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ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
An Algebraic Expression is the combination of terms by the operation such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
For example: -6𝑥 + 5
In this algebraic expression
𝑥 Is known as variable, “6” is coefficient of “𝑥” and “5” is called constant, the 6𝑥, 5 are
terms.
Variable:- Is a symbol/ Alphabet that does not have a fixed value. It can take any value. For
example, “n” number of apples, that can take value, 1,2, 3, 4……. The variables are
generally denoted by English alphabets, like 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 …….etc
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Constant: A fixed numerical value is called constant eg. 3 ,4 ,5, 9, , √5′ etc.
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Co efficient: -The numbers that are multiples of variables are called co- efficient.
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For example: -5𝑥, 𝑦, √5, 𝑧 𝑒𝑡𝑐
3
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Here numbers multiplying the variables are 5, , √5, are known co-efficient of 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧
3
respectively.
Terms: -A term is a variable alone, or a constant alone or it can be combination of variables
and constants by the operations of multiplication or division
For example:-
5 1
8𝑥 2 , √ 𝑥, 𝑦, 3𝑥𝑦, 3
2 9
5 1
Here, 8𝑥 2 ,√ 𝑥 𝑦, − 3𝑥𝑦, 3 are term
2 9
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Example 1:-
Convert this verbal statement into algebraic expression.
Verbal statements Algebraic expressions.
(i) A umber increased by 9 gives fifteen 𝑥 + 9 = 15
(ii) A number increased by twice itself gives “6” 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 6
(iii) A number increased itself gives 10 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 10.
(iv) Distance is equal to speed ×time 𝑆 × 𝑡, 𝐷 = 𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.
(v) A number when multiplied by itself and added 𝑥 × 𝑥 + 5 = 9.
to 5 gives 9.
(vi) The product of two consecutive natural 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 30
number is 30.
(vii) Three less than a number equals fifteen (𝑥 − 3) = 15
Example 2:-
Identify the following expressions, terms which are not constant. Give their numerical co-
efficient.
𝑥𝑦 + 4, 13 − 𝑧 2 , 15 + 5𝑦 2 – 𝑦 , 4𝑝 2 𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞 2 + 5
Expression terms (which Is not const) Numerical Coefficient
(i) 𝑥𝑦 + 4. 𝑥𝑦 1
(ii) 13 -𝑧 2 -𝑧 2 -1
(iii) 15 − 𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 -𝑦 2 , 5𝑦 2 -1,5
(iv) 4𝑝 2 𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞 2 + 5 4𝑝 2 𝑞 , −3𝑝𝑞 2 4,-3
Example 3:-
(a) Identify the coefficients of x in the following expression?
4𝑥 − 3𝑦, 8 − 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 2 𝑥 − 𝑦, 2𝑧 − 5𝑥, 7
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𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 4𝑥 4
8−𝑥+𝑦 −𝑥 -1
𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑦 2x 𝑦2
2𝑧 − 5𝑥𝑧 −5𝑥𝑧 −5
Example: -
State with reasons which of the following pairs of terms are of like terms and which are
of unlike terms.
(i) 8x, 12y
(ii) 15x, -21x
(iii) -4ab, 7ba
(iv) 3xy, 3x
(v) 6xy, 9𝑥 2 𝑦
(vi) P𝑞 2 , −4𝑝𝑞 2
(vii) m𝑛2, 10𝑚𝑛
Sol:-
Pair, of terms like/ unlike terms Reason/Justification
(i) 8x, 12y unlike term The variables in the terms are different
(ii) 15x, -21x like term The variables are same
(iii) -4ab, 7ba like term The variables are same
(iv) 3xy, 3x unlike term The variables in the terms are different
(v) 6xy, 9𝑥 2 𝑦 unlike term The variables are different
(vi) P𝑞 2 , −4𝑝𝑞 2 like term The variables are different
(vii) m𝑛2, 10𝑚𝑛 unlike term The variables are different
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Example:-
Simplify the expression
12𝑥 2 – 9𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10
Sol: -
Rearrange the terms we have
12𝑥 2 – 9𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10
= 8𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 24𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 – 18𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 30𝑥𝑦 − 12𝑦 + 40𝑥
Sol:-
( 30𝑥𝑦 − 12𝑦 + 40𝑥) − ( 24𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 − 18𝑥)
= 30𝑥𝑦 − 24𝑥𝑦 − 12𝑦 + 10𝑦 + 40𝑥 + 18𝑥
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 58𝑥.
Example:-
Subtract
(i) 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 - 2𝑦 2
(ii) 4𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑏 2 − 3𝑎2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏
(iii) 3𝑝 2 − 3𝑝𝑞 − 5𝑞 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 4𝑝𝑞 − 5𝑞 2 + 3𝑝 2
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Example:-
What should be added to 𝑝 2 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 2𝑝 2 − 3𝑝𝑞
Sol:-
(2𝑝 2 − 3𝑝𝑞 − (𝑝 2 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 )
= 2𝑝 2 − 3𝑝𝑞 − 𝑝 2 − 𝑝𝑞 − 𝑞 2
=2𝑝 2 − 𝑝 2 − 3𝑝𝑞 − 𝑝𝑞 − 𝑞 2
=𝑝 2 −4pq−𝑞 2
∴ 𝑝 2 − 4𝑝𝑞 − 𝑞 2 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 to 𝑝 2 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 2𝑝 2 − 3𝑝𝑞.
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
What should be Subtracted from, ,2a − 8b + 10 to get 3a -7b -5.
𝑆𝑜𝑙:-
(2𝑎−8b+ 10) − (− − − − −) = 3𝑎 − 7𝑏 − 5
= (2𝑎 − 8𝑏 + 10) − (3𝑎 − 7𝑏 − 5)
= 2𝑎 − 3𝑎 − 8𝑏 + 7𝑏 + 10 + 5
= −𝑎 − 𝑏 + 15
∴ −𝑎 − 𝑏 + 15 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 2𝑎 − 8𝑏 + 10 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 3𝑎 − 7𝑏 − 5
Example:-
Divide
(i) 𝑥 3 − 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
(ii) 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
(iii) 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 9 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 9 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 3
(iv) 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 5
(v) 𝑥 6 − 1 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 + 1
(vi) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
(vii) 𝑥 4 − 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1
(viii) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1
(ix) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 1
(x) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 2
(xi) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1
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𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = −1 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.
(i) 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
(i) 2x-7
(ii) 2x-x-2
(iii) x+2
(v) -2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7
(vi) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
Example:-
Simplify the expression and find the value if x is equal to 2.
(i) (x+7) + 4 ( x-5)
(ii) X(X-1) (x-2) (x-3)+6
(iii) 3(x+2) + 5x-7
(iv) (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) − 2
(v) (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 1
(vi) (x-1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
(vii) (x-1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
(viii) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
(ix) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 ) − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧.
(x) (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
(xi) (2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 1)
(xii) (2𝑛 + 3)(𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 4)
(xiii) (0.2𝑥 2 + 0.7𝑥 + 3)(0.5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)
Polynomial
Polynomial is an algebraic having only +ve real numbers as exponents.
Eg:- 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 9 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙.
In other words we can say that an algebraic expression is a polynomial if
(i) It contains no negative exponent variables.
(ii) No , sq root of variables as exponents .
(iii) No, fractional exponents of variables.
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Degree of a polynomial:-
The degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent of the variables in a particular
polynomial.
Eg: - 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 +
5 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟/
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 x 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 3 and X+ 1 is a Polynomial of degree
one (1) I,e the highest power of variables “x” is 1 (one). It is also called Linear Polynomial.
The Constant number term is called zero degree polynomial.
Eg:- 2 = 2 × 𝑥 °
One degree polynomial = Linear Polynomial
Degree two ---- = Quadratic Polynomial.
Degree Three----- = Cubic Polynomial.
Degree Four--- = Quartic Polynomial.
Degree Five=== = Quantic Polynomial.
Types of Polynomial:-
There are three types of polynomials ;-
(I) Monomial: ( II) Binomial ( iii) Trinomial
Monomial: - A Polynomial having only one term is called Monomial.
Eg: - 5𝑥, 3, 9𝑦 𝑒𝑡𝑐. are Monomials.
Binomial: - A Polynomial having only two terms is called Binomial.
Eg: - 2𝑥 2 + 9 , 5𝑦 − 3, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
Trinomial: - A polynomial having three terms is Called Trinomial.
Eg: - 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 + 3⁄4.
Divide: -
(i) 2𝑥 2 + 9 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1 and find whether divisor is factor of dividend or not.
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(ii) 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 9 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 + 1
(iii) 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 12 𝑏𝑦 2(𝑥 2 + 1)
(iv) 9𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
(v) 10𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 − 7 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Multiply: -
(i) (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1
(ii) (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1
Exercise:-
Classify into monomials, Binomials, and Trinomials.
(i) 4𝑥 − 7𝑦
(ii) 𝑧 2
(iii) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
(iv) 50
(v) 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
(vi) 5 − 4𝑔
(vii) 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 2
(viii) 5𝑥𝑦
(ix) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8.
(x) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(xi) −50𝑥 3
(xii) 3 − 4𝑥 + 7𝑥𝑦 2
(xiii) 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
Linear Equation in One variable:-
The Ist degree polynomial in one variable is called Linear equation in one variable.
3𝑥 + 1 = 4
The general form of Linear Equation is
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0 .
The value of “x” is called solution of particular Linear equations simplify the
linear equations and find the value of x.
(i) 𝑥 + 9 + 4 (𝑥 − 5) = 0
(ii) 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2(𝑥 − 1) = 9
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(iii) 𝑥 + (𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = −5𝑥 + 4
(iv) 9(𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑥(2) + 4 = 4𝑥 + 3.
(v) (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 2) + 3𝑥 + 3 = 4−7x+3x
(vi) 𝑥(4 −3)+3x+5x=0
(vii) (𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 −4)+𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 4) + 5𝑥
Word problem of Linear equation in one variable.
Example: - 1
The sums of three consecutive positive real numbers are
(i) 159
(ii) 657
(iii) 528
(iv) 519
Find the numbers
Sol: - (i) 159
Let one number be =x
∴ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = (𝑥 + 10
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = (𝑥 + 20
Sum of three consecutive numbers=159.
𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 2) = 159
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 + 2 = 159
3x+2+1 =159
3x=159-3
3x=156
X=156⁄3 = 52
∴ 𝑥 = 52, 𝑥 + 1 = 52 + 1 = 53
𝑥 + 2 = 52 + 2 = 54
∴ The required three consecutive numbers are 52, 53, and 54
whose sum is 159.
(𝐼𝐼 )Sum of two numbers is 35 one of the number exceeds the other by 9 units .Find the
number
𝑆𝑜𝑙: −𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 35
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Let one Number = x
∴ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 9
∴ 𝑥 + 9𝑥 + (𝑥 + 9) = 35
X=x+9=35
2x +9 =35
2x = 35-9
2x=26
X= 26/2 =13.
Hence two numbers = 13 and
= 13+9 =22
Having sum”35” and difference of two numbers”9”.
(III) The length of a rectangle is thrice its Breadth. If its Perimeter is 72 meter Find
length and Breadth.
Sol:-
Let the Breadth of Rectangle = x
∴Length of rectangle = 3(X)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 72 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
𝑋 + 3𝑥 = 72
4𝑥 = 72
𝑥 = 72/4 = 18 𝑚
3𝑥 = 3 × 18 = 54 𝑚
Hence x= 18m is the Breadth and 3x = 54m is the Length of given rectangle
(IV)Sum of two numbers is “25” one of the numbers exceeds the other by 9. Find
Numbers.(Tr
7 3
(VII) What should be added to thrice the rational number − to get . (Try)
3 7
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(VIII) The perimeter of a rectangle is 13 cm and its width is 2 cm. Find its length. (Try)
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(X) The sum of two consecutive multiples of 5 is “55” Find multiples.(Try)
(XI) The difference in measures of two complementary angles is 12°. Find the measure of
the angles.(Try)
(XII) The sum of three consecutive multiples of “8” is “888” Find the Multiples.(Try)
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Xiii solve the following linear equation using the method of substitution/equating
coefficient
( a) 2x + 5y = 20
3x+6y=1
( Xiv) In a two digit number .The digits get interchange if 36 is added. The units digit is
thrice the tens digits. Find the number.
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