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Subject Name Basics Data Structure
Subject Code 25CSH-103
Semester 1
Mapping With Co’s CO2, CO3
LESSON-5 2-Dimensional Array
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• To learn how two-dimensional array is defined.
• To learn how to code and run a program that processes a two dimensional array.
STRUCTURE OF THE LESSON
• Concepts of 2D array
• declaration and initialization of 2D arrays
• Examples of 2D array
• References
• FAQs
• Discussion forum
Concept of 2D array: A two-dimensional array is an array where its elements are selected
(identified) using two indices. In 2-D array, to declare and access elements of a 2-D array we
use 2 subscripts instead of 1.
Syntax: datatype array_name[ROW][COL];
The total number of elements in a 2-D array is ROW*COL.
Example: int a[m][n];
In rectangular 2-dimensional arrays, m number of rows and n number of columns in
the array has the same number of array elements.
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Figure1 A conceptual representation of 2D array
Initializing 2-D array: Initialization of 2-D array is similar to a 1-D array.
Example:
Figure2 Initialization of 2D array
After this initialization, each element is as follows:
1 temp[0][0] : 1
2 temp[0][1] : 2
3 temp[0][2] : 3
4 temp[1][0] : 11
5 temp[1][1] : 22
6 temp[1][2] : 33
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Example1: The addition of two matrices.
#include<stdio.h>
#define ROW 2
#define COL 3
int main()
{
int mat1[ROW][COL], mat2[ROW][COL], mat3[ROW][COL];
int i, j;
printf("Enter first matrix: \n\n");
for(i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < COL; j++)
{
printf("Enter a[%d][%d]: ", i, j);
scanf("%d", &mat1[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nEnter Second matrix: \n\n");
for(i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < COL; j++)
{
printf("Enter a[%d][%d]: ", i, j);
scanf("%d", &mat2[i][j]);
}
}
for(i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < COL; j++)
{
mat3[i][j] = mat1[i][j] + mat2[i][j] ;
}
}
printf("\nResultant array: \n\n");
for(i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < COL; j++)
{
printf("%5d ", mat3[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
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return 0;
}
How it works:
Two matrices can be added or subtracted, only if they have the same dimension. In other
words, a matrix of size 2*3 can be added to another matrix of 2*3, but you can’t add or
subtract it to a matrix of 2*4 or 3*2. The resultant array will be a matrix of the same
dimension as the original two. First two for loops asks the user to enter two matrices. The
third for loop adds corresponding elements of mat1 and mat2 in a new array mat3. Fourth for
loop prints the elements of array mat3.
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Example2 Sum of even and odd of Two Dimensional Array
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0,j=0;
int arr[3][4]={{1,2,3,4},{2,3,4,5},{3,4,5,6}};
int even=0;
int odd=0;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
if(arr[i][j]%2==0)
{
even=even+arr[i][j];
}
else
{
odd=odd+arr[i][j];
}
}
}
printf("Sum of even =%d \n",even);
printf("Sum of odd =%d",odd);
return 0;
}
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Summary
• An array of arrays is known as 2D array. The two dimensional (2D) array in C
programming is also known as matrix. A matrix can be represented as a table of rows
and columns.
• To store the elements entered by user we are using two for loops, one of them is a
nested loop.
REFERENCES
Book References:
1. Thareja Reema (2014) Programming in C. 2nd ed.
2. Zed A. Shaw, Learn C the Hard Way’
3. [Link]
Video Lecture:
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
Websites:
1. [Link]
[Link]://[Link]/tutorials/2darray/
[Link]://[Link]/c-programming/c-multi-dimensional-arrays
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Frequently Asked Questions:
Q1 Write a program in C to find the sum of left diagonals of a matrix
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int i,j,arr1[50][50],sum=0,n,m=0;
printf("\n\nFind sum of left diagonals of a matrix :\n");
printf("---------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input the size of the square matrix : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
m=n;
printf("Input elements in the first matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i][j]);
printf("The matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n ;j++)
printf("% 4d",arr1[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
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for(i=0;i<n;i++)
m=m-1;
for(j=0;j<n ;j++)
if (j==m)
sum= sum+arr1[i][j];
printf("Addition of the left Diagonal elements is :%d\n",sum);
Output:
Find sum of left diagonals of a matrix :
---------------------------------------
Input the size of the square matrix : 2
Input elements in the first matrix :
element - [0],[0] : 1
element - [0],[1] : 2
element - [1],[0] : 3
element - [1],[1] : 4
The matrix is :
1 2
3 4
Addition of the left Diagonal elements is :5
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Q2 Write a program in C to print or display the lower triangular of a given matrix
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int arr1[10][10],i,j,n;
float determinant=0;
printf("\n\nDisplay the lower triangular of a given matrix :\n");
printf("----------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input the size of the square matrix : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Input elements in the first matrix :\n")
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i][j]);
printf("The matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n ;j++)
printf("% 4d",arr1[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
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printf("\nSetting zero in lower triangular matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
if(i<=j)
printf("% 4d",arr1[i][j]);
else
printf("% 4d",0);
printf("\n\n");
Output:
Display the lower triangular of a given matrix :
----------------------------------------------------
Input the size of the square matrix : 3
Input elements in the first matrix :
element - [0],[0] : 1
element - [0],[1] : 2
element - [0],[2] : 3
element - [1],[0] : 4
element - [1],[1] : 5
element - [1],[2] : 6
element - [2],[0] : 7
element - [2],[1] : 8
element - [2],[2] : 9
The matrix is :
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Setting zero in lower triangular matrix
1 2 3
0 5 6
0 0 9
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Q3 Write a program in C to calculate determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int arr1[10][10],i,j,n;
int det=0;
printf("\n\nCalculate the determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix :\n");
printf("-------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input elements in the first matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i][j]);
printf("The matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3 ;j++)
printf("% 4d",arr1[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
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for(i=0;i<3;i++)
det = det + (arr1[0][i]*(arr1[1][(i+1)%3]*arr1[2][(i+2)%3] - arr1[1][(i+2)%3]*arr1[2][(i+1)%3]));
printf("\nThe Determinant of the matrix is: %d\n\n",det);
Output:
Calculate the determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix :
-------------------------------------------------
Input elements in the first matrix :
element - [0],[0] : 1
element - [0],[1] : 0
element - [0],[2] : -1
element - [1],[0] : 0
element - [1],[1] : 0
element - [1],[2] : 1
element - [2],[0] : -1
element - [2],[1] : -1
element - [2],[2] : 0
The matrix is :
1 0 -1
0 0 1
-1 -1 0
The Determinant of the matrix is: 1
Q4 Write a program in C to accept two matrices and check whether they are equal. .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
int arr1[50][50], brr1[50][50];
int i, j, r1, c1, r2, c2, flag =1;
printf("\n\nAccept two matrices and check whether they are equal :\n ");
printf("-----------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input Rows and Columns of the 1st matrix :");
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scanf("%d %d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Input Rows and Columns of the 2nd matrix :");
scanf("%d %d", &r2,&c2);
printf("Input elements in the first matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i][j]);
printf("Input elements in the second matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&brr1[i][j]);
printf("The first matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
for(j=0;j<c1 ;j++)
printf("% 4d",arr1[i][j]);
printf("\n");
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}
printf("The second matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
for(j=0;j<c2 ;j++)
printf("% 4d",brr1[i][j]);
printf("\n");
if(r1 == r2 && c1 == c2)
printf("The Matrices can be compared : \n");
for(i=0; i<r1; i++)
for(j=0; j<c2; j++)
if(arr1[i][j] != brr1[i][j])
flag = 0;
break;
else
{ printf("The Matrices Cannot be compared :\n");
exit(1);
}
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if(flag == 1 )
printf("Two matrices are equal.\n\n");
else
printf("But,two matrices are not equal\n\n");
Output:
Accept two matrices and check whether they are equal :
-----------------------------------------------------------
Input Rows and Columns of the 1st matrix :2 2
Input Rows and Columns of the 2nd matrix :2 2
Input elements in the first matrix :
element - [0],[0] : 1
element - [0],[1] : 2
element - [1],[0] : 3
element - [1],[1] : 4
Input elements in the second matrix :
element - [0],[0] : 1
element - [0],[1] : 2
element - [1],[0] : 3
element - [1],[1] : 4
The first matrix is :
1 2
3 4
The second matrix is :
1 2
3 4
The Matrices can be compared :
Two matrices are equal.
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ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
[Link] of the following is true about arrays in C.
(A) For every type T, there can be an array of T.
(B) For every type T except void and function type, there can be an array of T.
(C) When an array is passed to a function, C compiler creates a copy of array.
(D) 2D arrays are stored in column major form
[Link] a program that declares a 2 x 3 array with the following values:
5 6 7
8 9 10
Print the array row-by-row, so your output looks like this:
row 0: 5 6 7
row 1: 8 9 10
Then print the array column-by-column, so your output looks like this:
col 0: 5 8
col 1: 6 9
col 2: 7 10
. 3. What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[2][3] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int i = 0, j = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
printf("%d", a[i][j]);
}
a) 1 2 3 4 5 0
b) 1 2 3 4 5 junk
c) 1 2 3 4 5 5
d) Run time error
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4. What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
void f(int a[][3])
{
a[0][1] = 3;
int i = 0, j = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
printf("%d", a[i][j]);
}
void main()
{
int a[2][3] = {0};
f(a);
}
a) 0 3 0 0 0 0
b) Junk 3 junk junk junk junk
c) Compile time error
d) All junk values
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Discussion Forum:
Q1 C Program to Multiply Two 3 X 3 Matrices