Tutorial-1

Basics of Signals and Systems

1. Let x(t) be a continuous-time signal, and let

y1 (t) = x(2t)

and  
t
y2 (t) = x .
2

The signal y1 (t) represents a speeded-up version of x(t) in the sense that the dura-
tion of the signal is cut in half. Similarly, y2 (t) represents a slowed-down version of
x(t) in the sense that the duration of the signal is doubled.
Consider the following statements:

(a) If x(t) is periodic, then y1 (t) is periodic.

(b) If y1 (t) is periodic, then x(t) is periodic.
(c) If x(t) is periodic, then y2 (t) is periodic.
(d) If y2 (t) is periodic, then x(t) is periodic.

For each of the above statements:

– Determine whether the statement is true or false.

– If the statement is true, determine the relationship between the fundamental
periods of the two signals.
– If the statement is false, provide a counterexample.

2. Determine whether the following systems are

(a) linear
(b) time-invariant
(c) causal
(d) stable

(i)
dx(t)
y(t) =
dt
d
where dt
represents the left differentiator.
(ii) Z 3t
y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
−∞

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 (iii)  
t
y(t) = x
2
(iv) (
x(t) − x(t − 100), t ≥ 0
y(t) =
0, otherwise
(v)
∞
X
y(t) = x(t)δ(t − nT )
n=−∞

(vi)
y(t) = x(2t − 4)

3. Consider the following continuous-time systems:

(i)
y(t) = x(t − 2)
(ii)
y(t) = x2 (t)
(iii) Z t
y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
−∞

For each system, determine whether it is:

– memoryless,
– causal,
– linear,
– time invariant,
– and BIBO stable.

4. Consider a system S with input x[n] and output y[n] related by

y[n] = x[n]{g[n] + g[n − 1]}.

(a) If
g[n] = 1 for all n,
show that S is time invariant.
(b) If
g[n] = n,
show that S is not time invariant.
(c) If
g[n] = 1 + (−1)n ,
show that S is time invariant.

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5. (a) Consider an LTI system whose response to the signal x1 (t) shown in Fig. 1(a)
is the signal y1 (t) shown in Fig. 1(b).
Determine and carefully sketch the response of the system to the input x2 (t)
shown in Fig. 1(c).
(b) Determine and sketch the response of the system considered in part (a) to the
input x3 (t) shown in Fig. 1(d).

Figure 1: Input and output signals for the LTI system

6. In Frequency Modulation (FM), the modulated signal y(t) is related to the modu-
lating signal m(t) by
 Z t 
y(t) = A cos ωc t + ω∆ m(τ ) dτ
−∞

where ω∆ is the frequency-deviation constant.

The instantaneous frequency is given by
 Z t 
d
ω(t) = ωc t + ω∆ m(τ ) dτ = ωc + ω∆ m(t).
dt −∞

(a) Sketch y(t) for

ωc = 8π, ω∆ = 2π,
and
m(t) = u(t + 2) − u(t − 1).
(b) Is the modulation system, with input m(t) and output y(t),
– linear?
– time invariant?

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– memoryless?
– causal?