Panchayati Raj & Rural Development — MA Pol. Sci.

4th Sem MLB College, Gwalior | Jiwaji University

MA Political Science | 4th Semester | Jiwaji University

Panchayati Raj & Rural Development

with Reference to Madhya Pradesh

Crash Course Notes — Exam Ready Revision

MLB College, Gwalior | June 2026

About This Booklet

This compact revision guide covers the full syllabus of the Panchayati Raj & Rural Development paper (MA
Political Science, 4th Semester). All five units are covered in detail with key facts, committee summaries,
constitutional provisions, scheme tables, and exam-ready bullet points. Read once slowly, then re-read the
highlighted facts quickly before the exam.

Contents

Unit Topic

Unit I Panchayati Raj — Concept, History & Committees

Unit II 73rd Constitutional Amendment — Full Analysis

Unit III MP Panchayati Raj — Structure, Powers & Finance

Unit IV Rural Development — Concept, Approaches & National Schemes

Unit V Rural Development in MP — State Schemes & Issues

Quick Recall Key Facts, Dates & Memory Table

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UNIT I — PANCHAYATI RAJ: CONCEPT, HISTORY & COMMITTEES

What is Panchayati Raj?

Panchayati Raj refers to the system of local self-government at the village, intermediate (block), and district levels in
rural India. The word "Panchayat" means an assembly (raj) of five (panch) wise and respected elders chosen and
accepted by the local community. Mahatma Gandhi strongly advocated Gram Swaraj — the idea that true independence
means self-governance at the village level.

Constitutional Basis

Article 40 (Directive Principles of State Policy): "The State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and
endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of
self-government."
This was a directive — not enforceable — until the 73rd Amendment gave constitutional status to PRIs in 1992.

Historical Evolution

Period Event / Development

Ancient India Village sabhas and gramani (village heads) managed local affairs. Arthashastra (Kautilya) mentions gram-level administra

Medieval India Village councils existed but weakened under Mughal centralism.

British Period Lord Ripon's Resolution of 1882 — called "Magna Carta of Local Self-Government" — recognised elected local boards.

1919 — GoI Act Local self-government transferred to elected Indian ministers under dyarchy.

1935 — GoI Act Provinces given full control over local government.

Post-1947 Article 40 added in Constitution; Community Development Programme launched 1952.

1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee — recommended democratic decentralisation (three-tier PRIs).

1977 Ashok Mehta Committee — recommended two-tier system with more district-level power.

1985-86 G.V.K. Rao & L.M. Singhvi Committees — called for constitutional protection of PRIs.

1992 73rd Constitutional Amendment — gave constitutional status to PRIs.

Important Committees — Detailed

1. Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957)
• Appointed by Government of India to evaluate Community Development Programme (CDP).
• Key recommendation: "Democratic Decentralisation" through a three-tier structure.
• Three tiers recommended: Gram Panchayat (village) → Panchayat Samiti (block) → Zila Parishad (district).
• Recommended that Panchayat Samiti be the main executive body with real powers.
• First state to implement: Rajasthan at Nagaur on October 2, 1959 (Gandhiji's birth anniversary).
• Second: Andhra Pradesh (November 1959).

2. Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)

• Appointed by Janata Government; submitted report in 1978.
• Recommended two-tier system: Mandal Panchayat (below block) and Zila Parishad.
• Wanted Zila Parishad as principal body for development planning.
• Recommended party-based elections for Panchayats.

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• Recommended separate Ministry of Panchayati Raj at the Centre.

• Report not fully implemented due to fall of Janata Government.

3. G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985)

• Set up by Planning Commission to review rural development.
• Famously called PRIs "bodies without life and vitality" — bureaucracy dominated rural development.
• Recommended: Zila Parishad as the principal body; District Collector to be made ex-officio CEO.
• All development schemes to be channelled through PRIs.

4. L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986)

• Appointed to study how to revitalise PRIs.
• Key recommendation: Constitutional protection and recognition for PRIs.
• Recommended Nyaya Panchayats (village courts) for speedy justice.
• Gram Sabha should be the basic unit of democracy.
• This committee's recommendation directly led to the 73rd Amendment.

5. Sarkaria Commission (1983-87)

• Primarily on Centre-State relations, but also recommended empowering PRIs.
• Suggested PRIs should have independent taxing powers.

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UNIT II — 73RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT, 1992

Background & Passage

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Bill was introduced in 1991 under P.V. Narasimha Rao's government. It was
passed by Parliament in December 1992 and came into force on April 24, 1993. April 24 is now celebrated as
Panchayati Raj Diwas every year.

What it Added to the Constitution

Part IX added: "The Panchayats" (Articles 243 to 243-O)

11th Schedule added: Lists 29 subjects that may be transferred to Panchayats
Article 243-G: Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats
Article 243-K: State Election Commission for Panchayat elections
Article 243-I: State Finance Commission every 5 years

Key Provisions — Article by Article

Article Provision

243 Definitions: Gram Sabha, intermediate level, Panchayat, etc.

243-A Gram Sabha: body of registered voters in a village or group of villages

243-B Constitution of Panchayats: three tiers (not mandatory for states < 20 lakh population)

243-C Composition of Panchayats; seats filled by direct election

243-D Reservation of seats for SC, ST, women (min 1/3); states may provide OBC reservation

243-E Duration: 5-year term; fresh elections before expiry or within 6 months of dissolution

243-F Disqualification of members

243-G Powers, authority, responsibility: Legislature may endow Panchayats with powers

243-H Powers to impose taxes, duties, tolls, fees

243-I State Finance Commission: constituted every 5 years to review financial position

243-J Audit of accounts of Panchayats

243-K State Election Commission: Superintendence of elections; SEC is independent

243-L Application to Union Territories

243-M Exceptions: Scheduled Areas (5th Schedule), tribal areas (6th Schedule), Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, hill areas of Manipur

243-N Continuance of existing laws

243-O Bar on interference by courts in electoral matters

The 11th Schedule — 29 Subjects

The 11th Schedule lists 29 subjects that may be transferred to Panchayats by state legislation. Important: the word is
"may" — it is not compulsory. Key subjects include:

[Link] Subject [Link] Subject

1 Agriculture incl. agri extension 2 Land improvement, land reforms

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[Link] Subject [Link] Subject

3 Minor irrigation, water management 4 Animal husbandry, dairying, poultry

5 Fisheries 6 Social forestry, farm forestry

7 Minor forest produce 8 Small-scale industries

9 Khadi, village, cottage industries 10 Rural housing

11 Drinking water 12 Fuel and fodder

13 Roads, culverts, bridges 14 Rural electrification

15 Non-conventional energy sources 16 Poverty alleviation programmes

17 Education (primary & secondary) 18 Technical & vocational education

19 Adult & non-formal education 20 Libraries

21 Cultural activities 22 Markets & fairs

23 Health & sanitation, hospitals 24 Family welfare

25 Women & child development 26 Social welfare (disabled, mentally retarded)

27 Welfare of weaker sections (SC/ST) 28 Public distribution system

29 Maintenance of community assets

Three-Tier Structure

Tier Level Name (Common) Head

First (Base) Village Gram Panchayat Sarpanch / Pradhan

Second (Middle) Block / Taluka Panchayat Samiti / Taluk Panchayat President / Adhyaksh

Third (Top) District Zila Parishad / Jila Panchayat Adhyaksh / Chairperson

Note: Only mandatory for states with population above 20 lakh. States below may have fewer tiers.

Gram Sabha — Foundation of Democracy

The Gram Sabha consists of all persons registered as voters in the electoral rolls of a village. It is the permanent body at
the grass-root level — while Gram Panchayat is elected, Gram Sabha is permanent and cannot be dissolved.
• Approves annual development plans and budget of Gram Panchayat.
• Identifies beneficiaries for poverty alleviation and welfare schemes.
• Audits accounts and reviews performance of the Gram Panchayat.
• In MP: meets at least twice a year — April (Ambedkar Jayanti) and November (Indira Gandhi Jayanti).
• Under PESA Act (1996), Gram Sabha has special powers in Scheduled (tribal) Areas.

Reservations under 73rd Amendment

Category Reservation Provision

SC/ST Proportional to their population in the Panchayat area (both seats and chairperson posts)

Women Minimum 1/3 of total seats in all tiers (including chairperson posts)

OBC States may provide reservation — not mandatory under Constitution

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Category Reservation Provision

Rotation Reserved seats rotate after each election to prevent permanent exclusion

MP Special: Madhya Pradesh increased women's reservation to 50% — one of the first states to do so. Similarly, many
MP Panchayat chairperson posts are rotated for women.

State Election Commission (SEC)

• Established under Article 243-K — constitutionally mandated, independent body.
• Headed by State Election Commissioner appointed by the Governor; removed only like a High Court judge.
• Superintendence, direction, and control of preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of elections to Panchayats and
Municipalities.
• Completely independent from Election Commission of India (ECI) which handles Parliament and State legislature
elections.

State Finance Commission (SFC)

• Constituted every 5 years by the Governor (Article 243-I).
• Reviews financial position of Panchayats and Municipalities.
• Recommends: distribution of taxes between state & PRIs, grants-in-aid, measures to improve financial position.
• Similar to Finance Commission of India but at the state level for local bodies.

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UNIT III — MADHYA PRADESH PANCHAYATI RAJ

Legal Framework

Governing Law: Madhya Pradesh Panchayati Raj Evam Gram Swaraj Adhiniyam, 1993
Department: Panchayat Evam Gramin Vikas Vibhag (Panchayat and Rural Development Department)
Scale: MP has approximately 52,000+ Gram Panchayats across 52 districts

Three-Tier Structure in MP

Level Body in MP Head Electorate

Village Gram Panchayat Sarpanch (elected directly) Gram Sabha members

Block/Janpad Janpad Panchayat President (indirect election by members)

Ward members

District Zila Panchayat Adhyaksh (indirect election by members)

Elected members

Gram Panchayat — Composition & Functions

A Gram Panchayat is constituted for a village or a group of villages with a minimum population. The elected body
consists of Panch (ward members) and Sarpanch. The Gram Panchayat holds executive power while the Gram Sabha
is the deliberative body.
• Composition: Sarpanch (directly elected) + ward Panchs (directly elected from wards)
• Up-Sarpanch: Deputy Sarpanch elected by the Panchs from among themselves
• Secretary: Government-appointed permanent official who maintains records
• Term: 5 years from first meeting

Key functions of Gram Panchayat in MP:

• Preparation and implementation of village development plans.
• Construction and maintenance of village roads, drains, ponds, and public buildings.
• Sanitation, cleanliness, and solid waste management.
• Maintenance of records of births, deaths, and marriages.
• Implementation of welfare schemes — MGNREGA, PM Awas, etc.
• Levy and collection of local taxes (lighting tax, sanitation tax, etc.).
• Regulation of markets, fairs, and other community functions.

Janpad Panchayat (Block Level)

• Corresponds to tehsil/block level — intermediate tier.
• Members are directly elected; President and Vice-President elected by members.
• Coordinates development activities among Gram Panchayats in the block.
• Supervises and monitors schemes implemented at village level.
• Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is a government official (IAS/State Service).

Zila Panchayat (District Level)

• Apex body of the three-tier system at district level.
• Members directly elected; Adhyaksh and Up-Adhyaksh elected by members.
• Plans and coordinates district-level rural development activities.
• Reviews and approves plans of Janpad Panchayats.

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• CEO is usually a senior IAS officer.

• Manages funds from state government and centrally-sponsored schemes.

Reservations in MP Panchayati Raj

Category Provision in MP

Women 50% reservation in seats AND chairperson posts at all three tiers

SC Proportional to SC population; reserved seats rotated after each election

ST Proportional to ST population (very significant in tribal belt — Bastar, Mandla, Jhabua)

OBC Reservation provided by MP; subject to 50% ceiling with SC/ST

Finance of Panchayats in MP
Panchayats in MP receive funds through multiple channels:

Source Description

Own Revenue Taxes on property, profession, lighting, water; fees for services

State Finance Commission (SFC) Share of state taxes devolved to PRIs; grants for tied/untied use

15th Finance Commission Central grants to rural local bodies — basic grants + performance grants

Centrally Sponsored Schemes MGNREGA, PMAY-G, PMGSY funds routed through Panchayats

MP State Grants Special grants for tribal areas, backward regions (Bundelkhand, Vindhya)

PESA Act, 1996 — Special Provisions for Tribal Areas in MP

PESA = Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996

Extends Panchayati Raj to 5th Schedule (tribal/Scheduled) Areas with special protections. MP has significant
Scheduled Areas in Bastar, Mandla, Dindori, Jhabua, Alirajpur, and Barwani.

• Gram Sabha has powers to manage natural resources — land, forest, water — in Scheduled Areas.
• No land acquisition in Scheduled Areas without consultation with Gram Sabha.
• Gram Sabha approves plans, programmes, and projects; identifies beneficiaries.
• Control over minor forest produce, regulation of money-lenders.
• Prevention of land alienation — tribal land cannot be transferred to non-tribals without Gram Sabha approval.
• Regulation of local markets and fairs.

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UNIT IV — RURAL DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPT, APPROACHES & SCHEMES

Concept of Rural Development

Rural development is a process aimed at improving the economic well-being, social equity, and quality of life of people
living in rural areas. It involves not just economic growth but also empowerment, social inclusion, infrastructure
development, and sustainable use of natural resources.

Key dimensions of Rural Development:

• Economic dimension: Agriculture development, employment generation, income enhancement.
• Social dimension: Education, health, housing, reduction of poverty and inequality.
• Political dimension: Decentralisation, people's participation, empowerment of marginalised groups.
• Environmental dimension: Sustainable use of land, water, and forests.
• Infrastructural dimension: Roads, electricity, drinking water, sanitation.

Approaches to Rural Development

Approach Key Features Era

Community Development Programme

Holistic
(CDP)village development; self-help; government extension workers
1952(Village Level Workers). Launc

Integrated Rural Development (IRD)

Multi-sectoral; combines agriculture, animal husbandry, health, education;
1970s-80s
IRDP (1978).

Target Group Approach Focus on specific groups: small/marginal farmers, landless labourers,
1980s
women, tribals, artisans.

Participatory Approach Bottom-up planning; PRIs central; community decides priorities. Supported
1990s+ by 73rd Amendment.

Sustainable Livelihoods Five capital assets: Natural, Human, Social, Financial, Physical; build
2000s+
on local strengths.

Rights-Based Approach Legal entitlements; MGNREGA, NFSA, Forest Rights Act; citizens 2005+
claim rights, not beg for benefits.

Community Development Programme (CDP), 1952 — Detailed

CDP was the first major programme of independent India for rural development. Launched on October 2, 1952 (Gandhi
Jayanti) by the Government of India. It aimed at improving the life of rural people through self-help and community
cooperation.
• Divided India into Development Blocks; each block had a Block Development Officer (BDO).
• Village Level Workers (VLWs/Gram Sevaks) were the field-level functionaries.
• Focused on: agriculture, health, education, communications, rural industries.
• Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) evaluated CDP and found it lacked people's participation — led to
democratic decentralisation.

Major Rural Development Programmes — National Level

1. MGNREGA (2005) — Most Important

Full Name: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Launched: February 2, 2006 | Covers: All rural districts of India
Legal Guarantee: 100 days of unskilled manual work per household per year

• Work must be provided within 15 days of application; else daily unemployment allowance is paid.
• At least 1/3 of workers must be women.
• Wages to be paid within 15 days of work completion.
• Work site facilities: crèche, first aid, drinking water, shade.

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• Social Audit mandatory — Gram Sabha audits implementation.

• Works include: water conservation, drought-proofing, land development, rural roads, flood control.
• Implemented by Gram Panchayat (at least 50% of works must be done by GP).
• 2008: Renamed from NREGA to MGNREGA to honour Mahatma Gandhi.

Other Key National Schemes

Scheme Full Name Year Key Feature

PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 2000 All-weather rural road connectivity to unconnected habitations

PMAY-G Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin 2016 Replace Indira Awas Yojana; pucca houses to rural poor (1.20 lakh

NRLM/DAY-NRLM
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana - National
2011
Rural Livelihoods
SHG formation,
Missionskill development, financial inclusion; renamed DAY

PMJAY Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (Ayushman

2018 Bharat)
Health insurance Rs.5 lakh/family to poor households; covers rural p

JJBY/PMSBY Jan Suraksha Schemes 2015 Life insurance and accidental death cover for rural workers

NFSA National Food Security Act 2013 Legal right to food; PDS — 5 kg grain/person/month at subsidised ra

FRA Forest Rights Act (Scheduled Tribes Act)2006 Rights of tribal and forest-dwelling communities over forest land and

RURBAN Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission

2016 Develop rural clusters with urban amenities while preserving rural ch

PURA Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas

2003 APJ Abdul Kalam concept — roads, telecom, water, electricity in rur

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) — Core Concept

SHGs are small voluntary associations (usually 10–20 members, predominantly women) who save regularly and use the
corpus for micro-credit to members. They are the backbone of rural livelihoods under NRLM.
• SHGs linked to banks (Bank Linkage Programme — RBI/NABARD).
• India has over 1.2 crore SHGs covering 14 crore rural households.
• SHGs reduce dependence on moneylenders, empower women, build social capital.
• In MP: Tejaswini Rural Women's Empowerment Programme targets tribal and backward districts.

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UNIT V — RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MADHYA PRADESH

Overview of Rural MP
Madhya Pradesh is one of India's largest states (area-wise) with about 72% of its population living in rural areas. MP
has diverse challenges — tribal regions, backward Bundelkhand and Vindhya areas, Naxal-affected districts, and
drought-prone zones. Rural development in MP is heavily shaped by these geographical and social realities.

Region Districts Key Challenges

Bundelkhand Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Damoh, Panna

Severe drought, water crisis, migration, poverty

Vindhya / Baghelkhand Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Singrauli Tribal population, industrial displacement, migration

Tribal Belt (Adivasi) Mandla, Dindori, Balaghat, Jhabua, Alirajpur,Forest

Barwani
rights, displacement, low education, Naxalism

Malwa Plateau Indore, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Ratlam Opium cultivation, agrarian distress, irrigation

Chambal Region Morena, Bhind, Gwalior Dacoity history, water availability, irrigation

Key State-Level Schemes in MP

Scheme Year Objective & Key Features

Mukhyamantri Gram Sadak Yojana 2012 Extends PMGSY to habitations not covered by Centre; all-weather connectivity in M

Mukhyamantri Awas Yojana State Housing for rural poor not covered under PMAY-G; state funds supplementary to Ce

Mukhyamantri Jan-Kalyan (Sambal) Yojana

2018 Welfare for unorganised workers — free electricity, education, health, maternity ben

Ladli Behna Yojana 2023 Monthly financial assistance (Rs. 1250, raised to Rs. 1500) to all adult married wom

Ladli Laxmi Yojana 2007 Girl child welfare — saves Rs. 6,000/year for 5 years; certificate on marriage, educa

MP Gram Swaraj Abhiyan Ongoing Convergence of 7 flagship schemes in villages; saturation approach — 100% covera

Mukhyamantri Kisan Kalyan Yojana 2020 Additional Rs. 4,000/year to farmers over PM-KISAN; Rs. 10,000 total to MP farmer

Jal Jeevan Mission (MP) National 2019 Har Ghar Jal — piped drinking water to every rural household by 2024

Tejaswini (SHG programme) Ongoing Rural women SHG formation and livelihoods; focus on tribal and backward districts

Deendayal Rasoi Yojana 2017 Subsidised meals (Rs. 10) for urban and peri-urban poor; also available in rural town

Issues & Challenges in Rural Development in MP

1. Migration
• Seasonal and permanent migration from Bundelkhand, Vindhya, and tribal areas to Surat, Nagpur, Bhopal, Indore.
• Main reasons: drought, lack of irrigation, low agricultural income, absence of non-farm employment.
• MGNREGA intended to reduce migration but implementation gaps remain.

2. Agrarian Distress
• MP has high farmer debt levels; several farmer agitations (Mandsaur agitation, June 2017 — police firing on
farmers).
• Crop insurance (PM Fasal Bima Yojana) has low penetration in tribal areas.
• Land fragmentation and low irrigation coverage are structural issues.

3. Tribal Development & Forest Rights

• 21% of MP's population is tribal (one of highest proportions in India).

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• Forest Rights Act (2006) implementation is slow; tribal communities lose traditional rights due to bureaucratic
delays.
• Displacement due to mines, dams (Sardar Sarovar, Indira Sagar) — rehabilitation inadequate.
• PESA (1996) provides legal framework but implementation is weak.

4. Naxalism / Left-Wing Extremism

• Balaghat, Mandla, and Dindori districts affected.
• Development work disrupted; contractors and officials targeted.
• Government responds with security + development approach (road, school, health infrastructure).

5. Water Crisis & Drought

• Bundelkhand receives below-normal rainfall; groundwater depletion.
• Atal Bhujal Yojana and watershed development programmes aim to improve water conservation.
• Jal Jeevan Mission targets 100% piped water but rural areas still under-served.

6. Women's Participation
• Despite 50% reservation, elected women Sarpanchs often act as "proxy" leaders with husbands controlling affairs
("Sarpanch Pati" problem).
• Capacity building and training programmes run by State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) aim to address this.
• Ladli Behna Yojana seen as a direct empowerment tool bypassing male gatekeepers.

7. Urban-Rural Divide
• Significant gap in infrastructure, income, and services between urban MP (Indore, Bhopal) and rural MP.
• Gini coefficient shows high inequality; development benefits concentrated in central MP.

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QUICK RECALL — KEY FACTS, DATES & MEMORY TABLE

Must-Know Numbers & Dates

Fact Value

Lord Ripon's Local Self-Govt Resolution 1882

First Panchayati Raj — Nagaur, Rajasthan October 2, 1959

Community Development Programme launched October 2, 1952

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee 1957 (set up), 1957 (report)

Ashok Mehta Committee 1977

G.V.K. Rao Committee 1985

L.M. Singhvi Committee 1986

73rd Amendment passed by Parliament December 1992

73rd Amendment in force April 24, 1993

Panchayati Raj Diwas April 24 (every year)

Part IX of Constitution (PRIs) Articles 243 to 243-O

11th Schedule (subjects for Panchayats) 29 subjects

Women reservation in PRIs (min) 1/3 of seats and chairperson posts

Women reservation in MP PRIs 50%

MP Panchayati Raj Act 1993

Gram Panchayats in MP (approx) 52,000+

MGNREGA guarantee 100 days per household per year

MGNREGA launched February 2, 2006

Work provision deadline (MGNREGA) 15 days from application

Women workers (MGNREGA) Minimum 1/3

NRLM renamed DAY-NRLM 2015

Forest Rights Act 2006

PESA Act 1996

State Finance Commission (every) 5 years

Gram Sabha meetings in MP Twice a year (April & November)

Ladli Laxmi Yojana (MP) launched 2007

Ladli Behna Yojana (MP) launched 2023

Tribal population of MP ~21% of state population

Committee Quick Comparison

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Committee Year Famous For

Balwant Rai Mehta 1957 "Democratic Decentralisation"; Three-tier PR system

Ashok Mehta 1977 Two-tier; Zila Parishad focus; party-based elections

G.V.K. Rao 1985 Called PRIs "bodies without soul"; district level strengthening

L.M. Singhvi 1986 Constitutional status for PRIs; led to 73rd Amendment

Sarkaria Commission 1983-87 Centre-State relations + PRI independent taxing powers

Articles to Remember

Article Content

40 Directive: Organise village Panchayats (Part IV — DPSP)

243 Definitions under Part IX

243-A Gram Sabha

243-B Constitution of Panchayats (three tiers)

243-D Reservation for SC, ST, Women

243-E Duration — 5 year term

243-G Powers and functions of Panchayats (11th Schedule)

243-H Power to levy taxes

243-I State Finance Commission

243-K State Election Commission

243-M Exceptions (Scheduled Areas, tribal areas, Nagaland, Mizoram)

Probable Exam Questions

Long Answers (15 marks each):

1. Explain the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment and its significance for grass-root democracy.
2. Describe the structure and functions of the Panchayati Raj system in Madhya Pradesh.
3. What is MGNREGA? Explain its objectives, provisions, and evaluation.
4. Discuss the concept of rural development and major government programmes for rural development in India.
5. Examine the role of Gram Sabha in rural democracy with reference to MP.

Short Notes (5-7 marks each):

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee | 11th Schedule | State Finance Commission | Gram Panchayat functions | PMGSY
| PMAY-G | CDP 1952 | PESA Act | Ladli Behna Yojana | SHGs in rural development

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Best of Luck for Tomorrow's Paper!

Focus on 73rd Amendment + MP Structure + MGNREGA + Rural Development Schemes
Read key facts table once more before entering the exam hall.

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