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First Lecture on Laplace Transform (LT)

Laplace Transform (LT)

Introduction: Laplace Transform (LT) helps in solving the

differential equation with boundary value problems (that is with
certain boundary condition)without finding the general solutions
and the values of the arbitrary constants.

Using LT, any differential equation can be transformed into an

algebraic equation which can be solved easily.

From this solution, the solution of differential equation can be

obtained provided some boundary conditions are given.

Q.1: Write the application of Laplace Transform (LT). [1]

Definition of Laplace Transform (LT)

Let f(t) be a function defined for all positive va;lues of t. That is,
for t > 0. Then;
∞

𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 → (1)

𝑡=0

Provided the Integral exists.

F(s) is a function of another variable ‘s’ and F(s) is called the
Laplace Transform (LT) of the function f(t).

It is denoted as;
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𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 → (2)

0

Here we assume at present that the parameter ‘s’ is real. Later it

will be found useful to consider ‘s’ to be complex, which leads to
the Fourier Transform (FT).
The LT of a function f(t) is said to exist if the integral of equation
(1) or (2) converges for some values of s; Otherwise it does not
exist.
Q.2: Define Laplace Transform (LT). [1]

Notation: If a function of ‘t’ is denoted in capital letter, such as

F(t), G(t), Y(t) etc, then the LT of the function is denoted by the
corresponding lower-case letter, that is f(t), g(t), y(t) etc.
In other words, a tilde (~) can be used to denote the LT.
For example, the LT of u(t) is 𝑢̃(𝑠).
Also if 𝑓(𝑡) is a function of ‘t’ then its LT𝐹(𝑠) is a function of ‘s’.
Laplace Transform (LT) of some elementary functions:

f(t) F(s)=L{f(t)}
1 1
, (s > 0)
𝑠

t 1
, (s > 0)
𝑠2

𝑡𝑛 𝑛!
,𝑠 > 0
n = 0, 1, 2, 3.... 𝑠 𝑛+1
Note: n! = 1.2.3....n
and 0! = 1
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𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1
, 𝑠>𝑎
(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Sin(at) 𝑎
,𝑠 > 0
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )
Cos(at) 𝑠
,𝑠 > 0
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )
Sinh(at) 𝑎
, 𝑠 > |𝑎 |
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
Cosh(at) 𝑠
, 𝑠 > |𝑎 |
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

Q.3: Calculate the Laplace Transform (LT) of the following

functions;

(i) f(t) = 1 [Marks = 1]

(ii) f(t) = t [Marks = 2]

(iii) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 [Marks = 2.5]

(iv) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝒏 [Marks = 3]

(v) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 where a is a constant [Marks = 2]

(vi) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕) where a is a constant [Marks = 2.5]

(vii) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕) where a is a constant [Marks = 2.5]

(viii) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝒕) where a is a constant [Marks = 2.5]

(ix) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒂𝒕) where a is a constant [Marks = 2.5]

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Proof: (i) 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 1
∞

⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{1} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1. 𝑑𝑡

0
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 1 1
= [− ] = − [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
0 = − [0 − 1 ] =
𝑠 0 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
1
⇒ 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} =
𝑠
Proof. (ii):𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 𝑡
∞

⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑡 } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡

0
𝑥
Now we substitute 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑡 =
𝑠
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑠
Hence we may write;
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑒 . 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 . . = 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
0 0 0
∞
∞
1 1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡 } = 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [ ]
𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 0
0

1 1 1!
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡 } = 2 . 1 = 2 = 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Hence, we have;
1
𝐿{𝑡 } = 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠2
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𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟: (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑛 ⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡

0
∞

⇒ 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now let 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑡 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑠 𝑠

Also, when 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑥 → ∞

𝑥 𝑛
And also, we have; 𝑡𝑛 =( )
𝑠
∞
1 𝑛!
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = −𝑥 𝑛
𝑛+1 ∫ 𝑒 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠 𝑠 𝑛+1
0

[Doing integration by parts n times.]

𝑛! Γ(n + 1)
⇒ 𝐿 {𝑡 𝑛 } = = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠 > 0
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑠 𝑛+1

Second Lecture on LT
∞

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟: (𝐯) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0
∞ ∞
(−𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
𝑒
⇒ 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = ∫ 𝑒 (−𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [ ]
−(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0
0
1 ∞
=− [𝑒 (−𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 ]0
(𝑠 − 𝑎 )
1 1 1
⇒ 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = − [ − 1] = − [0 − 1]
(𝑠 − 𝑎 ) ∞ (𝑠 − 𝑎 )

1
⇒ 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } =
(𝑠 − 𝑎 )
Proved.
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Proof: (vi) 𝑓(𝑡 ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐿 { }
2𝑖

1
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = [𝐿{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 } − 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 }]
2𝑖
1 1 1 1 2𝑖𝑎
⇒ 𝐹(𝑠 ) = [ − ]= [ 2 ]
2𝑖 (𝑠 − 𝑖𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑖𝑎) 2𝑖 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

Hence it is proved.

Proof: (vii)𝑓(𝑡 ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐿 { }
2

1
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = [𝐿{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 } + 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 }]
2
1 1 1 1 2𝑠
⇒ 𝐹(𝑠 ) = [ + ]= [ 2 ]
2 (𝑠 − 𝑖𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑖𝑎) 2 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )
𝑠
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)} =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

Hence it is proved.
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Proof: (viii) 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐿 { }
2

1
⇒ 𝐹(𝑠 ) = [𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } − 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 }]
2
1 1 1 1 2𝑎
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = [ − ]= [ 2 ]
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑎) 2 (𝑠 − 𝑎2 )
𝑎
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} =
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )

Hence it is proved.

Proof: (ix) 𝑓(𝑡 ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
⇒ 𝐹(𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐿 { }
2
1
⇒ 𝐹(𝑠 ) = [𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } + 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 }]
2
1 1 1 1 2𝑠
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = [ + ]= [ 2 ]
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑎) 2 (𝑠 − 𝑎2 )
𝑠
⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} =
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )

Hence it is proved.

Sectional or Piecewise continuity

A function f(t) is called sectionally continuous or piecewise

continuous in an interval 𝛼 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝛽 , if the interval can be
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subdivided into a finite number of intervals. In each of which the

function is continuous and has finite right and left hand limits.

An example of a function which is sectionally continuous is

shown graphically in figure above.

This function has discontinuities at t1 , t2 and t3 .

Note the right hand and left hand limits at t2 . For example are
represented by;

lim 𝑓(𝑡2 + 𝜖) = 𝑓(𝑡2 + 0) = 𝑓(𝑡2 +)

𝜖→0

And also we have;

lim 𝑓(𝑡2 − 𝜖) = 𝑓(𝑡2 − 0) = 𝑓(𝑡2 −)

𝜖→0

Respectively where 𝜖 is a small positive.

Q.4: Explain with a suitable diagram sectional or piecewise

continuity of a function. [Marks: 2]

Example: Find the Laplace Transform of 𝑓 (𝑡 )defined as;

𝑡
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑘
𝑘
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= 1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 > 𝑘

Solution:
∞

𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0
𝑘 ∞
𝑡
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . . 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1. 𝑑𝑡
𝑘
0 𝑘

𝑘 ∞
1 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= ∫ 𝑒 . 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 + [ ]
𝑘 −𝑠 𝑘
0

𝑘 𝑘
1 𝑡. 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠
= [( ) −∫ 𝑑𝑡 ] +
𝑘 −𝑠 0 −𝑠 𝑠
0

𝑘
1 𝑘𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠
= [( − 0) − ( 2 ) ] +
𝑘 −𝑠 𝑠 0 𝑠

1 𝑘𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠

= [− − ( 2 − 2 )] +
𝑘 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠

=− − 2 + 2+
𝑠 𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑠 𝑠
1
= 2
[1 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 ]
𝑘𝑠

Hence it is proved that;

1 −𝑠𝑘 ]
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = [1 − 𝑒
𝑘𝑠 2
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Q.5: Calculate the Laplace Transform of 𝒇(𝒕)defined as;

𝒕
𝒇(𝒕) = , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝑘
𝒌

= 𝟏 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 > 𝑘

[Marks: 4]

Example: Find the LT of [1+Cos(2t)]

Solution:

𝐿{(1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡))} = 𝐿{1} + 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡)}

1 𝑠 1 𝑠
= + 2 = +
𝑠 (𝑠 + 22 ) 𝑠 (𝑠 2 + 4)

𝑠 2 + 4 + 𝑠 2 2(𝑠 2 + 2)
= =
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 4) 𝑠 (𝑠 2 + 4)

Hence it is proved that;

2(𝑠 2 + 2)
𝐿{(1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡))} =
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 4)

Q.6: Calculate the LT of [1+Cos(2t)]. [Marks: 2]

Third Lecture on LT
Important properties of Laplace Transform (LT)
In the following properties, we assume that unless otherwise
stated, that all functions must satisfy the conditions, so that their
LT exist.
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(4) Linearity Property:

If c1 and c2 are constants while f1(t) and f2(t) are functions with LT
F1(s) and F2(s) respectively, then;

𝐿{𝑐1 𝑓1 (𝑡 ) + 𝑐2 𝑓2 (𝑡 )} = 𝐿{𝑐1 𝑓1 (𝑡 )} + 𝐿{𝑐2 𝑓2 (𝑡 )}

= 𝑐1 𝐹1 (𝑠 ) + 𝑐2 𝐹2 (𝑠 ) → (1)

This result can also be extended for more than two functions.

Q.1: Explain the linearity property of LT. [Marks: 1]

Example: Consider the function;

𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 4𝑡 2 − 3𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 ) + 5𝑒 −𝑡

Now; we may write following LT as;

𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{4𝑡 2 − 3𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 ) + 5𝑒 −𝑡 }

= 4𝐿{𝑡 2 } − 3𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 )} + 5𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 }

8 3𝑠 5
= 3− 2 +
𝑠 (𝑠 + 4) 𝑠 + 1

The symbol ‘L’ which transform f(t) into F(s) is called Laplace
Transform (LT) operator.

Because of the property of ‘L’ expressed in this theorem, we may

say that ‘L’ is a linear operator or that it has the linearity property.

Q.2: Calculate the Laplace Transform (LT) of the following

function; 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒕) + 𝟓𝒆−𝒕 [Marks: 2]
 Page:-12

(2) First Translation or Shifting Property:

If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) then we have;

𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠 − 𝑎 )

Proof:
∞

𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0

⇒ 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 (𝑠 > 𝑎)

0

Let us now substitute r = (s-a)

∞

⇒ 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑟𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑟 ) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)

0

Hence it is proved that;

𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)

Where,
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠)
Q.3: If 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) then prove that;

𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂) [Marks: 2.5]

With the help of this property, we can prove the following

important results: -
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Q.4: Prove the following:

𝒏!
(𝒊) 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒏 } = [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝒏+𝟏

𝒂𝒕
(𝒔 − 𝒂)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑳{𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒃𝒕)} = [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

𝒃
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒃𝒕)} = [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

(𝒔 − 𝒂)
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒃𝒕)} = [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐

𝒃
(𝒗) 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒃𝒕)} = [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐

Some more examples:

Q.5: Find the Laplace Transform (LT) of 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒕) . [2]

2
1
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑡 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 ) + 1] → (1)
( )
2
1
𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 } = 𝐿{(𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 ) + 1)}
2
1 𝑠 1
⇒ 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡} = [ 2 + ]
2 𝑠 +4 𝑠
𝟏
Q.6: If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕−𝟐 , then prove that, 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = √𝝅 [Marks: 2.5]

Q.7: If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕. 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕) , then Calculate𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} [Marks: 2.5]

 Page:-14

Proof: we have;
𝑡(𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 )
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐿 { }
2𝑖

1
= [𝐿{𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 } + 𝐿{𝑡𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 }]
2𝑖
1 1 1
= [ − ]
2𝑖 (𝑠 − 𝑖𝑎)2 (𝑠 + 𝑖𝑎 )2

1 (𝑠 + 𝑖𝑎)2 − (𝑠 − 𝑖𝑎 )2
= [ ]
2𝑖 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

1 4𝑖𝑎𝑠 2𝑎𝑠
= [ 2 ] =
2𝑖 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

2𝑎𝑠
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

Q.8: If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕) then Calculate;

𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕)} [Marks: 3]
2𝑠(𝑠 2 − 3𝑎2 )
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)} =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )3
(Do it yourself)

Theorem-3:
Second Translation or Second Shifting property.

𝐹 (𝑡 − 𝑎), 𝑡 > 𝑎
If 𝐿{𝐹(𝑡)} = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝐺 (𝑡 ) = {
0, 𝑡<𝑎

Then prove that, 𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑠 ) → (1)

 Page:-15

Proof:
∞ ∞

𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐺 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐺 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0 𝑎

⇒ 𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹 (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡

𝑎

Now let, (𝑡 − 𝑎) = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥

And when 𝑡 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0

Hence the limiting value of the integration is 0 to ∞

∞

⇒ 𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑥+𝑎) 𝐹 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0

= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝐹 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑠)

0

⇒ 𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑠)

Where the lower limit of continuity (or lower limit of integration)

starts from ‘a’ instead of ‘0’.

𝑭(𝒕 − 𝒂), 𝒕 > 𝑎

Q.9: If 𝑳{𝑭(𝒕)} = 𝒇(𝒕) and 𝑮(𝒕) = {
𝟎, 𝒕<𝑎
Then prove that, 𝑳{𝑮(𝒕)} = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝒇(𝒔) [Marks: 3]
 Page:-16

3! 6
Example: Since 𝐿{𝑡 3 } = = Hence find the value of the LT
𝑠4 𝑠4

of the function;

(𝑡 − 2)3 , 𝑡 > 2
( ) ( )
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐺 𝑡 ={
0, 𝑡<2

Q.9: find the value of the LT of the function;

(𝒕 − 𝟐)𝟑 , 𝒕 > 2
𝑮(𝒕) = 𝑮(𝒕) = {
𝟎, 𝒕<2
[Marks: 3]

6𝑒 −2𝑠
Ans.𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} = Do it yourself.
𝑠4

Fourth Lecture on LT

Theorem.4: Change of scale property.

If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) then prove that;

1 𝑠
𝐿{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐹( )
𝑎 𝑎

Proof:
∞

𝐿{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0

𝑑𝑥
Now we substitute; 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑎

𝑥
And also, we have, 𝑡 =
𝑎

Now when we have, 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑥 → ∞

 Page:-17

∞
𝑠
−( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐿{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
0

∞
1 𝑠
−( 𝑥) 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
0

Hence it is proved that;

1 𝑠
𝐿{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐹( )
𝑎 𝑎

Q.10: If 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) then prove that;

𝟏 𝒔
𝑳{𝒇(𝒂𝒕)} = 𝑭( )
𝒂 𝒂
[Marks: 3]
1
Example: Since 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)} = hence we have;
𝑠 2 +1

1 1 3
𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(3𝑡)} = =
3 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 + 9)
( ) +1
3

Q.11: Calculate the value of 𝑳{𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝒕)} [Marks: 2]

Laplace Transform (LT) of the derivative of f(t)

Theorem.1: If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) , then we have;

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑓(0) = 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠 ) − 𝑓(0)

 Page:-18

That is we may write;

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠 ) − 𝑓(0) → (1)

Where f(t) is continuous over the whole region.

Proof: We have,
∞

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 / (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

0

Now integrating by parts we have;

∞

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )]∞

0 − ∫ (−𝑠𝑒
−𝑠𝑡 )𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

= −𝑓 (0) + 𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

0

= −𝑓 (0) + 𝑠𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)}

⇒ 𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)

This is the required proof.

Note:- Roughly 𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} corresponding to 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) when 𝑓(0) is

very small.

Q.12: If 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) , then Calculate 𝑳{𝒇/ (𝒕)}, where the

symbols have their usual meanings. [2.5]
 Page:-19

Theorem.2: If 𝑓 (𝑡 ) fails to be continuous at t = 0 but the limit;

lim 𝑓(𝑡 ) = 𝑓(0+)

𝑡→0

Exists, but [ 𝑓(0 +) ≠ 𝑓(0)] where 𝑓(0) may or may not exist,
then;

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠 ) − 𝑓(0+)

Theorem.3: If {𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 𝐹(𝑠)} , then;

𝐿{𝑓 // (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐹 (𝑠 ) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 / (0) → (1)

This can be proved by further extending the proof of

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓 (0)

Also, in this case we have to do the following integration;

∞

∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 // (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
0

In this case you have to do the integration by parts two times. (Do
it yourself).

Theorem.4: If {𝑓 (𝑡 )} = 𝐹(𝑠) , then;

𝐿{𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2𝑓 / (0) − ⋯ . 𝑠𝑓 (𝑛−2)(0) − 𝑓 (𝑛−1)(0) → (2)

Proof: We have already shown that;

𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓 (0)
𝐿{𝑓 // (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐹(𝑠 ) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 / (0)
 Page:-20

--------------
---------------
Similarly we have;
𝐿{𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2𝑓 / (0) − ⋯ . 𝑠𝑓 (𝑛−2)(0) − 𝑓 (𝑛−1)(0) → (3)
Hence the required proof.
Laplace Transform (LT) of integral of f(t)

Show that;
𝑡
1
𝐿 {∫ 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 } = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠
0

Where 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡 )} = 𝐹(𝑠)

Proof: Let us consider that;
𝑡

𝜙(𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0

And 𝜙(0) = 0, then also we may write; 𝜙 / (𝑡 ) = 𝑓(𝑡)

Now using the formula of 𝐿{𝜙 / (𝑡 )} we may write;

𝐿{𝜙 / (𝑡 )} = 𝑠𝐿{𝜙(𝑡)} − 𝜙(0)

Now we know that 𝜙(0) = 0, hence we have;

𝐿{𝜙 / (𝑡 )} = 𝑠𝐿{𝜙(𝑡)}
1
⇒ 𝐿{𝜙(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝜙 / (𝑡 )}
𝑠
Now putting the values of 𝜙(𝑡) and 𝜙 / (𝑡 ) we have;
 Page:-21

𝑡
1 1
( ) { }
𝐿 {∫ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 } = 𝐿 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠
0

Hence, we have proved;

𝑡
1
𝐿 {∫ 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 } = 𝐹 (𝑠 ) → (1)
𝑠
0

Note:
𝑡
−1
1
( )
∫ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 { 𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑠
0

Where 𝐿−1 is the Inverse LT operator.

Q.13: Show that;
𝒕
𝟏
𝑳 {∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕} = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒔
𝟎

Where 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) [Marks: 3]

Laplace Transform (LT) of (𝒕. 𝒇(𝒕))

[that is multiplication by ‘t’ ]
If 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡 )} = 𝐹(𝑠) then;
𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿{𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)} = −
𝑑𝑠

𝑑2 𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿{𝑡 2 . 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)2
𝑑𝑠 2
-----------
 Page:-22

-----------
𝑛
𝑑 𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 . 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛
𝑑𝑠 𝑛

Proof: We know that;

∞

𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0

∞
𝑑𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑
⇒ = [∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
0

∞ ∞
𝑑𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
⇒ = [∫ [ ] 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 ] = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑡𝑓(𝑡 ))𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
0 0

∞
𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑡𝑓(𝑡 ))𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
0

𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)} = −
𝑑𝑠

Similarly, it can be shown that;

𝑑𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡 2 . 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)2 =
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

Proof:-
∞

𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

0
 Page:-23

∞
𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
0

Further differentiating with respect to ‘s’ we have;

∞
2
𝑑 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑 −𝑠𝑡 [𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 ]
⇒ = − [∫ 𝑒
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
0

∞
2
𝑑 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑 −𝑠𝑡
⇒ = − [∫ [ 𝑒 ] [𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
0

∞
𝑑2 𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ 2
= − [∫ −𝑡. 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑠
0

∞
𝑑2 𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ 2
= (−1)2 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑠
0

∞
𝑑2 𝐹(𝑠)
⇒∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 = (−1)2
𝑑𝑠 2
0

𝑑2 𝐹(𝑠)
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)2
𝑑𝑠 2

Which is the required proof.

Thus extending this we may write;

3 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑
𝐿{𝑡 3 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)3
𝑑𝑠 3
 Page:-24

-------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
𝑛
𝑑 𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛
𝑑𝑠 𝑛

Thus, it is proved.

Q.14: If 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) then prove that;

𝒅𝑭(𝒔)
𝑳{𝒕. 𝒇(𝒕)} = −
𝒅𝒔
[Marks: 3]

Q.15: If 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) then prove that;

𝒅𝟐 𝑭(𝒔)
𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒇(𝒕)} = (−𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒔𝟐

[Marks: 4]

Fifth Lecture on LT

Example: Find 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)}

𝑎
We know that 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = (
𝑠 2 −𝑎2 )

𝑑 𝑎
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = − [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎2 )
2𝑎𝑠
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = − 2
(𝑠 − 𝑎2 )2

This is the required answer.

Q.16: Find 𝑳{𝒕. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝒕)} [Marks: 2]

 Page:-25

𝟐 𝟐𝒔(𝒔𝟐 −𝟑𝒂𝟐 )
Q.17: Prove that; (𝒊) 𝑳{𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕)} = (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟑
[Marks: 3]

𝟐𝟒(𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝒔−𝟒)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟒𝒕)} = (𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝒔+𝟏𝟕)𝟑
[Marks: 3]

𝟏
Laplace Transform of . 𝒇(𝒕) [Division by t]
𝒕

If {𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) , then;

∞
1
𝐿 { . 𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠 )𝑑𝑠
𝑡
𝑠

Proof:
∞

𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 → (1)

0

Now integrating equation (1) with respect to ‘s’, we have;

∞ ∞ ∞

∫ 𝐹 (𝑠 )𝑑𝑠 = ∫ [ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 ] 𝑑𝑠

𝑠 𝑠 𝑡=0
∞ ∞

= ∫ [∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑠 ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=0 𝑠
∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑡 )
= ∫ − [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑠
𝑡=0
∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑡) 𝑓(𝑡)
= ∫ −[𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
𝑠 . 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ [0 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]. 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
 Page:-26

∞
−𝑠𝑡
𝑓(𝑡 ) 𝑓 (𝑡 )
= ∫𝑒 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 { }
𝑡 𝑡
𝑡=0

Hence we have the required proof;

∞
1
𝐿 { . 𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝐹 (𝑠 )𝑑𝑠 → (2)
𝑡
𝑠

Note:
∞
1
. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {∫ 𝐹 (𝑠 )𝑑𝑠 } → (3)
𝑡
𝑠

Where 𝐿−1 is the Inverse LT operator.

Q.18: If {𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) , then prove that;
∞
𝟏
𝑳 { . 𝒇(𝒕)} = ∫ 𝑭(𝒔)𝒅𝒔
𝒕
𝒔

[Marks: 4]
𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑡)
Example.1:- Find 𝐿 { }
𝑡

Solution: We know that;

2
𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑡)} =
𝑠2 + 4
∞
𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) 2 −1
𝑠
𝐿{ }=∫ 2 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 ( )
𝑡 𝑠 +4 2
𝑠
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕)
Q.19: Calculate 𝑳 { } [Marks: 2.5]
𝒕
 Page:-27

Q.20: Show that;

𝒕
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒕) 𝟏 𝝅
𝑳 {∫ } = [ − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔)] [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒕 𝒔 𝟐
𝟎

[Do it yourself]

Q.21: Find the value;

(𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒕))
𝑳{ } [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒕
[Do it yourself]

Using LT evaluate the following Integrals:

Q.22: Find the value;
∞

∫ 𝒕. 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

𝟎

Proof:
∞ ∞

∫ 𝑡. 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)}

0 0

[Here we consider s = 3]

Now we know that;

𝑑 1 2𝑠
⇒ 𝐿{𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)} = − ( 2 )= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 1 (𝑠 + 1)2
2x3 3
=( = [Putting the value of s = 3]
9+1)2 50

This is the required Answer.

 Page:-28

Q.22: Evaluate the following Integrals;

∞
𝒆−𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
( 𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒕 [𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒔 = 𝟏] [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒕
𝟎

∞
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
(𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒕 [𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒔 = 𝟎] [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒕
𝟎

(𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒕. 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

𝟎

Some more standard LT in a Tabular Form:

Sr. No. f(t) F(s)

1. 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1
𝑠−𝑎
2. 𝑡𝑛 𝑛!
𝑠 𝑛+1
3. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) 𝑎
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )
4. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡) 𝑠
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )
5. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡) 𝑎
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )
6. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡) 𝑠
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )
7. 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
8. 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) 𝑎
[(𝑠 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑎2 ]
 Page:-29

Sr. No. 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠)

9. 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡) 𝑠
[(𝑠 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑎2 ]
10. 𝑡 𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
2𝑎
11. 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡) (𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
12. 1 1
[𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑡) − 𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)]
2𝑎3
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
13. 1 𝑠2
[𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑡) + 𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)]
2𝑎
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
14. 𝑓(𝑎𝑡) 1 𝑠
𝐹 ( ⁄𝑎) ; 𝑎 > 0
𝑎
15. 𝑑 𝑠𝐹(𝑠 ) − 𝑓 (0), 𝑠 > 0
𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
16. 𝑓 //(𝑡) 𝑠 2𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 / (0) , 𝑠>0

17. 𝑓 /// (𝑡) 𝑠 2 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 𝑓 (0) − 𝑠𝑓 / (0) − 𝑓 // (0) , 𝑠 > 0

18. 𝑡
1
𝐿 {∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 } 𝐹 (𝑠 ) , 𝑠 > 0
𝑠
0
19. 𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡 ) 𝑑
− 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠
𝑛
20. 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡 ) 𝑑
(−1)𝑛 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠
1 ∞
21.
𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡 ∫ 𝐹 (𝑠 )𝑑𝑠
0

22. 𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)
23. 𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)
 Page:-30

Q.23: Evaluate the LT of the following functions;

(𝒊) 𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

(𝒊𝒊) 𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

𝒕
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝟐𝒂

(𝒗)𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

𝟏
(𝒗𝒊) [𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕) − 𝒂𝒕𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕)] [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟒]
𝟐𝒂𝟑
𝟏
(𝒗𝒊𝒊) [𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕) + 𝒂𝒕𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒕)] [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟒]
𝟐𝒂
(𝒊𝒙)𝒇(𝒂𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒕

(𝒙) ∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

𝟎

(𝒙𝒊) 𝒕. 𝒇(𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]

𝟏
(𝒙𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒕
Sixth Lecture on LT
Inverse Laplace Transform (Inverse LT)
We may now obtain 𝑓(𝑡) when 𝐹(𝑠) is given. Then we may say
that inverse LT of 𝐹(𝑠) is 𝑓(𝑡).
If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), Then; 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡)
Where 𝐿−1 is called the Inverse LT operator.
 Page:-31

From the application point of view, inverse LT is very useful.

Improtant Formula:

𝟏
Q.1: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 { } [Marks: 1]
𝒔
1 1
Proof: We know that 𝐿{1} = ⇒ 𝐿−1 { } = 1
𝑠 𝑠
𝟏
Q.2: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 { } [Marks: 1]
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝑛! 1 𝑡𝑛
Proof: 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = ⇒𝐿 −1
{ }=
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑛!
𝟏
Q.3: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1]
𝒔−𝒂)
1 1
Proof: 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = ( )
⇒ 𝐿−1 {
( )
} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑎
𝟏
Q.4: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )
𝑎 −1 { 1 1
Proof: 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} = ( 2) ⇒ 𝐿 2 )} = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 +𝑎 ( 𝑠 2 +𝑎 𝑎

𝒔
Q.4: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )
𝑠 −1 { 𝑠
Proof: 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)} = ( 2) ⇒ 𝐿 } = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 +𝑎 ( 𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )

𝟏
Q.5: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )

𝑎 −1 { 1 1
Proof: 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = ( 2) ⇒ 𝐿 2 )} = 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 −𝑎 ( 𝑠 2 −𝑎 𝑎

𝒔
Q.6: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )

𝑠 −1 { 𝑠
Proof: 𝐿{𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)} = ( 2) ⇒ 𝐿 } = 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 −𝑎 ( 𝑠 2 −𝑎2 )
 Page:-32

Q.7: Obtain: 𝑳−𝟏 {𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)} where 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔) ..[Marks: 1.5]

Proof: 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) Where 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠)

⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)

𝟏
Q.8: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐

𝑏
Proof: 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑡)} = (
𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2

1 1 𝑎𝑡
⇒ 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑡)
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2 𝑏
(𝒔−𝒂)
Q.9: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
(𝑠−𝑎)
Proof: 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑡)} = (
𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2

(𝑠 − 𝑎)
⇒ 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑡)
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2
𝟏
Q.10: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
𝑏
Proof: 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑏𝑡)} = (
𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝑏2

1 1 𝑎𝑡
⇒ 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑏𝑡)
(𝑠 − 𝑎 )2 − 𝑏 2 𝑏
(𝒔−𝒂)
Q.11: Obtain 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 1.5]
𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
(𝑠−𝑎)
Proof: 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑏𝑡)} = (
𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝑏2

(𝑠 − 𝑎)
⇒ 𝐿−1 { 2 2 } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑏𝑡)
(𝑠 − 𝑎) − 𝑏
𝟏
Q.12: Evaluate, 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 4]
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
 Page:-33

Proof: We have;

1 1 1 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
= [ − ]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2 2𝑎2 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

1 1 𝑎 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
⇒ 2 = [ − ]
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎2 𝑎(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2

−1
1 1 1 −1 𝑎 −1 {
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )
⇒𝐿 { 2 } = 2[ 𝐿 { 2 }−𝐿 }]
(𝑠 + 𝑎 2 )2 2𝑎 𝑎 (𝑠 + 𝑎 2 ) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2

−1
1 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)
⇒𝐿 { 2 } = 2[ − 𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)]
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎 𝑎

−1
1 1
⇒𝐿 { 2 } = 3 [𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)]
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎

𝒔
Q.13: Evaluate, 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 3]
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

Proof: We know that;

2𝑎𝑠
𝐿{𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)} = 2
(𝑠 + 𝑎 2 )2

2𝑎𝑠
𝐿−1 { } = 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

Since ‘a’ is a constant hence we have;

𝑠
2𝑎 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝑠 1
𝐿−1 { }= 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎
 Page:-34

This is the required Answer.

−𝟏 (𝑠 2 −𝑎2 )
Q.14: Evaluate, 𝑳 {( } [Marks: 2]
𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )2

(𝑠 2 −𝑎2 )
Proof: we know that; 𝐿{𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)} = (
𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )2

−1
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
⇒𝐿 { 2 } = 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2

𝒔𝟐
Q.15: Evaluate; 𝑳−𝟏 { (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
} [Marks: 4]

Proof: We have;

𝑠2 1 1 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
= [ + ]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2 2 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝑠2 1 1 −1 𝑎 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2 )
⇒ 𝐿−1 { }= [ 𝐿 { 2 −1
}+𝐿 { 2 }]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2 2 𝑎 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2

2
𝑠 1 1 −1 𝑎
⇒ 𝐿−1 { 2 } = [ 𝐿 { } + 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)]
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 2 𝑎 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )

𝑠2 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 { }= [𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) + 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎

Seventh Lecture on LT

𝟏
Q.16: Evaluate; 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 4]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. [𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)]] [Do it yourself]
2𝑎3
 Page:-35

𝟏
Q.17: Evaluate; 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 3]
𝒔−𝒂)𝟐

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] [Do it yourself]

𝟏
Q.18: Evaluate; 𝑳−𝟏 {( } [Marks: 3]
𝒔+𝒂)𝟐

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ] [Do it yourself]

𝒔𝟐
Q.19: Evaluate; 𝑳−𝟏 { (𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
} [Marks: 4]

1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. [𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑡)]] [Do it yourself]
2𝑎

Q.20: Find the Inverse LT of the following.

𝟏
(i) ( [Marks: 2]
𝒔−𝟐)
𝟏
(ii) ( [Marks: 2]
𝒔𝟐 −𝟗)
𝒔
(iii) ( [Marks: 2]
𝒔𝟐 −𝟏𝟔)
𝟏
(iv) ( [Marks: 2]
𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓)
𝒔
(v) ( [Marks: 2]
𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)
𝟏
(vi) ( [Marks: 3]
𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 +𝟏

Solution:
1
(i) 𝐿−1 {( )
} = 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑠−2

1 1 3 1
(ii) 𝐿−1 {( } = 𝐿−1 { 2 } = 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑡)
𝑠 2 −9 ) 3 𝑠 2 −3 3
 Page:-36

𝑠 𝑠
(iii) 𝐿−1 {( } = 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ(4𝑡)
𝑠 2 −16
) 𝑠 2 −4 2

𝑠
(vi) 𝐿−1 {( } = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
𝑠−2)2 +1

Note:

Q.21: Obtain the value of 𝑳−𝟏 {𝟏} [Marks: 2]

∞

Proof: 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝛿 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠.0 = 1

0

⇒ 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡)} = 1 ⇒ 𝐿−1 {1} = 𝛿(𝑡)

Q.22: Obtain the value of 𝑳−𝟏 {𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 } [Marks: 2]

∞

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎

0

⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 } = 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)

Multiplication by ‘s’

Q.23: Prove that;

𝒅
𝑳−𝟏 {𝒔𝑭(𝒔)} = 𝒇(𝒕) + 𝒇(𝟎)𝜹(𝒕) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒅𝒕

Proof:
𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡 ) + 𝑓(0)𝛿(𝑡)}
= 𝐿{𝑓 / (𝑡 )} + 𝑓 (0)𝐿{𝛿 (𝑡 )}, [𝑓(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]
= −𝑓(0) + 𝑠𝐹(𝑠 ) + 𝑓(0) , [𝐿{𝛿(𝑡)} = 1]
= 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠 )
 Page:-37

Hence we may write;

⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑠𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓 / (𝑡 ) + 𝑓(0)𝛿(𝑡)
Hence it is proved.
Some more examples:

Q.24; Find the inverse LT of;

𝒔 𝒔 𝟑𝒔
(i) , (ii) ( , (iii) ( [Marks: 2+2+2]
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝟒𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝟓 ) 𝟐𝒔+𝟗)

Solution:
1
(𝑖)𝐿−1 {} = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
𝑠2 + 1
−1
𝑠 𝑑
⇒𝐿 { 2 } = [𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)] + 𝑆𝑖𝑛(0)𝛿(𝑡)
( 𝑠 + 1) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑡)
Do other problems yourself.
𝟏
Division by ‘s’(or multiplication by )
𝒔

∞ 𝑡
𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿−1 { } = ∫ 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)}𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝑠
0 0

Proof: Let us consider that;

𝑡

𝐺 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
0

⇒ 𝐺 / (𝑡 ) = 𝑓(𝑡) and G(0) = 0

Thus we have;
 Page:-38

𝐿{𝐺 / (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐿{𝐺(𝑡)} − 𝐺(0)

⇒ 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝐿{𝐺 (𝑡 )}, [𝐿{𝐺 / (𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝐹 (𝑠 )
⇒ 𝐿{𝐺 (𝑡 )} =
𝑠
−1
𝐹 (𝑠 )
⇒𝐿 { } = 𝐺 (𝑡 )
𝑠
𝑡
𝐹 (𝑠 )
⇒ 𝐿−1 { } = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝑠
0
𝑭(𝒔)
Q.25: Obtain the value of 𝑳−𝟏 { } [Marks: 3]
𝒔

Q.26: Find the inverse LT of;

𝟏
[𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝒂)
Solution: We know that;

−1
1
𝐿 { } = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝑡 𝑡
1 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 { } = ∫ 𝐿−1 { } 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑎)
0 0

𝑡
−1
1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1
⇒𝐿 { }=[ ] = [1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ]
𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎 ) −𝑎 0 𝑎

Q.27: Find the following inverse LT;

−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟑
(ii) 𝑳 { } , (iii) 𝑳 { ( 𝟐 )} [Marks: 2+3]
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝒔 𝒔 +𝟗
 Page:-39

Eighth Lecture on LT
First Shifting property or First Translational property:

If 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) then we have;

𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)}

𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)

Similarly, we may write;

𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)

Q.28: Evaluate the following inverse LT;

𝟏
(𝒊)𝑳−𝟏 { } [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟐]
(𝒔 + 𝟐)𝟓

We know that;

1 𝑡4
𝐿−1 { }=
𝑠5 4!

1 𝑡4
⇒ 𝐿−1 { }=𝑒 −2𝑡
(𝑠 + 2)5 4!

Change of scale property:

Q.29: If 𝑳−𝟏 {𝑭(𝒔)} = 𝒇(𝒕) then prove that;

𝟏 𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 {𝑭(𝒌𝒔)} = 𝒇( ) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒌 𝒌

Do it yourself.
 Page:-40

𝑠
Example: Since, 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(4𝑡)
𝑠 2 +16

Then we have;

−1
2𝑠 1 4𝑡 1
𝐿 { } = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡)
(2𝑠 )2 + (4)2 2 2 2

As is verified directly

Inverse LT of Derivative:

If 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) , then we have;

𝑑
𝐿−1 { 𝐹(𝑠)} = −𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡 ) = −𝑡. 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑑𝑠

𝑑
⇒ 𝐿−1 { 𝐹(𝑠)} = −𝑡. 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑑𝑠

Similarly we have;

𝑑𝑛
⇒ 𝐿−1 { 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠)} = (−1)𝑛 𝑡 𝑛 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑑𝑠
𝟏
Q.30: Find the inverse LT of 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) . [Marks: 3]
𝒔

Solution:

1 1 −1 𝑑 1
𝐿−1 {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( −1
)} = − [𝐿 { 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )}]
𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑠

1 1 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )} = 𝐿−1 { 2 }=
𝑠 𝑡 𝑠 +1 𝑡
 Page:-41

−1 −1
1 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
⇒𝐿 {𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )} =
𝑠 𝑡

This is the required answer.

Q.31: Show that;

𝒔𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐
𝑳−𝟏 {𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝟐 )} = (𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒕)) [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
𝒔 𝒕

Solution: we may write;

∞
𝑓(𝑡) 1 −1
𝐿−1 {∫ 𝐹(𝑠 )𝑑𝑠 } = = 𝐿 {𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑡 𝑡
𝑠

𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑡 𝐿−1 {∫ 𝐹 (𝑠 )𝑑𝑠 }

𝑠

Q.32: Obtain the inverse LT of the following function;

𝟐𝒔
𝑳−𝟏 { } [𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔: 𝟑]
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
Solution:
∞
2𝑠 2𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝐿−1 { 2 } = 𝑡 𝐿−1
{∫ }
(𝑠 + 1)2 (𝑠 2 + 1)2
𝑠

∞
1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 {[− 2 ] } = 𝑡 𝐿−1 {−0 + 2 }
(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)
 Page:-42

1
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 1)

2𝑠
⇒ 𝐿−1 { 2 } = 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
(𝑠 + 1)2

This is the required Answer.

Solution of differential equation by LT

Q.33: Using Laplace Transform (LT), find the solution of the

initial value problem; [That is with some boundary condition]

𝒚// − 𝟒𝒚/ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟔𝟒 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕)

Where 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎 , and 𝒚/ (𝟎) = 𝟏 [Marks: 4]

Solution: We have the differential equation;

𝑦 // − 4𝑦 / + 4𝑦 = 64 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑡)

Now taking LT of both sides of this equation we have;

𝐿{𝑦 // − 4𝑦 / + 4𝑦} = 64 𝐿{𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑡)}

64 x2
⇒ 𝐿{𝑦 // } − 4𝐿{𝑦 / } + 4𝐿{𝑦} =
𝑠2 + 4
64 x2
⇒ 𝐿{𝑦 // } − 4𝐿{𝑦 / } + 4𝐿{𝑦} =
𝑠2 + 4
128
⇒ [𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 / (0)] − 4[𝑠𝑦̅ − 𝑦(0)] + 4𝑦̅ =
𝑠2 + 4
 Page:-43

Now here we take, 𝑦̅ = 𝐿−1 {𝑦}

Similarly, as 𝐹 (𝑠 ) = 𝐿−1 {𝑓(𝑡)}

Now 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦 / (0) = 1

These are the boundary conditions.

Using these values into the above equation we have;

128
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 1 − 4𝑠𝑦̅ + 4𝑦̅ = 2
𝑠 +4
128
⇒ (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4)𝑦̅ = 1 +
𝑠2 + 4
128
⇒ (𝑠 − 2)2 𝑦̅ = 1 +
𝑠2 + 4

1 128
⇒ 𝑦̅ = +
(𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 2 + 4)

1 8 16 8𝑠
⇒ 𝑦̅ = − + +
(𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 2 + 4)

8 17 8𝑠
⇒ 𝑦̅ = − + +
(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 2 + 4)

Now applying inverse LT on both sides we have;

8 17 8𝑠
⇒ 𝐿−1 {𝑦̅} = 𝐿−1 {− + + }
(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 2 + 4)

⇒ 𝑦 = [−8𝑒 2𝑡 + 17 𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 + 8 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑡)]

This is the required Answer.

 Page:-44

Q.34: Using LT, find the solution of the initial value problem;

𝒚′′ + 𝟗𝒚 = 𝟔 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒕) Where the boundary condition is;

𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 and 𝒚/ (𝟎) = 𝟎 [Marks: 4]

Solution: We have the differential equation;

𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 6 𝐶𝑜𝑠(3𝑡)

With the following Boundary conditions;

𝑦(0) = 2

𝑦 / (0) = 0

Now applying LT on both sides we have;

𝐿{𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦} = 6𝐿{ 𝐶𝑜𝑠(3𝑡)}

𝑠
⇒ [𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 / (0)] + 9𝑦̅ = 6.
(𝑠 2 + 9)

Where 𝑦̅ = 𝐿{𝑦}

Now applying Boundary conditions that is;

𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝑦 / (0) = 0 , we have;

6𝑠
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 2𝑠 + 9𝑦̅ = 2
( 𝑠 + 9)

6𝑠
⇒ 𝑦̅(𝑠 2 + 9) = 2𝑠 +
(𝑠 2 + 9)
 Page:-45

2𝑠 6𝑠
⇒ 𝑦̅ = +
(𝑠 2 + 9) (𝑠 2 + 9)2

Applying inverse LT we have;

2𝑠 6𝑠
𝑦= 𝐿−1 { −1
}+𝐿 { 2 }
(𝑠 2 + 9) (𝑠 + 9)2

𝑑 −3
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠(3𝑡) + 3𝐿−1 { ( )}
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2 + 9)

𝑑 3
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠(3𝑡 ) − 3𝐿−1 { ( 2 )}
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 + 9)

⇒ 𝑦 = 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠(3𝑡 ) − 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(3𝑡)

This is the required answer. Check it yourself.