Lesson Notes
Basic Concepts
• Punnett Square - probability (for example: blood typing)
• For diagnosing diseases: Hepatitis (hindi pwedeng iculture)
• Cytogen - cell and genetics
• Immunoserology - Immune system
Disorders and Conditions
• PKU - Phenylketonuria - may kulang na genes to convert proteins (metabolic
disorder)
• converting enzyme
Abnormal cells
• 120 days - shelf life of RBC
• Anemia - RBCs rupture within 20 days
Cell Division
Mitosis
• Somatic Cells
Meiosis
• gametes, haploid, sperm + egg cell
Other Related Terms
• Polar bodies - other egg cells
• ovum - hanggang Meiosis I lang
Males
• 4 mature spermatids
• minimum of 2-3 billion cells
• until Meiosis II ang males
Fertilization
• Union of cells - complete meiosis
Chemical Bases of Life
• carbs
• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
DNA / RNA
• DNA/RNA
DNA Structure
• DNA - template
• AT = 2 hydrogen bond nagcoconnect sila
• GC = 3 hydrogen bond ang nagcoconnect
• ATe GinaCo (number of syllables)
• complementary copies - ATGC
Chromosomes and Sex Determination
• Male Chromosomes: Male vs Female, XY, XX
• father only donates Y chromosome, mother donates X
Genetics Concepts
• Heredity and Adaptation
• Central Dogma
Lecture 1: Introduction and History
Down Syndrome / Cytogenetics
• Phenotyping of chance to have a down syndrome child
• blood sample
• blood culture
• FISH
Chromosomes
• hihintayin ang cell division until umabot sa metaphase (mas mabilis imanipulate
because it aligns in the center)
• classify chromosomes according to size and stain
• down syndrome: sobra sa chromosome
Cytogenetics
• study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes
Genetics
• study of mechanisms of heredity by which traits or characteristics are passed
from generation to generation
• not only physical, but also medical (hereditary diseases)
• skipped generations - hindi nagmanifest sa parents mo pero pwede sa iyo
History of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Carl Wilhelm von Nageli
• chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by him in 1842
Chromosome Parts
• Centromere - center
• Telomere - tip, ends
• sub telomere
• yellow stain - telomere
Chromosome Arrangement
• arranged in the size of chromosome and location of centromere
• short arm - p Arm (putol)
• long arm - q Arm
• applies to human and animal chromosomes
Walther Flemming
• process of cell division
• cell division vs cell cycle
• mitosis - somatic cell division (all cells except gametes)
• from the Greek word for thread
• he used fins and gills of salamander
Cell Cycle
• longest phase of cell cycle is interphase
Other Scientists
Arnold
• First to visualize human chromosomes
Von Waldeyer
Winiwarter & Painter
• 23rd Pair - XX, XY
Tijio and Levan
Genetic Disorders
Turner Syndrome
• absence of X chromosomes in females
Early 20th Century
• set of chromosomes (the karyotype) was the carrier of genes
• Levitsky - phenotyphic appearance
Probes and Reactions
Radioisotope-labeled probes
Primary Reaction
• antibody + antigen interaction only visible if u add something
• ex. radioisotopes/colloids/ enzymes/ fluorescent labeled probes
Radioactive Probes
• I-131
• I-125
• C14
• H3
Notes
• not frequently used: because of high radioactive probes, can cause mutation
• can cross through placenta
Nonradioactive
• glucose oxidase (enzymes, colloids)
• safe
• time-consuming
• UAU
FISH
• FISH - color green/red
Metabolic Disorder
alkaptonuria
• soy sauce urine
Mendel
• Mendel - used pea plant
Typhoid Fever
• salmonella typhii
• virulence - bakit delikado, otherwise known as pathogenicity
• somatic virulence and flagella virulence (X/Y)
Sterilization
• 100 degrees Celsius and for 10 mins for boiling water
Bacteria
streptococcus
• may protein M
pneumococcus
• is under the streptococcus
• round shape
Assignment
• 1951-2020 notebook (library)