Q2 NOTES — SCIENCE

LESSON 1: WAVES LESSON2: ELECTROMAGENTIC WAVES

● WAVES- A disturbance that travels ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM-

through a medium, transporting energy ● Lowest frequency to highest frequency
from one location to another location without -​ Radio Wave, Microwave, Infrared,
transporting matter Visible Light, Ultraviolet, Xray, Gamma
Ray (Rabbits Meet In Very Unusual
TYPES OF WAVES eXotic Garden)
● Sound Wave - Form of energy that ● Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo,
propagates an available mechanical and Violet (ROYGBIV)- Refers to the spectrum of
longitudinal wave. Uses vibration to visible light
propagate
● Longitudinal Wave- Are mechanical wave APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
that is parallel to the direction the waves WAVE
move 1.​ Radio Waves- Radio broadcasting
●​ PARTS 2.​ Microwaves- Sattelite communication
1.​ Compression- where the particles are and microwave ovens
close together. 3.​ Infrared- Remote Controls and auto
2.​ Rarefaction- where the particles are focus camera
spread apart. 4.​ Visible Light- Optic fibers and lassers
● Transverse Wave- A displacement that is 5.​ Ultraviolet- Sun tan and Detecting
perpendicular to the direction of the wave forged bank notes
●​ PARTS 6.​ X-ray- X-ray in bones
1.​ Crest- Refers to the the highest point 7.​ Gamma Ray- Radiotherapy
within a cycle
2.​ Trough- The lowest point within a NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF EM WAVES
cycle -​ Ultraviolet- excessive exposure from
UV can cause sunburn and even skin
CHARACTERISTIC OF A WAVE cancer and can hurt our eyes
● WAVELENGTH- distance between to -​ X-ray- & Gamma Ray- Can damage
successive compressions and rarefactions of healthy living cells of the body. To
a wave much exposure to X-rays can damage
● AMPLITUDE- distance from the center to tissues and can cause cancer
the top of a crest or to the bottom of the
trough
● FREQUENCY- number of waves produce in
Pioneers of Electromagnetism
a time frame
●​ H​ ans Christian Oersted The first to
observe that electricity and
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE- Created as a
magnetism are linked. He noticed that
result of vibrations between an electric field
an electric current flowing through a
and magnetic field
wire could deflect a nearby
-​ It is defined through its wavelength,
magnetized compass needle.
frequency, and energy when it is
●​ ​André-Marie Ampère He developed
inside the vacuum
Ampère’s Law, discovering that a wire
carrying electric current can attract or
PROPERTIES OF EM WAVE
repel another wire carrying current. He
-​ They are transverse wave
was responsible for introducing the
-​ It begins with two oscillating charges
concept of the "field" into physics to
-​ They trave in a vacuum at a speed of
describe these interactions.
3×10⁸m/s
●​ ​Michael Faraday Most famous for his
-​ They do not require any medium to
discovery of electromagnetic
propagate
induction. He showed that a changing
Q2 NOTES — SCIENCE
magnetic field is capable of inducing ●​ F​ requency: This is the measurement of
an electric current. how many wave cycles are produced
●​ ​James Clerk Maxwell The scientist every second.
who unified these ideas into a single ●​ ​Wavelength: This measures the
theory. He noticed that electric and physical length of one individual wave
magnetic fields couple together to in meters.
form electromagnetic waves. He
assumed light itself was an The Electromagnetic Spectrum
electromagnetic wave and discovered
that changing fields (electric and ​ he Electromagnetic Spectrum is the system
T
magnetic) regenerate each other. used to arrange waves by their frequency
●​ ​Heinrich Hertz A German physicist and wavelength. There is a specific
who applied Maxwell’s theories to mathematical balance between these two
successfully produce and receive radio traits:
waves in the late 1880s. The unit of
frequency, the Hertz (one cycle per ●​ I​ nverse Relationship: If frequency
second), is named after him. increases, wavelength must decrease.
●​ ​Low Energy: Waves with the longest
​ rinciples
P of Electromagnetic (EM) wavelengths have the lowest
frequencies.
Theory
●​ ​High Energy: Waves with the shortest
wavelengths have the highest
1.​ M​ echanical vs. Electromagnetic Waves
frequencies.
Natural phenomena like water,
earthquakes, and sound are LESSON 3: OPTICS
mechanical waves, meaning they
require a medium (like air or water) to Law of Reflection- When a ray of light
travel. In contrast, EM waves do not reflects off a surface,the angle of incidence is
require a medium and can travel equal to the angle of reflected ray
through the vacuum of space. -​ Kinds of Rays
2.​ ​Constant Speed All EM waves ●​ Incident Ray- is the ray of light
propagate at a speed of 300 million approaching the mirror
m/s in a vacuum (the speed of light). ●​ Reflected Ray- is the ray from the
3.​ ​Transverse Motion EM waves are reflecting surface
transverse waves. This means the
electric and magnetic fields oscillate ● Normal Line (N)- used as reference point
perpendicular to each other and in determining the angle of reflection and
perpendicular to the direction the angle of incidence.
wave is moving. ● Reflection- Is the bouncing of light when it
4.​ ​Self-Generation These waves are hits a mirror
created by accelerating or oscillating
charges. As these charges move, they TYPES OF REFLECTION
create changing fields that regenerate ●​ Specular/ RegularReflection- is a
each other through the laws of reflection of light on smooth surfaces
induction. such as mirrors or a calm body of
water
​Wave Characteristics ●​ Diffused/ Irregular Reflection- is the
reflection of light on rough surfaces
●​ A
​ mplitude: This describes the such as on a wavy body of water
maximum strength or height of the
electric and magnetic fields. TYPES OF MIRROR
● Plane Mirror- is a flat, smooth surface that
reflects light in a regular way
Q2 NOTES — SCIENCE
-​ Properties of a plane mirror ● Lens- Is a transparent material made of
●​ Image- Virtual glass or plastic that refracts or bend light
●​ Position- Upright rays and focuses them at a point
●​ Size- The same
●​ Location- behind the mirro TYPES OF LENS
●​ Direction- left right reversal ●​ Convex Lens (Converging Lens)-
-thicker in the center than its edges.
● Ray Diagram- A representation of the -​ Converging lens because light
possible paths light can take to determine that passes through it tends to
the location, size, orientation, and type of converge at focal point
image. ➢​ Propterties of A Convex Lens
●​ When the object is behind 2F1- Real,
● Curved Mirror - Is a reflecting surface in Smaller, Inverted, Between F2 and 2F2
which its surface is a section of sphere ●​ When the object is at F1- No image
Types of Curved Mirror will be formed
●​ Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror)- ●​ When the object is between F1 and
Showing the parallel incident rays V- Virtual, Larger, Upright, Behind the
converge at a focal point after lens
reflection ●​ Concave lens (Diverging Lens)-
● Parts of A Concave Mirror Thicker at the edges and than in the
-​ C= Center of curvature- is the center center
or the radius of the sphere of which -​ Diverging Lens because the
the mirror is part light that passes through it
-​ V=vertex- Is the center of the mirror tends to diverge at the focal
-​ F= focal point/focus-is the point point
between C and V ➢​ Properties of a Concave Lens
-​ It will always form a Virtual, Upright,
● Properties of Concave Mirror Smaller, The same side of the object
1.​ Object is located beyond C- Real,
Inverted, Smaller, Between C and F Applications of Lenses
2.​ Object is located at C- Real, Inverted, 1.​ Camera- an optical instrument which
Same, At the object works like a human eye
3.​ Object is located after between C 2.​ Binoculars- works with only lenses
and F- Real, Inverted, Larger, Beyond and no prisms. It has a concave lens
C, for its eyepiece, and a convex lens for
4.​ Object is located at F- No image is the objective lens.
formed 3.​ Telescopes
● Uses of Concave Mirror ●​ Refractors- are telescopes that use
-​ Telescope, Shaving and makeup lenses. Refracting telescopes have two
mirrors, Headlights, and Microscope convex lenses
●​ Reflector Telescopes - uses a curved
● Convex Mirror ( Diverging)- In which the mirror to reflect and converge light,
reflective surface bulges outward or toward and a small diagonal mirror to redirect
the light source. the light 90 degrees to an eyepiece
-​ It always form a “Virtual Image” that positioned at the side.
is “Upright” ●​ Microscope- Magnify objects that are
● Applications of Convex Mirror too small to see
-​ Inside buildings for security purposes,
Sunglasses, Vehicle mirrors, Harmful Effects of Lenses
Magnifying glass ●​ Nearsightedness (Myopia)- occurs
when you cannot see objects at a
distance, but are fine while looking at
LESSON 4: LENSES near objects
Q2 NOTES — SCIENCE
●​ Farsightedness (Hyperopia)- occurs
when someone will usually see far-
away objects clearly but cannot see
close objects clearly

LESSON 5: MOTORS

Electric Motor- Is used to convert electrical

energy into mechanical energy.
-​ Electric motors generate torque by
using the interaction between their
magnetic field and the electric current
in wire windings.
● Parts of Electric Motor
1.​ Power Source- It supplies power to
the motorarmature or field coils.
2.​ Commutator- It is the rotating
interface of the armature coil with a
stationary circuit.
3.​ Field Magnet/ Stator- The magnetic
field helps to produce a torque on the
rotating armature coil by virtue of
Fleming's left-hand rule.
4.​ Armature Core- Holds the armature
coil in place and provides mechanical
support.
5.​ Armature Coil/Rotor- It helps the
motor to run.
6.​ Brushes- It is a device that conducts
current between stationary wires and
moving parts, most commonly the
rotating shaft.