
iodide is characterized by formation of yellow precipitate of lead
iodide.
 Pb(NO3)2 + KI→ PbI2+ 2KNO3
Lead nitrate+Potassium iodide→Lead iodide+Potassium nitrate
(Colourless). (colourless). Yellow ppt. (Colourless)

The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium chloride

solution is characterised by the formation of a white precipitate of
barium sulphate.

BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)

Colourless). (colourless). (White ppt). (Colourless)

(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is

characterised by a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because
the wax is a solid, water formed by the combustion of wax is a liquid at
room temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the
combustion of wax is a gas). There are some chemical reactions which
can show more than one characteristics.
Wax(s)→CO2(g) +H2O(l)

(iv) Change in temperature:

1 . The chemical reaction between quick lime water to form slaked
lime is characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in
temperature).
[Link] chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric
acid is also characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in
temperature).
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑
3. When aqueous solution of barium hydroxidecold Ba(OH)2 and
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)are mixed together they react together chemically,
temperature falls and the container become cold.(which is fall in temperature).
Ba(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl→ BaCl2. + 2NH3. + 2H2O
 (v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric
acid and barium chloride solution is characterised by the formation of
a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)
The reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide is
characterized by formation of yellow precipitate of lead iodide.
Pb(NO3)2 + KI→ PbI2+ 2KNO3
Lead nitrate+Potassium iodide→Lead iodide+Potassium nitrate
(Colourless). (colourless). Yellow ppt. (Colourless)
Chemical Equation: Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and
formulae of the substances is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D
When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water. This reaction can be
represented by the following chemical equation:
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water. (1)
H2 + O2 → H2O. (2)
In the first equation, words are used and in second, symbols of substances are
used to write the chemical equation. For convenience, the symbol of substance
is used to represent chemical equations.
A chemical equation with symbols is a way to represent the chemical reaction in
a concise and informative way.
A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced Chemical Equation
and Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
NCERT(PAGE 15 ) QNO 4(BACK EXERCISE)
Q4. Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the number
of atoms of each element equal on both sides.
Example: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are equal on both
sides, so it is a Balanced Chemical Equation.
. [Link] is the need to balance a chemical equation?
[Link] need to balance a chemical equation in order to satisfy the law of
conservation of mass.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements
present in reactants must be equal to the total mass of elements present in
products .
Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of each element in
reactants is not equal to the number of atoms of each element present in the
product, then the chemical equation is called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
In this example, a number of atoms of elements are not equal on two sides of
the reaction. For example; on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present,
while three iron atoms are present on the right-hand side. Therefore, it is an
unbalanced chemical equation
Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical equation,
follow these steps:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in products in
a table as shown here.
Balance the atom which is maximum in number on either side of a chemical
equation. In this equation, the number of oxygen atom is the maximum on
the RHS.
To balance the oxygen, one needs to multiply the oxygen on the LHS by 4, so
that, the number of oxygen atoms becomes equal on both sides.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Now, the number of hydrogen atoms becomes 8 on the LHS, which is more than
that on the RHS. To balance it, one needs to multiply the hydrogen on the RHS
by 4.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
After that, the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms becomes equal on both
sides. The number of iron is one on the LHS, while it is three on the RHS. To
balance it, multiply the iron on the LHS by 3.
3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides. Thus,
this equation becomes a balanced equation

After balancing, the above equation can be written as follows:

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Q. What can be done to make Equations More Informative?
Ans.A chemical equation can give more information in the following ways:
1. The physical state of the reactants and products can be indicated by
putting (s) for solid, (l) for Liquid, (g) for gas and (aq) for aqueous state.
2. Evolution or absorption of heat during the reaction can be denoted by
adding or subtracting a heat term on the product side.
3. Temperature, pressure and catalyst can be indicated above the arrow (→
or =) separating the reactants and products.
4. Concentration of reactants and products are indicated by adding word
(dil) for dilute and (conc).

NCERT PAGE NO 6 (Q/A)

Question 2
Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate +
Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Answer:
(i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(ii) 3 BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → BaSO4 + 2 AlCl3
(iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑
Question 3
Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following
reactions :
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to
give insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid
solution (in water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Answer:
(i) BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl (aq)
(ii) NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1. Combination Reaction
2. Decomposition Reaction
3. Displacement Reaction
4. Double Displacement Reaction
5. Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Combination Reaction: Reactions in which two or more reactants combine to

form one product are called Combination Reactions.A general combination
reaction can be represented by the chemical equation given here:
A + B → AB
Examples:(ncert)

1. When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon dioxide is formed. In this

reaction, carbon is combined with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide

2. Formation of water from H2 (g) and O2 (g)

2H2(g). + O2 (g) →2H2O(l)

3. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked
lime(calcium hydroxide) releasing a large amount of heat .In this reaction
calcium oxide and water combined to form a single product calcium
hydroxide.
CaO(s)+ H2O→Ca(OH)2(aq) +Heat

More examples:

Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
NH3(g) + HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)
Ammonia+Hydrogen chloride→Ammonium chloride

2Na(s) + Cl2 (g )→2NaCl(s)

Sodium+chlorine→Sodium chloride

2CO(g)+ O2(g )→ 2CO2 (g)

Carbon monoxide+oxygen→Carbon dioxide

[Link] the chemical formulae of lime,slaked lime,marble and quick lime.

A. Their chemical formulae are CaO,Ca(OH)2,CaCO3 and CaO respectively.

Q. Which chemical is used in whitewashing? Why do the white walls

shine after whitewashing?
[Link] lime is used for whitewashing the walls and roofs. Slaked lime
react with carbon dioxide and form calcium carbonate in 2-3 days
.Calcium carbonate gives a shiny finish to walls and roofs.
NCERT PAGE NO 10(Q/A)
Q.1.A solution of substance X is used for whitewashing.
a)Name the substance and write its formula.
b) Write the reaction of substance X with water.
[Link] substance used in whitewashing is quicklime (CaO)It react with
water to produce slaked lime Ca(OH)2.
CaO(s)+ H2O→Ca(OH)2(aq) +Heat.

Decomposition Reaction:: Reactions in which one compound decomposes

in two or more compounds or elements are known as Decomposition
Reaction.
A decomposition reaction is just the opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B

Types of decomposition Reaction

*Thermal decomposition
*Electrolytic decomposition
*Photolytic decomposition

Examples:
Thermal decomposition

1. When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium

oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) heat−→− CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

2. When ferrous sulphate is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide,

sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide.
2FeSO4 (s) △→ Fe2O3(s) + SO3(g) + SO2(g)

[Link] lead nitrate powder is heated over flame in boiling tube ,it
decomposes into lead oxide and fumes of nitrogen gas is produced with
oxygen gas.

2Pb(NO3)2(s) heat−→− 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Q.A colourless lead salt on heating produces brown fumes and a yellow
[Link] these compounds and write balanced chemical equation for
the reaction.
A. Colourless lead salt is lead nitrate. Yellow solid is lead oxide and brown
fumes are of nitrogen oxide.

2Pb(NO3)2(s) heat−→− 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

(Lead nitrate). (Lead oxide) (Nitrogen dioxide)(Oxygen)

Q. A light green iron salt on heating become colourless. On further

heating, it gives a brown black solid and odour of burning [Link]
the chemical equation for the reaction, name the iron salt and type of
reaction.
[Link] light green salt is ferrous sulphate heptahydrate .This on heating
become colorless and on further heating it gives brown black solid ferric
oxide and the gases sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide which smells like
burning sulphur.
FeSO4.7H2O △→ FeSO4(s) +7H2O
Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate△→Anhydrous ferrous sulphate+water

2FeSO4 (s) △→ Fe2O3(s) + SO3(g) + SO2(g)

Anhydrous ferrous sulphate△→Ferric oxide+ sulphur trioxide+sulphur
dioxide.

Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds decompose

into simpler compounds because of passing of electricity, are known as
Electrolytic Decomposition.
This is also known as Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into
hydrogen and oxygen.

2H2O(l) →H2(g) + O2(g)

[Link] the help of an activity show electrolysis of water

[Link] a plastic mug. Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber stopper in
these holes.
[Link] carbon/graphite electrodes in this rubber stopper. Connect the
right side of rod to negative terminal of the battery( cathode) and
connect left side to the positive terminal of the battery (anode).
[Link] the mug with water such that the electrodes are completely
[Link] few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.
[Link] two test tubes filled with water and invert them over the two
carbon electrodes
[Link] these electrodes to a 6 Volt battery.
[Link] electric current through water by turning on the switch and leave
the apparatus undisturbed for some times.
[Link] will observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes.
8.H2 and O2 gases formed as a result of electrolysis of water gets her
collected in the test tube placed over the electrodes.
[Link] test tube filled with gases are removed and then burning candle is
brought close to the mouth of each test tube one by [Link] is done in
order to test the gases collected in the test tubes
[Link] burning candle is brought near the mouth of test tube
containing H2 the gas in it burns rapidly with popping sound whereas
when the burning candle is brought near the mouth of test tube
containing O2 candle starts burning brightly ,this is because oxygen help
in burning.
Result: The electrolysis of water produces 2 volume of H2 gas and one
volume of O2 gas. This shows that water is made-up of two parts of
hydrogen and one part of oxygen by volume, so the formula for water is
H2O.

NCERT PAGE NO 10(Q/A)

Q.2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tube is double
in the electrolysis of water. Name this gas.
The chemical equation for the electrolysis of water is
2H2O(g)→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Its evident from the equation that water contains two parts of hydrogen
and one part oxygen. Therefore, during the electrolysis of water the
amount of hydrogen gas collected in one of the test tubes is double than
that of the oxygen produced and collected in the other test tube.
2H2O(g)→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
O2 gas=32 grams or one mole
H2 gas= 4grams or 2moles
[Link] hydrogen burns in oxygen, water is produced. When water is
electrolyzed, hydrogen and oxygen is [Link] type of these
reactions are? What is the relation between these reactions?
[Link] of H2 gas and O2 is an example of combination reaction. It is
because two substances H2 and O2 are combining to form only one
product.
2H2(g) + O2(g)→ 2H2O(l)
Electrolysis of water as an example of decomposition reaction It is
because only one reactant is given two products H2 and O2.
2H2O(g)→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)

*Electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide

Electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide produces aluminum metal and
oxygen gas. It is a decomposition [Link] obtained is in
liquid [Link] method is used for extraction of aluminium from
Al2O3.
Al2O3(l)→4 Al(l)+3O2(g)

*Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride

Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride produces sodium metal and
chlorine [Link] is a decomposition reaction and it is used for the extraction
of sodium metal from common salt.
2NaCl→2Na(l)+Cl2(g)

Photochemical decomposition
Reactions that are brought about by light energy are called as
photochemical reactions
[Link] happens when silver chloride is kept in sunlight
When silver chloride is kept in sunlight it decomposes to give a grey color
silver metal and chlorine gas 2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2

[Link] happens when silver bromide is kept in sunlight give it’s one
application write the reaction involved
When silver bromide is kept in sunlight for sometimes it turns grey this is
because of
the presence of sunlight it decomposes into silver metal
Application this reaction is used in black and white photography

2AgBr2→ 2Ag + Br2

Displacement reactionThe chemical reactions in which a more reactive

element displaces a less reactive element from a compound is known as
Displacement Reactions. Displacement reactions are also known as
Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/ replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical
equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more
reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more reactive than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace
‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taking place.
Example:
Lead is more reactive element than copper .It will displace copper from its
compound.
Pb(s)+ CuCl2 (aq)→ PbCl2(aq)+ Cu(s)
 Reactivity series

NCERT PAGE NO 13(Q/A)

Q1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution changes when an iron nail
is dipped in it?
[Link] is more reactive than copper therefore iron displaces copper from copper
sulphate [Link] to the formation of ferrous sulphate blue colour of
copper sulphate solution fades and it changes into light green [Link] nail
get coated with the red brown copperTha
Fe + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
[Link] test tube (A) silver nitrate solution is taken and in test tube(B) solution of
zinc sulphate was taken. Now a strip of copper is placed in both the solutions
.Which solution will become blue?
[Link] in test tube (A)becomes blue because copper is more reactive than
silver. Copper displaces silver from the silver nitrate solution.

Cu(s)+ 2AgNO3(aq) ➡️2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

Test tube (B)contains zinc sulphate [Link] copper strip is placed in zinc
sulphate solution, there is no reaction this is because copper is less reactive
than zinc and copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution. The
solution remain colourless.
Cu+ ZnSO4 →No reaction
Double displacement Reactions:Reactions in which ions are exchanged between
two reactants forming new compounds are called Double Displacement
Reactions. AB + CD → AC + BD Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium
sulphate, white precipitate(insoluble substance) of barium sulphate is formed
along with sodium ch noloride. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate)
+ 2NaCl(aq)
Q.a)What will be the colour of ppt formed when solution of lead nitrate and
potassium iodide is mixed?
b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the

reaction.

C) Is this a double displacement Reaction.

[Link] the solution of lead nitrate is added to solution of potassium iodide

a yellow colour precipitate of lead iodide is formed.
Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 ( aq ) + 2 KI ( aq ) → PbI 2 ( s )+ 2 KNO 3 ( aq )
Yes it is a double displacement reaction because both ions change their position.

EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

NCERT PAGE NO 16 (Q/A)BACK EXERCISE
[Link] does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions ? Give
examples.
Answer: Exothermic reactions : Those reactions in which heat is evolved are
known as exothermic reactions. An exothermic reaction is indicated by writing
“+ Heat”on the products side of an equation.
Example :
(i) C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + Heat
(ii) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) + Heat
Endothermic reactions : Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as
endothermic reactions. An endothermic reaction is usually indicated by writing
“Heat” on the product side of a chemical equation.
Examples :
(i) C (s) + 2S (s) → CS2 (l) – Heat
(ii) N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO(g) – Heat
Question 10
Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction ? Explain.
Answer:
Respiration is an exothermic process because during respiration glucose
combines with oxygen in the cells of our body to form carbon dioxide and water
along with the production of energy.

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:

Oxidation:Those reaction in which a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen
is called oxidation.

Reduction: Those reactions in which are substance gain hydrogen or loses

oxygen is called reduction.
*Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together .If one substance is
oxidized then the other substance is reduced or vice versa. The oxidation and
reduction reactions are also called as a redox reaction. In the term redox ‘red'
stands for reduction and' ox ‘stands for oxidation.
Oxidizing agent:
The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation or removes hydrogen from a
substance is called an Oxidizing agent.
Reducing agent:
The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction or removes oxygen from a
substance is called a Reducing agent.
Examples:
1. When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and
hydrogen are formed.
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from

copper oxide. Removal of oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so

copper oxide is being reduced to copper.
CuO is being reduced to [Link] CuO is an oxidising agent.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to
hydrogen. Addition of oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so
hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
H2 is being oxidised to H2O . Therefore ,H2 is a reducing agent.
[Link] zinc oxide is heated with carbon, then zinc metal and Carbon monoxide
are formed.

(i) In this reaction, ZnO is changing into Zn. Oxygen is being removed
from zinc oxide. Removal of oxygen from a substance is called
Reduction, so zinc oxide is being reduced to zinc.
ZnO is being reduced to [Link] ZnO is an oxidising agent.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to
hydrogen. Addition of oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so
hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
H2 is being oxidised to H2O . Therefore ,H2 is a reducing agent.
3 When manganese dioxide react with hydrochloric acid then
manganese dichloride, chlorine and water is produced.

(i) In this reaction, MnO2 is losing oxygen to form MnCl2. Therefore

MnO2 is being reduced to MnCl2.
MnO2 is being reduced and therefore MnO2 is an oxidising agent.
(ii) HCl is losing hydrogen to form Cl2 Therefore HCl is being oxidized to
Cl2.
HCl is being oxidised and therefore HCl is reducing agent.

*Addition of metal is called reduction whereas addition of non metal is called

oxidation.
*Removal of metal is called oxidation whereas removal of non metal is called
reduction.
[Link] zinc reacts with ferrous chloride solution then zinc chloride and iron is
formed.
Zn + FeCl2 = Fe + ZnCl2
i)Cl2 (non metal) is being added to zinc to form ZnCl2. Addition of non metal is
called oxidation, therefore zinc is being oxidized and Zn is a reducing agent.
Zn is being oxidised and is reducing agent.
ii)FeCl2 is changing into [Link] (non metal) is being removed from FeCl2
.Removal of non metal is called reduction so FeCl2 is reduced to Fe and FeCl2 act
as an oxidising agent.
FeCl2 is being reduced and is oxidising agent.
Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and Rancidity.
Question 20 NCERT BACK EXERCISE(PAGE NO 15,16)
Explain the following terms with one example each (a)Corrosion, (b) Rancidity
Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable
compounds due to their reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in
the atmosphere is called Corrosion.
Example: Rusting of iron.
Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which
is called Rust.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(from air) + xH2O(moisture) → 2Fe2O3.xH2O(rust).
The Rusting of iron is a redox reaction.
Corrosion (rusting) weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such as
railings, car bodies, bridges and ships etc. and cuts short their life.
Methods to Prevent Rusting
By painting.
By greasing and oiling.
By galvanisation.
Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after some time
because the surface of these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper
carbonate, [Link](OH)2 when exposed to air.
Cu(s) + H2O(moisture) + CO2(from air) → [Link](OH)2(green)
Corrosion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes
dull) on exposure to air, due to the formation of a coating of black silver
sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface by the action of H2S gas present in the air.
Ag(s) + H2S (from air) → Ag2S(black) + H2(g)
Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes
when they are left exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is
caused due to the oxidation of fat and oil present in food materials.
Methods to prevent rancidity:

By adding anti-oxidant.
By adding antioxidants such as BHA and BHT which are reducing agents. They
themselves get oxidized and prevent the food from oxidation.
Vacuum packing.
By packing the food material in bags or air tight container.
Replacing air by nitrogen.
Unreactive N2 gas is filled in food bags which prevent the food from being
oxidized and prevent rancidity.
Refrigeration of foodstuff
By keeping the food in refrigerator. Due to low temperature and refrigerator the
oxidation and rancidity of food decreases.
NCERT PAGE NO 13(Q/A)
Question 2
Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in
Activity 1.10 (NCERT Text Book).
Answer:Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react to form sodium chloride
and water.
Question 3
Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances which are reduced
in the following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO (s) + H2(g) → Cu (s) + H2O(l)
Answer:
(i) Substances oxidised is Na as it gains oxygen and oxygen is reduced.
(ii) Substances reduced is Cu as hydrogen is oxidised as it gains oxygen

NCERT BACK EXERCISE(PAGE NO 15,16)

Question 5
Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then
balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
© Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium
chloride and a precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
Answer:
(a) 3H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
(b) H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) → SO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
© 3BaCl2 (aq) + Al2(SO4)3 (aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3BaSO4 ↓(s)
(d) 2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Question 6
Balance the following chemical equations :
(a) HNO3 + Ca (OH)2 → Ca (NO3)2 + H2O
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
© NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
Answer:
(a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
© NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
Question 7
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver
© Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium
chloride
Answer:
(a) Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
© 2Al + 3 CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3 Cu
(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl
Question 8
Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of
reaction in each case :
(a) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) +
Barium
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g) bromide(s)
© Hydrogen (g) + Chloride (g) → Hydrogen chloride (g)
(d) Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq) → Magnesium chloride (aq) +
Hydrogen (g)
Answer:
(a) 2KBr (aq) + Bal2(aq) → 2Kl(aq) + BaBr2(s)
Type : Double displacement reaction
(b) ZnCO3 (s) → ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)
Type : Decomposition reaction
(c) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl(g)
Type : Combination reaction
(d) Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Type : Displacement reaction
Question 11
Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions?
Write equations for these reactions.
Answer:
In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down to produce two or
more simpler substances.
For example:

While, in a combination reaction, two or more substances simply combine to

form a new substance.
For example

Question 12
Write one equation each for the decomposition reactions where energy is
supplied in the form of heat, light or electricity.
Answer
Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or
electricity for breaking down the reactants. Write one equation each for
decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and
electricity

Question 13
What is the difference between displacement and double displacement
reactions? Write equations for these reactions.
Answer:
In displacement reactions, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal
from its solution. For example,
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
This is a displacement reaction where iron displaces copper from its solution.
In double displacement reactions, two reactants in solution exchange their ions.
For example,
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
This is a double displacement reaction where silver nitrate and sodium chloride
exchange Cl– and NO3– ions between them
Question 14
In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution
involved displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Answer:

Question 15
What do you mean by a precipitation reaction ? Explain by giving examples.
Answer:
A reaction in which an insoluble solid called precipitate is formed that separates
from the solution is called a precipitation reaction.
Example : When a solution of iron (III) chloride and ammonium hydroxide are
mixed, a brown precipitate of iron (III) hydroxide is formed

Question 16
Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each:
(a) Oxidation and
(b) Reduction.
Answer:
A) Oxidation : The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation.
Example :
(i) S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) (Addition of oxygen to sulphur)
(ii) 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) (Addition of oxygen to magnesium)

B) : The removal of oxygen from a substance is called reduction.

Example: (i) CuO + H2 Heat−→−− Cu + H2O
Here, copper oxide is being reduced to copper because oxygen gets removed
from copper oxide.
(iii) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Here, zinc oxide is being reduced to zinc because oxygen gets removed from zinc
oxide
Question 17
A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour.
Name the element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.
Answer:
Element ‘X’ is copper (Cu).
The black coloured compound is copper oxide (CuO). The reaction involved is

Question 18
Why do we apply paint on iron articles ?
Answer:
Paint does not allow iron articles to come in contact with air, water and saves
iron articles from damage due to rusting.

Question 19
Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why ?
Answer:
To keep food items fresh and save from getting oxidised, food items are flushed
with nitrogen