UNIT–II: Functions — Python Programming Lab Manual
Note: Each experiment must include Aim, Algorithm, Program, Output (blank for
students to fill), and Result. Space has been left intentionally for professional
formatting and signatures.
Experiment 7: Function with Multiple Return Values
Aim:
Design a function that processes inputs and returns multiple values at once.
Algorithm:
1. Define a function analyze_numbers(a, b).
2. Compute sum, difference, product, and quotient (float) of the two numbers.
3. Return all computed values as a tuple.
4. In main, read two numbers from the user, call the function, unpack the results, and
display them.
Program (Python):
# Exp-7: Multiple return values
def analyze_numbers(a: float, b: float):
s = a + b
d = a - b
p = a * b
q = a / b if b != 0 else None
return s, d, p, q
if __name__ == "__main__":
a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))
s, d, p, q = analyze_numbers(a, b)
print("Sum:", s)
print("Difference:", d)
print("Product:", p)
print("Quotient:", q)
Output:
Result:
Experiment 8: Function Using Default Arguments
Aim:
Illustrate default (optional) arguments in function definitions.
Algorithm:
1. Define a function power(base, exp=2) where exp defaults to 2.
2. If only the base is supplied, compute the square; otherwise, compute base raised to
exp.
3. In main, accept user input for base and (optionally) exponent and display the result.
Program (Python):
# Exp-8: Default arguments
def power(base: float, exp: int = 2) -> float:
result = 1
for _ in range(exp):
result *= base
return result
if __name__ == "__main__":
base = float(input("Enter base: "))
choice = input("Provide exponent? (y/n): ").strip().lower()
if choice == 'y':
exp = int(input("Enter exponent: "))
print("Result:", power(base, exp))
else:
print("Result:", power(base))
Output:
Result:
Experiment 9: Find the Length of a String Without Using Library Functions
Aim:
Compute the length of a given string without using built‑in length functions.
Algorithm:
1. Read a string from the user.
2. Initialize a counter to 0.
3. Iterate through each character and increment the counter.
4. Display the counter as the length.
Program (Python):
# Exp-9: Length of string without built-ins
text = input("Enter a string: ")
count = 0
for _ in text:
count += 1
print("Length:", count)
Output:
Result:
Experiment 10: Check if Substring is Present in a Given String
Aim:
Determine whether a pattern (substring) occurs in a string (without using high‑level helpers
like .find()).
Algorithm:
1. Read main string s and substring sub.
2. If len(sub) == 0, treat as present.
3. For each index i from 0 to len(s) - len(sub), compare characters one by one.
4. If all characters match for some i, report Found; otherwise Not Found.
Program (Python):
# Exp-10: Manual substring search
s = input("Enter main string: ")
sub = input("Enter substring to search: ")
found = False
n, m = 0, 0
for _ in s: n += 1
for _ in sub: m += 1
if m == 0:
found = True
else:
for i in range(n - m + 1):
match = True
for j in range(m):
if s[i + j] != sub[j]:
match = False
break
if match:
found = True
break
print("Found" if found else "Not Found")
Output:
Result:
Experiment 11: List Operations — Addition, Insertion, and Slicing
Aim:
Demonstrate basic list operations: adding elements, inserting at a position, and slicing.
Algorithm:
1. Start with an initial list.
2. Append a new element (addition).
3. Insert an element at a specific index (insertion).
4. Display various slices of the list.
Program (Python):
# Exp-11: List addition, insertion, slicing
items = list(map(int, input("Enter integers (space-separated): ").split()))
x = int(input("Enter an element to append: "))
[Link](x)
idx = int(input("Enter index to insert at: "))
y = int(input("Enter element to insert: "))
if 0 <= idx <= len(items):
[Link](idx, y)
else:
print("Invalid index; skipping insertion")
print("List after operations:", items)
print("Slice [0:3]:", items[0:3])
print("Slice [::2] (every 2nd):", items[::2])
print("Slice [-3:]:", items[-3:])
Output:
Result:
Experiment 12: Perform Any Five Built‑in Functions on a List
Aim:
Use at least five built‑in functions on a list and observe their effects/returns.
Algorithm:
1. Read a list of numbers.
2. Apply five built‑ins (len, sum, min, max, sorted).
3. Display results; also demonstrate in‑place reverse.
Program (Python):
# Exp-12: Five built-ins on a list
nums = list(map(float, input("Enter numbers (space-separated): ").split()))
print("Count (len):", len(nums))
print("Sum (sum):", sum(nums))
print("Minimum (min):", min(nums) if nums else None)
print("Maximum (max):", max(nums) if nums else None)
print("Sorted copy (sorted):", sorted(nums))
[Link]()
print("List after reverse():", nums)
Output:
Result: