Module

G12-HUMSS-PR2-MELC 7-10

FORMULATING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND WRITING

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Week
6-7
I What I Need to Know?

After defining your research problem and determining your respondents and
setting, you must proceed to the systematic identification, location, and analysis of
documents containing information related to the research problem.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. illustrate and explains the conceptual framework
2. define terms used in the study
3. list research hypothesis (if appropriate)
4. present written review of related literature and conceptual framework

D What I Know?

Task 1: Pre-Test

Direction: Write T on the blank if the statement is true and F if it is false.

_____ 1. A literature review helps identify what is known and not known about a certain
subject of the study.
_____ 2. The conceptual literature section which presents studies similar to your own.
_____ 3. The related studies section which explains concepts relevant to your study.
_____ 4. Citation means giving credit where credit is due.
_____ 5. A conceptual framework refers to a system of ideas, beliefs, assumptions, and
theories that inform, support, and cater specifically to your study.
_____ 6. Note-Taking is a skill involves the review of several references that talk about the
same subject and consolidating them into one cohesive text.
_____ 7. The definition of terms aims to provide the readers or future researchers with
the basic terminologies that are important to understand the paper.
_____ 8. The operational definition is usually taken from the dictionary or other related
sources and carries a universal meaning easily understood by people
_____ 9. The conceptual definition expresses the meaning of the terms as used in a
particular study.
_____ 10. A hypothesis is a statement that defines the testable relationship you expect to
see from examining the variables in your research.
_____ 11. Writing the literature review requires the use of higher-order thinking skills.
_____ 12. The research problem is a good source of concepts as a basis for the literature
review.
_____ 13. Recent articles are preferred to outdated articles when surveying sources for the
literature review.
_____ 14. One of the best sources of related literature is professional journals.
_____ 15. Related studies are only those that use a topic similar to your study.
_____ 16. It is easy to claim that no studies have been conducted on a particular topic.
_____ 17. A conceptual framework does not influence the focus of the study.
_____ 18. Summarizing is less complex than paraphrasing.

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_____ 19. When a portion from a reference material is paraphrased, there is no need to
cite the source in the text.
_____ 20. The synthesis should be written at the beginning of the literature review.

Task 2: Warm up

Direction: Complete two (2) concept maps. Think about the words, ideas, or concepts that
come to your mind when you think about the following

A. Literature
B. Your Research Topic

D What is It?

TOPIC 1: What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is an academic text that provides an overview of a particular

topic. It helps identify what is known and not known about a certain subject of the study.
It involves the use of higher-order thinking skills, such as the review, evaluation, and
synthesis of several scholarly works.

Writing the literature review involves three stages:

1. Literature search is the stage in which the researcher systematically looks for
and selects reference materials relevant to the study. It is necessary to survey all
possible sources of references, especially those that were written by the leading
scholars in your field of study.

Points to remember in conducting your literature search:

a. Identify the topics and concepts that you need to incorporate into your paper
b. Specify the type of sources that you will use
c. Search for scholarly work by visiting your school library or popular online
databases

• Proquest
• Science Direct
• JSTOR
• Wiley
• Sage Publications
• Springer
• EBSCO
• Google Scholar
• Taylor and Francis
d. Use relevant keywords to find your desired sources
e. Use link that are considered reliable when conducting online search

2. Evaluation and analysis of the selected works is the stage where you further
screen the selected references for reliability and usefulness. This stage also further
ensures that the materials you will use in your paper are only those that are
closely related to your topic.

Strategies you can use in evaluating and analyzing your selected references:
a. Obtain an overview of the reference you selected
b. Find out if they are published by a reputable publisher/journal and written by
legitimate scholars
c. Refrain from using references published by predatory journals or publishers
as they do not guarantee quality

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 d. Refrain from using materials that do not directly explain the concepts related
to your study
e. Use references that have been published within the last five years, unless you
are writing a historical paper
f. Group the references according to the categories
g. Use a concept map to see the relationship, similarities, and differences among
literature review

3. Drafting the literature review is the stage where you actually write your
literature review. In drafting your review, you need to consider how you are going
to arrange the works you will cite. You also need to consider how these works will
be linked to one another, to better provide an overview of the topic you are studying
in your research.
Strategies you may use in writing literature review:
a. Get a model paper that deals with a topic similar to yours. You pattern the
sequence of yours on your model paper
b. In the introductory portion, provide an overview of what can be found in your
literature review
c. Divide the literature review into two subsections:

• Conceptual literature section which explains concepts relevant to your

study. It contains literature coming from books, journalism, and other
forms of material, concerning or relevant to the study, but are data-free or
non – empirical material, coming from both foreign and local sources.

• Related studies section which presents studies similar to your own. These
are empirically-based, like scientific paper, theses, and dissertations, both
published and unpublished, coming from local and foreign sources.

d. At the end of the related studies section, write a synthesis that shows the
research gap
e. Use direct quotation sparingly. Direct quotation is typically used when
stating laws and principles and when explicitly showing an author’s intention
f. Cite your sources. Citation is clearly giving credit where credit is due.

• Reference in-text citation requires the researchers to indicate the

source of the information within the body of the text. The citation
usually includes the last name of the author and the year the source
was published.

Examples: According to Laskowski (2001), effective communication

increases both self-confidence and chances for career
advancement.

According to Laskowski and Richards (2001), effective communication

increases both self-confidence and chances for career advancement.

• No reference in-text requires the researchers to indicate the source of

the information at the end of the text.
Examples: In the 21st century, English is considered the global language
for business, trade, and industry (Richards, 2004).

In the 21st century, English is considered the global language for business,
trade, and industry (Laskowski & Richards, 2004).

• Reference citation refers to the complete bibliographic information of

the reference used. It usually appears at the end of the paper. The
compilation of these references is known as the reference list.

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 American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly
used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.

Important Skills in Drafting the Literature Review

1. Synthesizing is a skill involves the review of several references that
talk about the same subject and consolidating them into one cohesive
text.
2. Note-taking is another skill that you can particularly use in drafting
the literature review as well as in the other stages of the research
undertaking. It involves writing information from a source text and
integrating this information into your current study

Two of the most common forms of note-taking:

o Summarizing involves condensing a lengthy piece of source
material. It is to rewrite the text in your own words so that it is
shorter than the original
o Paraphrasing involves rewording ideas from the original text in
a more detailed way. It is to rewrite the text in your own words
so that it is about the same number of words as the original

TOPIC 2: Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework refers to a system of ideas, beliefs, assumptions,

and theories that inform, support, and cater specifically to your study.
For a clearer presentation of information, conceptual framework may be
presented using both the visuals and narrative forms. The visual form is
characterized by the use of diagrams and charts, while the narrative form is
characterized by the use of paragraphs that explain the visual presentation of the
framework.

Conceptual Framework
Scope More focused in scope as it directly relates
to a specific study
Focus of content A set of related concepts that will be
specifically used in the study
Number of theories May combine different theories into one
cohesive framework
Time of development Developed while planning and writing a
specific research

TOPIC 3: Definition of Terms

Definition of terms aims to provide the readers or future researchers with the
basic terminologies that are important to understand the paper.

Two Categories of Definition of Terms:

1. Conceptual Definition - usually taken from the dictionary or other related
sources and carries a universal meaning easily understood by people
2. Operational Definition - expresses the meaning of the terms as used in a
particular study.

In defining terms, the researcher must give the sources of the definition unless
these are operational definitions.

Some guidelines in defining terms:

1. Words or expressions defined in the study are arranged alphabetically
2. Whenever possible, give both lexical and operational meanings of important terms.
The variable of the study must be operationally defined

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 3. If the term is used fully as integrated in the text of the thesis, there is no need for
defining them. Only terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique
meanings in the study are defined
4. Definition should a/be brief, clear and unequivocal as possible
5. Acronyms should always be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known
or if it is used for the first time

TOPIC 4: Formulating the Research Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a statement that defines the testable relationship you expect to

see from examining the variables in your research. From the hypothesis, you can make
statements predicting what will happen in you research.

Two Types of Hypothesis:

1. A null hypothesis (Ho) states that there is no relationship between variables.
In correlational studies, a null hypothesis merely states that this relationship is,
indeed, absent. In experimental, quasi-experimental, and ex post facto studies,
however, a null hypothesis states that the independent variable has no effect on
the dependent variable.
2. An alternative hypothesis (Hл) states that there is a relationship between
variables.
Alternative hypothesis in correlational studies merely express the existence of this
relationship. In experimental, quasi-experimental, and ex post facto, an alternative
hypothesis states that the independent variable has an effect on the dependent
variable.

Guidelines when formulating hypothesis:

a. Identify the independent and independent variables in your study, as they
need to be stated in your study
b. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. This means that your hypothesis can be
proven wrong through experiment or empirical data.
c. Your hypothesis must show a relationship between your variables, Will your
independent variable increase, improve, or decrease with the dependent
variable?

TOPIC 5: Ethical Standards in Writing the Literature Review

Writing the literature review requires honesty, objectivity, and other ethical
principles observed in scholarly work

Ways to observe ethical standard:

1. Report the findings in your cited studies objectively. Refrain from distorting the
findings of other research works
2. Avoid injecting editorial comments or manipulating the ideas in a certain study
just to make it support your own claims
3. Always cite your sources as a way of acknowledging the studies relevant to your
own and practicing intellectual honesty.
4. Refrain from fabricating information or making up data and reporting them as
actual data from a certain research work
5. Avoid plagiarism

Plagiarism “plagium” means kidnapping; intellectual theft. It also refers to using

ideas and information created by other people but without attribution to them.

Types/Levels of plagiarism:
1. Word for word (Level 1) is the gravest level of plagiarism. It involves copying a
full paper word for word, without acknowledging the source.
2. Paraphrase (Level 2) involves lifting a large portion of a research work (up to 50%)
without citing its source.

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 3. Mosaic or Patchwork (Level 3) involves copying specific portions of another work
without citing it. These portions may include sentences, paragraphs, or
quotations.
4. Source (Level 4) involves not only the failure to cite another work used in a certain
study but also the failure to correctly paraphrase the portion of this used work.
5. Incomplete citation (Level 5) is the lowest level of plagiarism. It involves
incorrectly citing a certain source and copying heavily from it.

The penalties against plagiarism may vary among countries or institution. Plagiarism
sanctions may range from oral warnings to suspensions. In some cases, however,
committing plagiarism may result in a student’s expulsion from an academic institution.

To avoid plagiarism:
• Just be honest
• Use own word as possible
• Quote/cite source properly

E What’s More?

Task 3: Define Me

Direction: Examine the following statement of a research problem. Identify and define
the key terms in the statement.

This research shall attempt to probe the relationship between the perceived
management styles of middle-level managers and faculty behavior in Dr. Juan A. Pastor
MNHS, during the academic year 2020-2021

1. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________.

Task 4: Complete Me

Direction: Complete the paragraph by supply the correct information from below.

• Stanley Milgram
• Behavioral Study of Obedience
• 1961
• “shock generator”
• 30 Male
• experiment
• test people’s obedience to authority
• most obey all orders given by the authority-figure, despite their unwillingness

The study of _____________ entitled ____________aimed to ______________________.

In his study, he made use of ___________________________________________________.
Results showed that __________________________________________________________.

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Task 5. Noted

Direction: Summarize and paraphrase. Use a separate sheet for your output.

If we had to name one of the animals most dangerous to humans, we would no doubt
nominate wolves, bears or snakes. However, reality can be found behind a pair of
tender-looking eyes. In comparison to any other animal, the whitetail deer is the species
that inflicts the most harm on humans, because of all the traffic accidents they cause.
Speaking of faces that can be deceiving, there is another animal that is very dangerous.
The actual estimate of annual human deaths due to sharks is 10; however, 100 more
people die each year from being stepped on by cows.
"Outrageous Animal Facts" World Wildlife News, March 17, 2011 Web.

E What can I Engage In?

Task 6: Model It

Direction: Present the conceptual framework of your study using the IPO model. Explain
the visual presentation of your framework.

INPUT PROCESST OUTPUT

_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Task 7: Fill Me Out

Direction: Identify the key words/terms to be defined in your study. Write the
conceptual and operational definition of each word/term.

Word/Term Conceptual Definition Operational Definition

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Task 8: Writing Related Studies

Direction: Using print or online sources, search five (5) to ten (10) for academic literature
appropriate/related to your study. Complete the table by writing the relevant information
in the appropriate column/s.

Author/ Title Objectives Design/Instrument/ Findings Similarities Differences

Year Participants

Task 9: Writing the Literature Review

Direction: Write the first draft of your literary review. You may follow the given
structure.

2. Literature Review

Introduction for Literature Review

_______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2.1. Conceptual Literature

Concept 1
______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
(note: identify all the concepts to be discussed in your study)

2.2. Related Studies

_______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
(note: search at least 5 to 10 studies related to your own study;
use the format in task 3)

2.3. Synthesis
The study of _______________ is similar to the present study because
______________________________. However, they are different because
______________________________________.

2.4. Conceptual Framework

(note: use the format in task 5)

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 A What I have Learned?

Task 10: Exit Visa

A What I can Do?

Task 11: Post Test

Direction: Write T on the blank if the statement is true and F if it is false.

_____ 1. A literature review helps identify what is known and not known about a certain
subject of the study.
_____ 2. The conceptual literature section which presents studies similar to your own.
_____ 3. The related studies section which explains concepts relevant to your study.
_____ 4. Citation means giving credit where credit is due.
_____ 5. A conceptual framework refers to a system of ideas, beliefs, assumptions, and
theories that inform, support, and cater specifically to your study.
_____ 6. Note-Taking is a skill involves the review of several references that talk about the
same subject and consolidating them into one cohesive text.
_____ 7. The definition of terms aims to provide the readers or future researchers with
the basic terminologies that are important to understand the paper.
_____ 8. The operational definition is usually taken from the dictionary or other related
sources and carries a universal meaning easily understood by people
_____ 9. The conceptual definition expresses the meaning of the terms as used in a
particular study.

9
_____ 10. A hypothesis is a statement that defines the testable relationship you expect to
see from examining the variables in your research.
_____ 11. Writing the literature review requires the use of higher-order thinking skills.
_____ 12. The research problem is a good source of concepts as a basis for the literature
review.
_____ 13. Recent articles are preferred to outdated articles when surveying sources for the
literature review.
_____ 14. One of the best sources of related literature is professional journals.
_____ 15. Related studies are only those that use a topic similar to your study.
_____ 16. It is easy to claim that no studies have been conducted on a particular topic.
_____ 17. A conceptual framework does not influence the focus of the study.
_____ 18. Summarizing is less complex than paraphrasing.
_____ 19. When a portion from a reference material is paraphrased, there is no need to
cite the source in the text.
_____ 20. The synthesis should be written at the beginning of the literature review.

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